This document discusses the definition and nature of history as an academic discipline. It covers key topics such as the types of sources used in historical research, including primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials like documents, artifacts, and eyewitness accounts created during the time period being studied. Secondary sources are produced later by authors who have analyzed and interpreted primary sources. The document also examines different approaches to studying history, like positivism which relies on empirical evidence, and post-colonialism which critiques colonial influences on histories of formerly colonized nations.

1. READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
SOCSCI 102

2. CHAPTER
01
DEFINITION OF HISTORY:
ISSUES, SOURCES AND
METHODOLOGY

3. ● It is the study of the past as it is
described in written documents.
● It provides the analysis and
interpretation of the human past
enabling us to study continuity and
changes that take place over time.
HISTORY

4. ● “History is the record of what one age
finds worthy of note in another.”
- Jacob Burckhardt
● “History, in it’s broadest sense, is
everything that ever happened”
-Henry Johnson
HISTORY by Historians:

5. ● “History is the story of man’s
struggle through the ages against
Nature and it’s elements; .”
- Jawaharal Nehru
HISTORY by Historians:

6. NATURE
OF
HISTORY
PHILIPPINE
HISTORY

7. 1.History is a study of the present in the
light of the past.
2. History is the study of man.
3. History is concerned with man in time.
4. History provides an objective record of
happenings.
5. History is multisided.

8. RELEVANCE
OF
HISTORY
PHILIPPINE
HISTORY

9. 1.History helps us understand people and
societies.
2. History contributes to moral
understanding.
3. History provides identity.
4. History is essential for good citizenship.
5. History is useful in the world of work.

10. ROLES OF HISTORY
● It gives lessons that can be used
to make sense of the present.
● Great past can inspire people to
keep their good practices to
move forward.

11. Traditional historians mantra:
“no document, no history”
Alexis de Tocqueville
• It means that unless a
written document can prove
a certain historical event,
then it cannot be
considered as a historical
fact.

12. ● Restricting historical evidence as exclusively
written is also discrimination against other
social classes who were not recorded in
paper.
● Nobilities, monarchs, elites and even the
middle class would have their birth,
education, marriage and death as matters of
government and historical record.

13. ● Does the absence of written
documents about them mean
that they were people of no
history or past?
Question:

14. QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY
1.What is history?
2. Why study history?
3.And history for whom?

15. HISTORIOGRAPHY
● It is the history of history.
● It covers how historians have
studied and developed history
including its sources, techniques,
and theoretical approaches.

16. POSITIVISM
Is the school of thought that
emerged between the 18th and
19th century. This thought requires
empirical and observable evidence
before one can claim that a
particular knowledge is true.

17. POST- COLONIALISM
● Is the school of thought that
emerged in the early 20th century
when formerly colonized nations
grappled with the idea of creating
their identities and understanding
their societies against the
shadows of their colonial past.

18. TwoThings in Writing History:
● 1. Tell the history of their nation that will
highlight their identity free from that
colonial discourse and knowledge.
2. To criticize the methods, effects, and
idea of colonialism.

19. HERODOTUS
• “Father of History”
• was the first writer to do
systematic investigation of
historical events.

21. CHAPTER
01
PRIMARY SOURCES

22. PRIMARY SOURCES
● It provide the original materials
on which other research is
based and enable students and
other researchers to get as
close as possible to what
actually happened during a
particular event or era.

23. Are those sources
produced at the same
time as the event,
period, or subject
being studied
PRIMARY SOURCES

24. EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY
SOURCES
Autobiographies, Memoirs, diaries
personal letters and correspondence,
interviews, surveys, emails, blogs,
photographs, drawings magazines,
newspapers, audio recordings, artifacts
and government documents.

25. Are those sources
produced by an author
who used primary
sources to produce the
material
SECONDARY SOURCES