The document discusses the need for disaster resilient toilets in Assam, India. It provides context on disaster risk reduction (DRR) and defines resilience. Assam faces hazards of floods, earthquakes, storms and landslides. Floods have affected over 50 million hectares and 163 million people between 1953-2012. Resilience has four pillars - preparedness, protection, emergency response, and recovery. The Sendai Framework outlines priorities for DRR including reducing infrastructure damage. Disaster resilient toilets are needed during floods to ensure privacy, dignity and access for all, especially women, girls and the elderly.

1. DRR & Resilience:
Hazard profile, Vulnerability and Risk“ need of Disaster Resilient Toilet
Bibhuti Bhusan Gadnayak
State DRR Coordinator
UNICEF, Assam
Presented at Training on Design and Construction of 'Disaster Resilient Toilets' , WASSO, Guwahati, Assam on 21Sst February 2017

2. Contents
Disaster Risk Reduction
Aspects of DRR
DRR Mechanism
Aspects of DRR
Context of Disaster
Hazard vulnerability profile of Assam
Resilience
Elements of coastal community resilience
4 pillars of resilience
We need DRT
SFDRR 2015-30
SFDRR 7 targets
Content

3. Disaster Risk Reduction
There is no such thing as a 'natural' disaster, only natural hazards.
• DRR aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like;
earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, through an ethic of
prevention.
• DRR is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through
• systematic efforts to analyze and reduce the causal factors of disasters
• reducing exposure to hazards,
• lessening vulnerability of people and property,
• wise management of land and the environment, and improving preparedness for adverse events
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4. DRR………?:
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5. Aspects of DRR:
 Disaster Mitigation: Structural and non-structural measures
 Early warning: The provision of timely information enabling people to take steps to reduce the impact of hazards.
 Disaster Preparedness
 Recovery: assessing levels of future risk when planning housing projects in the aftermath of a disaster.
 Support to livelihood: home gardening can improve nutrition and increase reserves in the time of drought.

6. DRR Mechanism
The main mechanisms for DRR are:
 Avoid hazards: prevention of damage through the avoidance of hazard zones
 Mitigate risks: Mitigate the effects of events by reducing magnitude and probability of damage
 Respond to damage: Reduce adverse effects of events through timely and effective response
 Transfer risks: Distribute risks to a large group of individuals and use means for recovery
The first two mechanisms are preventive measures, the second two preparedness measures.
The various mechanisms to reduce risks: prevention (avoid hazards and hazardous zones); mitigation (reduce effects of hazard or reduce vulnerability of element at risk); response (respond to damage); recovery (transfer risks for
rehabilitation and reconstruction). The reduction of risks depends on the mix of measures. Residual risks have to be carried by the individual.
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7. DRR initiatives in India
DRR
Legal framework Disaster Management Act 2005
Institutions ASDMA, NDMA & MHA
Policy and Plans National Disaster Management Policy 2009
Assam State DM Policy 2010
Resources Budget allocated under the 5 year Plans.
Integration into development
plans
10th Five year plan (2001-2006) explicitly highlighted
the needs and plans for risk reduction and mitigation.
DM Plan National level and ASDMP
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8. bibhuti.undmt@gmail.com
Coastal populations dramatically increasing (leading towards more demographic vulnerabilities)
Climate change is anticipated to increase the coastal hazard threat trends
(sea level rise, floods, storm – both intensity & frequency)
New problems of “mega disasters” emerging
Disasters are undermining years of development efforts
Increase human induced vulnerabilities
The context of Disaster

9. Hazard and vulnerability profile: Assam
• Assam is a multi-hazard State prone to floods, earthquake, storms
and landslide …man made disasters.
• Flood & erosion problem: Land eroded from 1954 till date is
386476 Hectares about 7% state's
• Assam has a history of disasters ranging from large earthquakes to
severe floods.
• Floods in Assam (1953-2012)
• Area affected: 50.624m/ha.
• Popn. Affected: 163.369 m
• No. of houses affected: 4334987
• Lives lost: 2753
• Damage to public utility: 1813.329 cores

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“the potential of a particular configuration of a system to: maintain its structure/function in the face of
disturbance, and the ability of the system to re-organize following disturbance-driven change . . .
(Louis Lebel, 2001)
“the capacity to survive, adapt and recover from a natural disaster.
(IFRC, 2004)
HFA, disaster resilience is determined by the degree to which individuals, communities and public and private
organizations are capable of organizing themselves to learn from past disasters and reduce their risks to future
ones, at international, regional, National and local levels.
(UNISDR, 2005)
Summery,……the capacity to bounce back.
Resilience…….…

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1.77
1.63
2.73
2.02
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0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
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3.50
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Governance
Society and
Economy
Coastal Resource
management
land use and
structural design
Risk knowledge
Warning and
evacuation
Emergency
response
Disaster recovery
Elements of Coastal Community Resilience

12. bibhuti.undmt@gmail.com
1. Preparedness (hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessments; predictions, forecasts and warning; disaster planning scenarios; insurance; intelligent
community)
2. Protection (implementation of building codes and lifeline standards; site-specific design and performance standards for essential and critical facilities)
3. Emergency response (evacuation; emergency medical; mass care; search and rescue; emergency transportation, local, regional, and
international assistance)
4. Recovery (reconstruction; local, regional, and global business resumption; post-disaster studies for pre-disaster preparedness)
4-pillars of disaster resilience

13. Why do we need disaster resilient toilet
• During the flood no toilet works
• It secures girl and women in emergency
• Ensures privacy and dignity
• Elderly can use
• Ex. Orissa cyclone, a girl was helping her grand mother for using to walk 1 km for daily duties

14. SFw for DRR 2015-30Taking into account the experience gained through the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-15, and in pursuance of the expected outcome and goal, there is a need for focused action
within and across sectors by States at local, national, regional and global levels in the following 4 priority areas:
4Priorities for action
4. Enhancing DP for
effective response and
B3 in R3 recovery, rehabilitation and
reconstruction

15. SFDRR 7 global targets to achieve next 15 years
4. Reduce Damage to
critical infrastructure &
disruption of
basic services

16. 1. http://www.unisdr.org/who-we-are/what-is-drr
2. Gadanayak, BB and Routray, JK (2010), A path to Disaster resilient Communities, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany
3. http://www.sdc-drr.net/what
4. http://www.sdc-drr.net/disasters_rise
5.Sendai Frame Work for DRR 2015-2030
6.Political declaration WCDRR
7. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I, Summary for Policymakers: http://195.70.10.65/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf.
8. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group II Report: http://195.70.10.65/ipccreports/ar4-wg2.htm.
9. http://www.vox.com/2015/4/7/8352381/anthropocene-NASA-images
10. Climate Change, Connections, UNFPA
11. Social Protection and Climate Resilience, Report from an international workshop A ddis Ababa March 14–17, 2011, WB
References:
bibhuti.undmt@gmail.com

17. Thank you