This document discusses social stratification and inequality. It defines social stratification as a system that ranks people based on power, wealth and prestige. There are two main types of stratification systems - closed systems like caste systems that allow little mobility, and open class systems that permit more mobility. Theories on stratification include functionalist, social conflict, and symbolic interactionist perspectives. Gender, ethnicity and other factors also influence social ranking. Inequality is reproduced through mechanisms like cultural and social capital that advantage some groups over others. Stratification occurs globally with some nations being much wealthier than others.
Social and Political Stratification Definition
Systems of Stratification
Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification
Social MObility and Social Inequality
Social and political stratification includes social mobility and its systems; social inequality and social mobility system; Social, Political, and Cultural Capital; Minority groups; Minority Groups in Functionalist and Conflict Societies; Global Inequalities; Relationship Between State and Non-state Actors in the Global Community; Meaning and Characteristics of Global Inequality; Global Stratification in Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives; Implications of Global Inequality in Developing Nations and Addressing Global Inequalities
Social and Political Stratification Definition
Systems of Stratification
Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification
Social MObility and Social Inequality
Social and political stratification includes social mobility and its systems; social inequality and social mobility system; Social, Political, and Cultural Capital; Minority groups; Minority Groups in Functionalist and Conflict Societies; Global Inequalities; Relationship Between State and Non-state Actors in the Global Community; Meaning and Characteristics of Global Inequality; Global Stratification in Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives; Implications of Global Inequality in Developing Nations and Addressing Global Inequalities
A powerpoint presentation about Social and Political Stratification. Includes the following: Social Desirables, Social Mobility and its types, Factors responsible for Social Mobility, and Social Inequality and its kinds.
Social and Political Stratification Definition
Systems of Stratification
Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification
Social Mobility and Inequality
Please give credits to the creator of this PPT presentation.
I'm a graduating STEM student of Senior High School in Makati Science High School (2018).
First it was "Action Sports", next to rid skateboarding of "Sexism" Corey Cady
This paper describes some of the ways in which popular culture may be a site of social resistance. The subculture of skateboarding is described as one form of popular culture that resists capitalist social relations, and the skateboarders’ particularly overt resistance to an amateur contest provides a framework for characterizing their daily and more covert behaviors of resistance. Although social resistance has the potential to change dominant social relations, it is often limited by contradictions and accommodations. In this case, the skateboarders’ sexist behavior is one of their significant contradictions. Finally, some implications of social resistance are addressed.
• Explain the concept social stratification
• Explain the concept social class
• Describe the six (6) basic social classes in a society
• Discuss wealth, power and prestige (as classified by Max Weber as categories of importance in social stratification)
A report in Foundation of Education as a partial requirement under the Master of Education Class major in Social Science at Guimaras State College, Guimaras, Iloilo, Philippines
ClassismMaurianne Adams, Larissa E. Hopkins, and Davey ShlaskoThe.docxclarebernice
ClassismMaurianne Adams, Larissa E. Hopkins, and Davey Shlasko*The toll taken by the 2008 recession has focused public attention onto issues of class, eco-nomic status, and classism. People notice the glaring disparities between CEO and worker compensation, and between bank bailouts and personal bankruptcies or foreclosures, and wonder why executive bonus contracts are sacrosanct while union contracts and worker health beneits and pensions are stripped.The authors of this chapter have noticed that in this climate, our students and workshop participants are more open to exploring economic injustice in the U.S. and globally, and to acknowledge the impacts of global and local economic forces on themselves and their families. Beliefs that are core to the U.S. class system—such as belief in universal upward mobility, meritocracy, and the reachable “American Dream”—are now being questioned.In this chapter, we take a social justice approach to class and classism in the U.S., which pays serious attention to the historical legacies of economic injustice from the colonial period moving forward. We note some ways in which class-based oppression and race-based oppression have been entangled, and explore contemporary manifestations of class and classism that represent today’s version of those legacies, reproduced throughout U.S. insti-tutions and normalized in everyday life. Based on the historical legacies, the complex sys-temic manifestations, and the intersections with other social justice issues, we frame a social justice approach to teaching and facilitating about classism. Materials and activities that support our social justice approach can be found on the website for this chapter.OUR APPROACH: CORE CONCEPTS IN A SOCIAL JUSTICE APPROACH TO CLASS AND CLASSISMIn this chapter, we describe our approach to class and classism and then examine the soci-etal and cultural dynamics of class inequality, the reproduction of those dynamics at the institutional level, within groups and relationships, and as internalized through socializa-tion. In order to make sense of the long-term economic inequities in our cultural, social, and political systems, a class analysis must address all three levels, and explore the sources as well as the indicators of economic difference.Our approach to class and classism is shaped by the core concepts described in the intro-ductory Chapter 1, such as power and powerlessness, privilege and disadvantage, the levels of oppression, the Five Faces of Oppression, and socialization. Our approach is addition-ally shaped by an analysis of the myth of meritocracy and by attention to intersectionality.SOCIAL JUSTICE DEFINITIONS NEEDED FOR CLASS AND CLASSISMDeinitions of class are wide-ranging and contested, based on differences in theoretical ori-entation and in personal experiences. Some writers deine class on the basis of occupational | ADAMS, HOPKINS, AND SHLASKO214status (blue collar or white collar, professional or hourly, levels within ...
A powerpoint presentation about Social and Political Stratification. Includes the following: Social Desirables, Social Mobility and its types, Factors responsible for Social Mobility, and Social Inequality and its kinds.
Social and Political Stratification Definition
Systems of Stratification
Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification
Social Mobility and Inequality
Please give credits to the creator of this PPT presentation.
I'm a graduating STEM student of Senior High School in Makati Science High School (2018).
First it was "Action Sports", next to rid skateboarding of "Sexism" Corey Cady
This paper describes some of the ways in which popular culture may be a site of social resistance. The subculture of skateboarding is described as one form of popular culture that resists capitalist social relations, and the skateboarders’ particularly overt resistance to an amateur contest provides a framework for characterizing their daily and more covert behaviors of resistance. Although social resistance has the potential to change dominant social relations, it is often limited by contradictions and accommodations. In this case, the skateboarders’ sexist behavior is one of their significant contradictions. Finally, some implications of social resistance are addressed.
• Explain the concept social stratification
• Explain the concept social class
• Describe the six (6) basic social classes in a society
• Discuss wealth, power and prestige (as classified by Max Weber as categories of importance in social stratification)
A report in Foundation of Education as a partial requirement under the Master of Education Class major in Social Science at Guimaras State College, Guimaras, Iloilo, Philippines
ClassismMaurianne Adams, Larissa E. Hopkins, and Davey ShlaskoThe.docxclarebernice
ClassismMaurianne Adams, Larissa E. Hopkins, and Davey Shlasko*The toll taken by the 2008 recession has focused public attention onto issues of class, eco-nomic status, and classism. People notice the glaring disparities between CEO and worker compensation, and between bank bailouts and personal bankruptcies or foreclosures, and wonder why executive bonus contracts are sacrosanct while union contracts and worker health beneits and pensions are stripped.The authors of this chapter have noticed that in this climate, our students and workshop participants are more open to exploring economic injustice in the U.S. and globally, and to acknowledge the impacts of global and local economic forces on themselves and their families. Beliefs that are core to the U.S. class system—such as belief in universal upward mobility, meritocracy, and the reachable “American Dream”—are now being questioned.In this chapter, we take a social justice approach to class and classism in the U.S., which pays serious attention to the historical legacies of economic injustice from the colonial period moving forward. We note some ways in which class-based oppression and race-based oppression have been entangled, and explore contemporary manifestations of class and classism that represent today’s version of those legacies, reproduced throughout U.S. insti-tutions and normalized in everyday life. Based on the historical legacies, the complex sys-temic manifestations, and the intersections with other social justice issues, we frame a social justice approach to teaching and facilitating about classism. Materials and activities that support our social justice approach can be found on the website for this chapter.OUR APPROACH: CORE CONCEPTS IN A SOCIAL JUSTICE APPROACH TO CLASS AND CLASSISMIn this chapter, we describe our approach to class and classism and then examine the soci-etal and cultural dynamics of class inequality, the reproduction of those dynamics at the institutional level, within groups and relationships, and as internalized through socializa-tion. In order to make sense of the long-term economic inequities in our cultural, social, and political systems, a class analysis must address all three levels, and explore the sources as well as the indicators of economic difference.Our approach to class and classism is shaped by the core concepts described in the intro-ductory Chapter 1, such as power and powerlessness, privilege and disadvantage, the levels of oppression, the Five Faces of Oppression, and socialization. Our approach is addition-ally shaped by an analysis of the myth of meritocracy and by attention to intersectionality.SOCIAL JUSTICE DEFINITIONS NEEDED FOR CLASS AND CLASSISMDeinitions of class are wide-ranging and contested, based on differences in theoretical ori-entation and in personal experiences. Some writers deine class on the basis of occupational | ADAMS, HOPKINS, AND SHLASKO214status (blue collar or white collar, professional or hourly, levels within ...
Emile 1
Christina Emile
Professor Magrass
SOA 356
December 9, 2019
TITLEEEEE
Introduction
Social class is a hierarchy in which groups and individuals are categorized according
to prestige and esteem developed from wealth and economic success. A social class simply
means a set of individuals with the same levels of wealth, status and influence are grouped
together. According to Karl Marx Theory of social class, what differentiates one category of
a society from another it’s the method of production. Each method of production forms a
certain class system which controls the production while the other classes are the producers
and provide service to the prevailing class.
Sociologists use three approaches to determine a social class. The approaches used
include objective, reputational, and subjective methods. The objective method is where
sociologists measure and evaluate physical facts. On the subjective method, individuals are
questioned on how they think about themselves, while on the reputational method individuals
are asked on how they think about other people. Through this approach, people are divided
into various social classes.
Emile 2
The four main social classes include the upper, middle, working and lower class.
These social classes only are classified in America. The upper class are the individuals that
have the supreme status in society. From my understanding these people are very wealthy
and have a lot of power. Some occupation of these individuals may be investors, CEOs ,
heirs and some celebrities. The middle class are individuals that are considered white collar
workers and these individuals may work in the professional setting. The working class are
the individuals of low status occupations such as manual labor, food and retail jobs, blue
collar jobs, jobs where you are in a cubicle, and even caring jobs such as home health aides.
The lower class, which is at the bottom, are individuals with low education that leads to low
status jobs which leads to low income.
According to the book Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and
Theoretical Debates edited by Rhonda F. Levine, she writes “When societies are complex
and service large populations, they always possess some kind of status system which, by its
own values, places people on higher or lower positions” (Levine 71). This quote stood out to
me because Levine is saying that is almost inevitable to not have a hierarchy within a society.
A system is put in place to have some kind of order within the society, so with a system
hierarchy is needed. ...
Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of their respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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1. Social and Political Stratification
Key Concepts
Social stratification is a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a
hierarchy according to power, wealth, and prestige (Macionis 2012: 224). Power, wealth,
and prestige are referred to as social desirables, or rewards of social positions of
statuses. Wealth pertains to ownership or control of resource. Power is the ability to
compel obedience or control a number of people. Prestige refers to social recognition
and deference. People in different positions have different access to wealth, power, and
prestige. These differences in society give rise to social inequality.
Macionis (2012) points out that in certain societies, some people experience social
mobility or the change in position within the social hierarchy. Vertical mobility refers to
the change from one status to another that is higher or lower. Individuals who rose from
modest beginnings to fame and fortune experience upward mobility. Some people move
downward because of business failures, unemployment, or illness. In contrast, horizontal
mobility is the change from one status to another that is roughly equivalent. This is the
case when people switch from one job to another at about the same social level.
There are two types of social stratification systems. Closed systems allow for little
change in social position, while open systems, permit much more social mobility. Closed
systems are called caste systems, and more open systems are called class systems. A
caste system is social stratification based on ascription, or birth. India’s caste system
and apartheid, or separation of the races in South Africa, are examples of a caste system.
A class system, in contrast, is social stratification based on both birth and individual
achievement. The system is common in industrial societies. In some societies such as
the United Kingdom and Japan, social stratification mixes caste and class (Macionis
2012: 228).
Theories of Social Stratification
A. Functionalist Perspective
According to the structural-functional approach, social inequality exists because it
plays a vital part in the continued existence of society. Kingsley Davis and Wilbert
Moore (1945) argue that the more important a position is to society, the more
rewards a society attaches to it. Rewarding important work with income, prestige,
and power encourages people to do these jobs and to work better, longer, and
harder. Macionis (2012: 231—233) summarizes the criticisms of Davis-Moore
Theory as follows:
How do we assess the importance of a particular occupation? Do rewards actually
reflect the contribution someone makes to society? Do corporate executives, for
example, deserve mega-salaries for their contributions to society?
Living in a society that places so much emphasis on money, we tend to
overestimate the importance of high-paying work. How does one see the value of
work that is not oriented toward making money?
2. It likewise ignores how social inequality may promote conflict and even outright
revolution. This criticism leads us to the social-conflict approach...
B. Social Conflict Perspective
Marxist Social-Conflict Perspective
Social conflict analysis draws on the ideas of Karl Marx and Max Weber (Macionis
2012: 232–234). Rather than viewing social stratification as benefiting society as
a whole, it emphasizes how it benefits some people and disadvantages others.
According to Marx, social stratification is created and maintained by one group in
order to protect and enhance its own economic interests. Since stratification is not
essential in a classless society. As expected, the Marxist view is criticized for
denying the Davis-Moore theory: that a system of unequal rewards is necessary
to place talented people in the right jobs and to motivate them to work hard.
Weberian Social Conflict Perspective
Max Weber claimed that social stratification involves three distinct dimensions
of inequality: class, social status or prestige, and power (Macionis 2012: 234–
235). A public school teacher might exercise great power as a source of knowledge
and wisdom in the community yet have little wealth or social prestige. Influenced
by Weber’s ideas, sociologists use the term socioeconomic status (SES) to refer
to a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality, and not
only on economic position or class as Marx argued.
C. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
The symbolic-interaction approach, a micro-level analysis and influenced by the
ideas of Weber, explains that we size up people by looking for clues to their social
standing. We can know about a person’s position in society through status
symbol, anything than can give an idea as to what stratum an individual belongs
to. Among some groups, conspicuous consumption, or buying and displaying
products that make a “statement” about social class, happens. For Thorstein
Veblen (1953, orig. 1899, cited in Macionis 2012: 235–236; 546) who introduced
the concept, conspicuous consumption involves people buying expensive products
not because they need them but to show off their wealth.
Inequality
One important dimension of social stratification is income inequality. Poverty is a state in
which resources, usually material but sometimes cultural, are lacking. Relative poverty
is the lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more. Absolute
poverty refers to a lack of resources that is life threatening (Macionis 2012: 257).
Social ranking likewise involves gender and ethnicity. Minority refers to any category of
people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and
subordinates (Macionis 2012: 303). In societies that give more power and other resources
to men than to women, gender is an important dimension of social stratification (Macionis
3. 2012: 299). Gender is the meaning a culture attaches to being female or male (see
Chapter 3). Gender stratification is the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and
privilege between men and women. Often, as a result, women increasingly join the ranks
of the poor, giving rise to a phenomenon referred to as the feminization of poverty.
Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage based on common ancestry, language, or religion
that gives a group people a distinctive social identity (Macionis 2012: 320). People of a
particular ethnicity can be a target of prejudice, just like those of a particular social class,
sex, sexual orientation, age, political affiliation, or physical disability. Prejudice is a rigid
and unfair generalization about a category of people. A related concept, discrimination,
is the unequal treatment of various categories of people. Macionis (2012: 323–324)
clarifies that prejudice refers to attitudes while discrimination involves actions. Both
prejudice and discrimination can be either positive (favorable views, providing special
advantages) or negative (unfavorable views, creating obstacles). Also, these biases may
be built into the operation of society’s institutions such as schools, hospitals, the police,
and the workplace. This is referred to as institutional prejudice and discrimination.
Social Reproduction of Inequality
Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1990) points out that various linguistic and cultural
competencies that some parents pass on to their children are capital. He highlights the
importance of family background to one’s social status. Cultural capital refers to cultural
advantages coming from a “good home.”
Social capital refers to “features of social organization, such as networks, norms, and
trust, that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit” (Putnam 1993:35).
Putnam argues the social capital embodied in norms and networks of civic engagement
seems to be a precondition for economic development, as well as for effective
government. Many studies have, however, documented how dynamics of social capital
may result in social exclusion as nonmembers of an organization or networks may not
have access to the resources otherwise available to members.
Symbolic capital refers to the resources available to an individual on the basis of honor,
prestige, or recognition. Graduating from a certain university, for example, may have
symbolic capital in the context of looking for a job. Bourdieu (1984) points out that
symbolic capital can come from the possession and appropriation of objects with a
perceived or concrete sense of value. For example, a watch worn by a Hollywood actress
possesses symbolic capital because of the prestige of the one wearing it, which in turn
distinguishes the person wearing it.
Political capital refers to the goodwill that a politician or political policy can build up with
the public through the pursuit of popular policies. This goodwill can be then be mobilized
to achieve other objectives such as the passing of unpopular policies.
Global Stratification and Inequality
4. Social stratification involves not just people within a single country; it is also a worldwide
pattern with some nations far more economically productive than others.
One system of classifying countries is according to a Three Worlds Model:
The “First World” is made up of rich, industrial, capitalist countries, while the “Second
World” refers to less industrialized socialist countries. The non- industrialized poor
countries comprise the “Third World.” Macionis (2012) notes that in this model, the
capitalist West (the First World) and the socialist East (the Second World) are against
each other, while other nations (the Third World) remain more or less on the sidelines.
Changes inEastern Europe and the collapse of the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s
meant the end of the “Second World,” and the usefulness of the three worlds model.
The revised system of classification is not based on ideology or political structure but
on the economic development of countries (United Nations Development Programme
2010 and the World Bank 2011, as cited in Macionis 2012: 271).
High-income countries: The 72 high-income countries are those with the highest overall
standards of living. These nations have a per capita gross domestic product (GDP)
greater than $12,000.
Middle-income countries: The 70 middle-income countries are those with a standard of
living about average for the world as a whole. Their per capita GDP is less than $12,000
but greater than $2,500.
Low-income countries: The remaining 53 low-income countries are those with a per
capita GDP less than $2,500, and a low standard of living. Most people in these nations
are poor.
Theories of Global Stratification
There are two major explanations for inequality among nations: Modernization theory and
Dependency theory (Macionis 2012: 280-281).
1. Modernization Theory. Walt Rostow explains global inequality in terms of
technological and cultural differences between nations. Nations become rich by
developing advanced technology, a process that depends on a culture that
encourages innovation and change toward higher living standards. Rostow
identifies four stages of development:
Traditional stage: People’s lives are built around families and local
communities (Example: Bangladesh)
Take-off stage: A market emerges as people produce goods not just for
their own use but also to trade with others for profit. (Example: Thailand)
Drive to technological maturity: The ideas of economic growth and higher
living standards gain widespread support (Example: Mexico)
5. High mass consumption: Advanced technology fuels mass production and
mass consumption as people now “need” countless goods. (Example: the
United States of America)
How to address global inequalities? Rostow’s modernization theory highlights
the role of technology transfer and foreign aid. Accordingly, rich nations can help
poor nations by providing technology to control population size, increase food
production, and expand industrial output and by providing foreign aid to support
economic development.
2. Dependency theory. This views global inequality as a result of the historical
exploitation of poor nations by rich ones. It maintains that colonialism created
global inequality beginning 500 years ago, giving rise to rich nations and
underdeveloped poor nations. This process continues today in the form of
neocolonialism, or the economic exploitation of poor nations by multinational
corporations. Immanuel Wallerstein’s model of the capitalist world economy
identified three categories of nations:
Core: the world’s high-income countries, which are home to multinational
corporations
Semiperiphery: the world’s middle-income countries, with ties to core
nations
Periphery: the world’s low-income countries, which provide cheap labor and
raw materials, and a vast market for industrial products
How to address global inequalities? The dependency theory claims that three
factors, namely export-orientation, a lack of industrial capacity, and foreign debt,
make poor countries dependent on rich nations and prevent their economic
development.
Andre Gunder Frank’s dependencytheory argues that countries in the Periphery must
cut the “umbilical cord” that connects them to the Center, if they were to become
developed countries themselves.