This is very important slides for history students.

1. HISTORY
A.Prof. RICHA TIWARI

2. WHAT IS HISTORY

3. The series of events or facts that is connected with
somebody/something
All the events of the past
What Is History?
is a 1961 non-fiction book by historian Edward Hallett
Carr on historiography. It discusses history, facts, the
bias of historians, science, morality, individuals and
society, and moral judgements in history.

4. Herodotus
Herodotus has been called the “father of
history.” An engaging narrator with a deep
interest in the customs of the people he
described, he remains the leading source of
original historical information not only for
Greece between 550 and 479 BCE but also for
much of western Asia and Egypt at that time

5. The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an ancient
Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against
the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have
traditionally divided the war into three phases.

6. MEANING AND SCOPE OF HISTORY
Edward Hallett Carr
"History is ... a dialogue between the present and the
past.” (What Is History?)
History is the study of the human past as it is
described in written documents left behind by
humans. The past, with all of its complicated choices
and events, participants dead and history told, is
what the general public perceives to be the immutable
bedrock on which historians and archaeologists
stand

12. What is the difference between
BC & AD /BCA /CA
• B.C. stands for “Before Christ
• A.D. stands for “Anno Domini
•
• BCE stands for “Before Common Era” or “Before
Current Era.” It works exactly the same as BC
CE stands for “Common Era” or sometimes
“Current Era.” It is exactly the same as AD

13. List of Major Time Periods in History
Pre-history
Proto History- is a period between
prehistory and histor
from the time in history before
events were written down
Historians rely on written records and evidence to
archaeological understand more about
human history.

15. Archaeological Survey of India
was founded in 1861 by Alexander
Cunningham who also became its first
Director-General.
father of indian archeology
Sir Alexander Cunningham
The first museum in india
The cradle of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal

16. Vikrama Sa
mvat era in
58 BC
started
Vikramaditya, a king
of Ujjain,
Shaka
era - 78AD
Kanishka the Great, was
the emperor of the
Kushan dynasty

18. Nature of History
1. A study of the present in the light of the past:
2. History is the study of man:
3. History is concerned with man in time
4. History is concerned with man in space
5. Objective record of happenings
6. Multisided:
7. History is a dialogue between the events of the past
and progressively emerging future ends

19. 8. Not only narration but also analysis:
9. Continuity and coherence are the necessary
requisites of history:
10. Relevant:
11. Comprehensiveness:
NCERT: “History is the scientific study of
past happenings in all their aspects, in the
life of a social group, in the light of present
happenings.”

20. The modern concept of history
• Modern history has gone beyond the traditional
status of an antiquarian and leisure time pursuit
to a very useful and indispensible part of a man’s
education.
• It has expanded in all directions both vertically
and horizontally.
• It is more scientific and more comprehensive.
• It has become broad-based and attractive

21. History-a Science or an Art
Opinions are very much divided on the question whether
history is a science or an art.
History is a science in the sense that it pursues its own
techniques to establish and interpret facts. Like other natural
sciences such as the Physics and Chemistry uses various
methods of enquiry such as observation, classification,
experiment and formulation of hypothesis and analysis of
evidence before interpreting and reconstructing the past.
History also follows the scientific method of enquiry to find
out the truth. Though historian uses scientific techniques,
experiment is impossible since history deals with events that
have already happened and cannot be repeated.

22. History as a science
1. No forecasting
2. Complex
3. Varied
4. No observation and experimentation
5. No dependable data

23. History is both a Science and an Art
History is a unique subject possessing the potentialities of both
a science and an art. It does the enquiry after truth, thus
history is a science and is on scientific basis. It is also based on
the narrative account of the past; thus it is an art or a piece of
literature. Physical and natural sciences are impersonal,
impartial and capable of experimentation. Whereas absolute
impartiality is not possible in history because the historian is a
narrator and he looks at the past from a certain point of view.
History cannot remain at the level of knowing only. The
construction and reconstruction of the past are inevitable parts
of history. Like the work of art, its wholeness, harmony and
truth are inseparable from a concrete and vivid appreciation of
its parts. History, in fact, is a social science and an art. In that
lie its flexibility, its variety and excitement.

24. Scope of History
The scope of History is vast; it is the story of man in
relation to totality of his behavior. The scope of history means the
breadth, comprehensiveness, variety and extent of learning experiences,
provided by the study. History which was only limited to a local saga, has
during the course of century become universal history of mankind,
depicting man’s achievements in every field of life-political, economic,
social, cultural, scientific, technological, religious and artistic etc., and at
various levels-local, regional, national, and international. It starts with
the past; makes present its sheet-anchor and points to the future. Events
like wars, revolutions, rise and fall of empires, fortunes and misfortunes
of great empire builders as well as the masses in general are all the subject
matter of history. History is a comprehensive subject and includes-
History of Geography, History of Art, History of Culture, History of
Literature, History of Civilization, History of Religion, History of
Mathematics, History of Physics, History of Chemistry, History of
Education, History of Biology, History of Atom, History of Philosophy-in
fact history of any and every social, physical and natural science we are
interested in. History today has become an all-embracing, comprehensive
subject with almost limitless extent.

25. Self Assessment Questions
1) What is the modern concept of history?
2) Is history a science or an art?
3) Briefly write the scope of history