This paper reviews disaster risk reduction and the need to involve disaster education in educational institutions
curriculum for sustainable quality education. Disaster encompass serious disruption of the functioning of society causing
wide spread human, material, economic, or environmental losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community to
cope, using its own resources. Rising concern on disaster risks in all countries is evidenced in the number of major disasters
and the amount of losses sustained there-from have been on the increase. Framework of Action (HFA) stresses the “use of
knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience.” This paper advocates turning human
knowledge into local action to reduce disaster risks. The basic principles should outline the general objectives and scope of
disaster risks reduction at schools and educational materials to teach all stages of disaster risks reduction through quality
education.
Vulnerability is the degree to which a population, individual or organization is unable to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impacts of disasters.
Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: a practical guide. (WHO, 2002)
Children, pregnant women, elderly people, malnourished people, and people who are ill or immune compromised, are particularly vulnerable when a disaster strikes, and take a relatively high share of the disease burden associated with emergencies. Poverty – and its common consequences such as malnutrition, homelessness, poor housing and destitution – is a major contributor to vulnerability.
Help to this group must be planned
Redefining Community Based Disaster Risk Management through Enhanced Early Wa...Mavic Pineda
This presentation was first delivered in ICKET 2014 held in Jeju, South Korea in July 2014. In the same month, the said presentation was echoed in Ateneo de Manila University.
Vulnerability is the degree to which a population, individual or organization is unable to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impacts of disasters.
Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: a practical guide. (WHO, 2002)
Children, pregnant women, elderly people, malnourished people, and people who are ill or immune compromised, are particularly vulnerable when a disaster strikes, and take a relatively high share of the disease burden associated with emergencies. Poverty – and its common consequences such as malnutrition, homelessness, poor housing and destitution – is a major contributor to vulnerability.
Help to this group must be planned
Redefining Community Based Disaster Risk Management through Enhanced Early Wa...Mavic Pineda
This presentation was first delivered in ICKET 2014 held in Jeju, South Korea in July 2014. In the same month, the said presentation was echoed in Ateneo de Manila University.
Indigenous knowledge for disaster risk reduction: Good practices and lessons ...Noralene Uy
This publication presents a collection of indigenous practices for disaster risk reduction developed over time in communities in the Asia-Pacific region.
The document analysis the concepts of vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity and how useful can they be to study small states. It also discuss alliances as possible strategies for small states to survive and participate in the international system.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
The Effects of Cement Dust on Haematological Parameters of Cement Workers in ...iosrjce
The effect of cement dust on exposed workers was conducted in Asaba Delta state Nigeria, to
delineate the occupational hazards posed by cement dust on haematological parameters. The assessment of
haematological parameters was performed in forty workers occupationally exposed to cement dust and forty
matched unexposed control. The accepted level of significance was p< 0.05. The results show that the
erythrocyte sedimentation count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were not significantly
different between the exposed and the control (p> 0.05). There was a significantly lower platelet count,
lymphocytes and total white blood cell count in the exposed workers relative to the control (p< 0.05). Apart from
the white blood cell count, the number of years of exposure did not significantly affect the other parameters.
The results from this study has shown that occupational exposure to cement dust has significant effects on some
haematological parameters while years of exposure was not a significant factor on the haematological
parameters of cement depot workers
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
Indigenous knowledge for disaster risk reduction: Good practices and lessons ...Noralene Uy
This publication presents a collection of indigenous practices for disaster risk reduction developed over time in communities in the Asia-Pacific region.
The document analysis the concepts of vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity and how useful can they be to study small states. It also discuss alliances as possible strategies for small states to survive and participate in the international system.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
The Effects of Cement Dust on Haematological Parameters of Cement Workers in ...iosrjce
The effect of cement dust on exposed workers was conducted in Asaba Delta state Nigeria, to
delineate the occupational hazards posed by cement dust on haematological parameters. The assessment of
haematological parameters was performed in forty workers occupationally exposed to cement dust and forty
matched unexposed control. The accepted level of significance was p< 0.05. The results show that the
erythrocyte sedimentation count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were not significantly
different between the exposed and the control (p> 0.05). There was a significantly lower platelet count,
lymphocytes and total white blood cell count in the exposed workers relative to the control (p< 0.05). Apart from
the white blood cell count, the number of years of exposure did not significantly affect the other parameters.
The results from this study has shown that occupational exposure to cement dust has significant effects on some
haematological parameters while years of exposure was not a significant factor on the haematological
parameters of cement depot workers
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
Seasonal Histopathological Changes in Gill Structure of Orecohromis niloticus...iosrjce
This study was carried out to identify the histopathological changes taking place in gill structure of
cichlids; Orecohromis niloticus collected from three different fishing areas namely, Ginka, Beshteir and Deshdy
in Manzalah Lake .This lake receives enormous quantities of industrial and agricultural wastes through
different sources of drainage water from Bahr el-Bakar, Hados, Ramses and El Sirew drains.Histopathological
observation showed hyperplasia, hypertrophy and fusion of lamellae, edema, telangiectasis and necrosis in gills
of O.niloticus in Ginka and Beshteir subjected to more wastes than in Deshdy relatively far from the inflow of
heavy polluted water.
Qualitative Study of Landfill Leachate from Different Ages of Landfill Sites ...iosrjce
The present paper describes the qualitative analysis of landfill leachate at different ages of landfill
sites (LFS) around the world and it has been prepared on the basis of extensive survey of literatures. The main
objective of this study was to explore the knowledge on qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste landfill
leachate. This paper provides a reliable and robust database for the prediction of leachate quality when new
landfills are to be developed in Nepal and other parts of the world.
Large amount of biodegradable organic matter is indicated though high ratio of BOD/COD. This in turn leads
to relative high concentration of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The lower concentration of VFAs and high pH represents
“old” leachate from the late methanogenic phase. The humic substances give a dark color to stabilized
leachate. Due to the decreasing solubility of many metal ions with increasing pH, the concentration of metal
ions is low in general. The strength of the leachate decreases with time with precipitation of soluble elements
such as heavy metals as the organic compounds break down biologically. This is the reason why leachate
management is problematic due to complexity in its design, operation, and composition, age of landfill, specific
climate conditions and moisture routing through the landfill. In order to avoid pollution and toxicity level in the
water bodies, it is legal necessity to treat landfill leachate before discharging it
Comparative Evaluation of Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of ...iosrjce
The two varieties of cooking banana (Musa cardaba and Musa bluggoe) were evaluated for
proximate composition and functional properties. The results of the proximate composition showed that the
mean protein values ranged from 4.49 to 4.79%, fat content ranged from 0.78 to 0.84%, carbohydrate content
ranged from 78.85 to 79.88%, moisture content ranged from 10.00 to 10.34%, crude fibre ranged from 0.71 to
0.85% and ash content ranged from 3.83 to 4.62%. In the functional properties, the result showed that bulk
density ranged from 0.74% to 0.79%, water absorption capacity ranged from 1.89 to 1.93%, oil absorption
capacity ranged from 2.30 to 2.78%, while wettability ranged from 59.66 to 60.66 secs.
Ground Water Conditions and Major-Ion Hydrogeochemistry of the Benin Formatio...iosrjce
Field determination of water table head from more than thirty randomly located dug wells have
been used to establish that the water table gradient in the shallow sandy Benin Formation aquifer that underlies
the Sapele urban area is generally inclined northwards. Groundwater flow is thus mainly northwards from the
city center towards the Ethiope River. Transmisivity of the sands at a deeper horizon has been estimated at
27.5m2
per day. Groundwater is mildly acidic at mean pH 6.5. TDS is generally low at mean 42mg/l and
lowest at 15.2 mg/l. Groundwater mixing and ion exchange processes prevent the dominance of specific cations
and water types range from Ca +Na + Mg at Shell Rd in the south east to Ca+ Mg at Urhobo Road in the city
center. The chloride ion dominates. Water in the Ethiope River is also mildly acidic at mean pH 6.5 and TDS is
lowest at PHCN, 12mg/l and highest at AT&P wood works, 184mg/l where sawmill wastes are dumped in the
river. Notwithstanding, indices of aquatic ecosystem health are well below recommended threshold values and
water in the area is of such exceptionally unique high chemical quality that it may be utilized for water supply
irrigation and industry
Towards Addressing Global Security Challenges Through Professional Counsellin...iosrjce
This paper sought to discuss the pervading challenges of crises and insecurity on the surface of the
globe, the consequences which invariably affect human beings in different parts of the world. Insecurity knows
no boundary, hence no country of the world, developed or developing is exonerated or immuned. Measures have
been taken at different times by governments of world countries, but all to no avail. Seemingly, the problems of
insecurity tend to defy all tried solutions. Resources, energies and times have been expended as well as other
strategies adopted. Professional counseling, at both micro and macro levels will go a long way in addressing
and assuaging the negative impacts or effects of insecurity. Counselling models, frameworks and specific
approaches if applied will help prevent, manage or cope with the devastation of insecurity at the level of
individuals, groups or society. Human lives and properties are so precious that conserving and utilizing them
will foster development. Negative consequences of insecurity will gradually slide to naught, to guarantee peace,
unity, tranquility and well being of the citizenry the world over
A Synopsis of the Trajectory of Politics in the Funding Of Nigerian Education...iosrjce
In recent years, funding for the Nigerian educational system has been in discourse for sundry
reasons, chief of which is the quest for sufficient and stable funding for the system, as poor funding which hit the
universities under the Nigerian jack-boot regimes has been a recurring decimal. Therefore, this paper is a
historical synopsis cum appraisal of the pattern of funding for education, mostly as it affects university
education, under an emerging democracy. The paper summits that lack of political will and government’s
refusal to prioritise the education sector for funding is remotely the major bane towards the much desired
appropriate funding for university education. It therefore advocates for a revolutionary mind-set in order for
government to correct the errors in funding university education.
The Policy and Practice of Preparing the Nigerian Teacher for the Challenges ...iosrjce
Nigeria like all other countries in the world has a National Policy on Education which provides the
template to guide among other things the preparation of its teachers for the challenges of the new generation.
While this is on paper, its implementation is a serious challenge thereby making it difficult for the state to
effectively use the teacher as a tool of development to execute his mandate. This will make the state not to fulfil
its role in the new generation. It is therefore, the opinion of the authors that the Nigerian Government and other
stakeholders should brace up by summoning the political courage to faithfully implement its provisions on
teacher preparation as provided in the NPE so that the country will be a key player in the new generation.
The Influence Of Individual Characteristics And Job Characteristics On Vocati...iosrjce
This study explores the relationship between individual characteristics, job characteristics with job
satisfaction of teachers in vocational schools at the Province of North Sumatera, Indonesia. The sample size of
this study was obtained using the proportional random sampling which further resulting a total number of 166
teachers who were found having the expected qualification in Mechanical Engineering subject. The hypotheses
tests based on the path analysis on the research model revealed that individual characteristics and job
characteristics. The results showed that : 1) Individual characteristics directly affect the job satisfaction of
vocational teachers in North Sumatra, and 2). Job characteristics directly affect the job satisfaction of teachers
of vocational schools in North Sumatra.
Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University
The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM.
The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.
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ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY TO ESTABLISH COMMUNICATION IN NATURAL DISASTERSAM Publications,India
Disaster does not come with prior notice. The term ‘Disaster’ is widely used to refer to as any incident, manmade accident, or natural occurrence that could affect the functioning of the project. We do not assess the impact of upcoming disaster. There are two type of disaster Natural and Manmade disaster. Disasters have resentfully affected not only humans but also animals. Disaster causes mass casualty of construction and loss of economy. It impacts on the economy of the country. In the last decade, natural disasters claimed 79,000 lives each year and affected more than 200 million people, with casualties amounting to almost US $ 70 billion per year. Disaster also affected the climate, and hence adversely affecting local or regional climate. Manmade disaster causes through any big accident that occurs indoor or outdoor.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
Needs for Disaster Risks Reduction Education in Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. 2015), PP 43-47
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09134347 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
Needs for Disaster Risks Reduction Education in Nigeria
1
Moses Zira Wand,` 2
Ijeoma G.U. Ayuba 3
Bitrus G. Asika
1
Department of Urban and Regional Planning Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State-Nigeria
. 2
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Jos
3
Department of Estate Management and Evaluation, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State-Nigeria
Abstract: This paper reviews disaster risk reduction and the need to involve disaster education in educational institutions
curriculum for sustainable quality education. Disaster encompass serious disruption of the functioning of society causing
wide spread human, material, economic, or environmental losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community to
cope, using its own resources. Rising concern on disaster risks in all countries is evidenced in the number of major disasters
and the amount of losses sustained there-from have been on the increase. Framework of Action (HFA) stresses the “use of
knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience.” This paper advocates turning human
knowledge into local action to reduce disaster risks. The basic principles should outline the general objectives and scope of
disaster risks reduction at schools and educational materials to teach all stages of disaster risks reduction through quality
education.
Key Words: disaster, risk reduction, disaster risk education, vulnerability
I. Introduction
Disasters are global phenomena that are of major concern in all the countries on the globe. Reports revealed that
the frequency of major disasters and the quantities of losses/destruction resulted from it is increasing beyond expectation.
Fresh in our memory are the disasters with severe impacts on environments and human among which are; the Indian Ocean
Tsunamis, of December 2004, hurricane Katrina and sandy that devastated New Orleans 2006, and the North East of USA
2012 and 2013 flood calamity that ravaged over 14 states in Nigeria (NEMA 2011).
Disaster happens when natural events situations and normal activities are impacted by significant and sudden
negative and unpleasant events that impact damage on people and their belongings (Ojo. 2013). Disaster may be of different
forms such as drought, rainstorms, windstorms, floods, ethno-religious crises or terrorist’s attacks. Disaster constitutes
potential threats to national development, quality education, poverty alleviation programmes and the attainment of the
overall needed societal goals. This opinion encourages proactive countries to utilize the threats as a foundation for
developing relevant strategies focused on risk assessment, risk reduction, early warning and disaster readiness for effective
reduction of social, economic and environmental resultant costs. Therefore, for sustainable development, livelihood and
quality education to be achieved, disaster risk in the context of reducing vulnerability and enhancing resilience should
constitute a new approach to disaster management.
Recent happenings depicts that Nigeria has been noticed as one of the disaster prone nations in the world. Apart
from the challenges of basic needs of life such as water, health services and shelter, floods and insecurity have taken a centre
stage in the nations concern. Evidently, the 2012 flood that displaced 7.7 million people, wind storms, rainstorms as well as
incessant bomb blast that have led to the death of hundreds of persons are happenings that placed Nigeria as a highly
challenged nation by disaster risk as well as limited capacity to curtail the challenges. Even though there are agencies
directly responsible for disaster risk management, allied professionals and the public are handicapped as a result of limited
knowledge of disaster risks, management and reduction. This paper reviews place and the basics for disaster risks reduction
knowledge/education in Nigeria in furtherance of all round quality education for sustainable quality of life.
Conceptual Clarification
Disaster: a disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society causing widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community to cope, using its
own resources. A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards conditions of
vulnerability and insufficient capacity or resources to reduce the potentials negative consequences of risks (ISDR, 2004).
The disaster causal factors and the location are not the major determinants of their impacts but the environmental, economic,
social and political disposition of the victims.
Disaster Risk: disaster risks refer to the probability of harmful expected loss (for instance, lives property and
environment) due to interaction between hazards and vulnerable conditions. The vulnerability of groups or communities
arising from physical, social, economic and environmental factors that expose them to risks may determine the likelihood
and scale of the impact of a disaster. Moreover the capacities of a society that provide resources to cope with losses arising
from a disaster create situations that minimize the conditions that generate risks.
Vulnerability: vulnerability is the existence of condition of defenselessness and insecurity resulting from physical,
social, economic and environmental factors which expose a community to the impact of hazards (ISDR, 2004). Precisely;
vulnerability means exposure and susceptibility to harms while exposure is determined by where and how people live and
work relative to hazards. Susceptibility takes account of social, political, psychological and environmental variables that
intervene in producing different impacts among persons with similar levels of exposure.
Disaster Risk Reduction: this the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks by systematic activities to
analyses and manage the causal factors of disaster which encompass reduced exposure to hazards, minimize vulnerability of
2. Needs For Disaster Risks Reduction Education In Nigeria
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09134347 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
people and property, good land and environmental management and improved readiness for negative events. Prevention is
involved and it is targeted towards avoiding damages by minimizing vulnerability. Physical planning of the settlements is
considered to be one of the effective methods to promote proactive preventive approaches to disaster (Ogboi, 2013).
Categorization of Disaster
Disaster represents the impacts of a natural, man-made event that adversely affects life, property, livelihood which
often result in permanent changes to human societies, ecosystems and environment. The event in itself according to
Quarantelli (1998) is not a disaster but it is the impact which is called the disaster. Relative to their causal factors,
disaster can be classified as being natural, man-made or human-natural in nature.
Natural Disaster: As they arise without direct human participation natural disaster are most times refers to as act of God.
Natural disaster could be made severe due to man’s action before during or after the disaster event. Figure a. presents
illustrations of disaster classification:
Man-made: Disasters that have an element of human intention, negligence error or action to do with a failure of a system are
referred to as man-made disaster.
Human- Natural Disaster: those occurrences that arise due to combined roles of human actions and natural forces are in this
category.
Figure: a: Classification of Disasters
Source: NEMA Baseline Study for Katsina 2009
Disaster Risk Management Planning
Preparation of Disaster Risk Management plans (DRMP) in Nigeria is facilitated by NEMA, SEMA and LEMA by
using VCA (Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis) tools and contingency plans. The VCA identifies National, State and local
(Community) risks to:
i. Build capacity for identification, development and management and sustenance of disaster risk management.
ii. Assesses capacity (existing and required) in respect of prevailing and foreseeable hazards.
iii. Provide forum for exchange of knowledge and experience in the areas of vulnerability and risk profile development.
iv. Strengthens local capacity in utilizing available resources.
v. Identifies and provides support to states and local Government for the development of vulnerability and risk profile.
Components of Contingency plans:
i. General situation and scenario.
ii. Strategic objectives and interventions
iii. Relevant stakeholders required for intervention (indicating their roles and responsibilities);
iv. Priorities and activities of intervention;
v. Resources, needs and capacities relevant to intervention such as facilities, personnel, funding and logistic services;
vi. Feedback and future action on intervention; mainstreaming DRR shall be integrated into development efforts at all
levels of governance.
Other Tools for DRR include Legal Enforcement Instruments such as:
i. Landuse Regulations;
ii. Urban Planning and Development Standards
Natural
•Avalance
•Cold Snap
•Disease
•Drought
•Earthquake
•Famine
•Fire
•Flood
•Hailstorm
•Windstrom
•Hurricane
•Impact Event
•Volcanic Eruption etc
Man-made
•Aviation
•Arson
•Chemical, Biological,
Radioactive and Nuclear
Disasters (CBRNDS)
•Civil Disorder
•Power Outages
•Communal Conflicts
•Radiation
•Siltation
•Space Disaster
•GSM Outages
•War/terrorism
Human-natural
•Land Degradation
•Desertation
•Technological- Impacted
•Siltation
3. Needs For Disaster Risks Reduction Education In Nigeria
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09134347 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
iii. Standards for Environmental Impact Assessment
iv. Building codes
v. Fires codes
vii. Enabling acts/laws/bye-laws of legislature on health and environmental issues.
viii. Relevant international conventions and treaties signed by the government of Nigeria.
The contents of VCA and contingency plans which are tools for DRR plans clearly spelt the role of land use planning in
DRR. The land use planning is an important contributor to sustainable development. It includes studies and mapping,
analysis of economic, environmental and hazard data, information on alternative land use decisions and design of long-range
plans for different geographical and administrative scales.
Land use planning can mitigate disasters and reduce risks by discouraging settlements and consideration of key
installation in hazard prone areas, including consideration of services routes for transport, power, water, sewage and other
critical facilities.
Disaster Risk Reduction
The underlying conditions of disaster risks are aggravated by unsustainable development policies and practices.
Hence, for sustainable development disaster risks in the context of reducing vulnerability of communities and enhancing
resilience need to be reappraised.
The focus of disaster risk reduction is to prevent or mitigate loss of life and destruction of property. DRR assist
communities to get ready for and reduce impacts of unavoidable natural disaster and also prevent human induced ones.
Disaster reduction’s major goal is to motivate communities to propagate more in the identification and management of risk
and reduction of vulnerability. Disaster risk reduction involves systematic development and application of policies, strategies
and practices to reduce vulnerabilities and disaster risks in a community to limit server impacts of hazards.
Components of Disaster Risk Reduction
The components of disaster risk reduction (DRR) have the potential for risk reduction, disaster readiness and
effective addressing the reduction of social, economic and environmental consequences associated with disaster. DRR tend
to protect and insure democratic dividends as such realizing the huge amount hitherto need used in perennial relief
interventions for more positive and sustainable development is paramount.
Source: Ojo 2013
Disaster Risk Reduction Activity
1. Risk Assessment and Analysis: The communities need to know the risks that they areFacing and to minimize their
vulnerability to the risk. The risk assessment activity identifies potential risks hazards and their location. It assesses the
magnitude of impacts and monitoring to comprehend signs of stress, pattern and time of occurrence.
2. Education and Awareness: this shall constitute-basic training on signs of Environmental stress and risks existence-
community participation in risk assessment and analysis process.
3. Development of Early Warning System: This involves forecast and prediction of slowDown-on-set and rapid-on-set of
disaster by collecting data and mounting of the environment. Announcing warning by community leaders through
available means like radio, GSM, and town criers.
4. Disaster Risk Management: this is the peak of DRR activities which involves buildingPeople’s capacity to protect
their lives and properties. - teaching the community environmental management measures to reduce the likelihood of
componentsofDisasterRiskReduction
Development and poverty reduction focus
Being locally relevant and people oriented and participatory
Local political support and backing
Promoting education and increasing awareness on local hazards and disaster risk
situation
4. Needs For Disaster Risks Reduction Education In Nigeria
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09134347 www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
onset of some disasters like flooding, desertification and bush fire. – establishing precautionary measures and safety in
times of disasters.
Disaster Risk and Education
According to UNIDR (2005), education for DRR is an interactive process of mutual learning among people and
educational institutions. Its importance is beyond formal education at schools, universities as it affects several aspects of life
through the concerted efforts to overcome global barriers of ignorance, apathy, individual interests and lack of political will
available in community. Disaster risk education (DRE) involves the recognition and application of traditional wisdom and
local knowledge for protection from natural hazards. In other words the DRE intend to translate available human knowledge
into local action to reduce disaster risks.
APEC (2009) initiated a set of principles for DRE at schools. The principles present the general objectives and the scopes of
DRE at schools and education materials in order to teach all stages of DRR. Moreover the principle outlined the need for
involvement of local community and civil society groups in the development of quality education materials in order to
successfully integrate school disaster education. The major principles developed are as follow:
1. Ensuring that DRR is a national, local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation.
2. School should teach all stages of DRE cycle which include disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and
recovery.
3. They should introduce students to land use planning, building codes and environmental stewardship where applicable
as means of managing and reducing disaster risks.
4. They should supplement a range of academic subjects rooted in existing learning materials, suit the local context and
taking into account indigenous knowledge.
5. DRE requires regular collaboration efforts of all stakeholders at all levels of government, private sectors and
communities.
6. Local communities should be involved in the development of DRE materials for schools to assist identify local risks
and response measures.
7. To ensure effectiveness there should be regular monitoring and evaluation of DRE.
OCED (2008) reported that risk awareness education encompass realizing the natural and social mechanism that may
create hazards and human vulnerability to the hazards. Essentially, DRE activities need to involve preparedness (learning
how to commence and maintain preparation for disaster) mitigation behavior (what to do before during and after a natural
disaster), adaptive capability (how to change and maintain systems and networks and build community competencies to
minimize the impacts of disaster and post-disaster learning) (Dufty, 2009).
Disaster Risk Education in Nigeria
The societies need knowledge in order to manage their situation. Education provides passage of important life skills
messages especially in the area of health hygiene and DRR. It paves ways for preventing and mitigating disaster in the future
and makes DRR cost effective. Education is transmitted through experience, established warning arrangement, information
technology, staff training among others to facilitate sharing of information and knowledge to citizens, professionals,
organisations and policy makers (UNISDR, 2005).
Agboi (2005) reported that to build a good educational structure for DRM and planning for DRR in Nigeria, the following
are needed:
1. Formal Education: integrating DRR into all levels of formal education from the pre-primary to tertiary institutions. This
requires long term planning and capacity building. Focus should be made on curricula, teachers training and
assessment of learning. School-based curriculum work in DRR takes three main forms, each appropriate to context.
Stand-alone courses short modules (specific subjects and grade levels), and infusion in the curriculum (multi-subjects
using reading, examples and activities) (IFRC, 2013).
2. Non-formal education: non-formal education activities can be the rapid entry point for DRR education, indigenous
knowledge for DRR should be emphasized especially early warning system (UNESCO, 2007). Informal education
should engage wider people for action and behavior to increase safety and resilience. Informal education can be used as
a tool such as publications, posters, guidelines, flier, brochures, booklets, activity books, story books, assembly kits and
teacher resources (UNISDR, 2005).
3. Policy development and advocacy for DRR in education: Existing institutional setups need to be structured and DRR
need to integrate into the policies and programmes of Nigeria education.
4. Linkages to other sectors and departments in order to ensure wider access to resource capacity building and support in
times of emergencies.
5. Seminar and campaign and be piloted with a view to teaching risk reduction techniques to the rural-urban poor who
engages in informal construction with regard to compliance with building codes and planning regulation.
6. Specialist research centres for DRM should be encouraged and properly equipped to carry out their roles of teaching,
research and consultancy.
7. Risk awareness and knowledge of hazards resistant construction for construction workers, builders and professionals.
The content of DDR in school curricula needs standardization in line with the global best practices (IFRC, 2011).
The Way Forward and Sustainability of Disaster Risk Education
Sustainability of DRE means continuing public education intervention effort over a long period of time to achieve
a paradigm shift culture of safety. The challenges of DRE are:
1. New technology that produce greater risk like construction materials and practices;
2. Lack of awareness of technologies available to reduce risks;
5. Needs For Disaster Risks Reduction Education In Nigeria
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09134347 www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
3. The long interval between some natural hazards impacts like earthquakes and Tsunami;
4. The ever increasing impacts of climate change;
5. Reduced inter-generational transmission of indigenous knowledge;
6. Funding;
7. Expectation of new rather than improved and sustained approaches; and
8. Failure to measure progress telethons.
A major weakness in DRR according to Dufty (2009) is the lack of evaluation to gauge their effectiveness using measures.
The effectiveness of DRE stages according to him can be measured at several intervals. These include recipient’s level of
understanding of hazards risks; their level of understanding appropriate readiness behavior, their preparation and
maintenance of emergency management plan a family or community and the ability to cope with and learn from a disaster
if it happening, monitoring and evaluation enhances effectiveness as propagated by quality education goals. Community-
level assessment and base line measures focuses on how successful there is increase in quality education and change in
behavior. This can be ensured by assessing the following:
i. Content clarity, simplicity, accuracy. Relevance and appropriateness.
ii. Design appeal, user-friendliness, easy to use and understanding
iii. Engagement quality that promote interaction and participation
II. Conclusion
Disaster is a global phenomenon that can happen in any country, community or to an individual irrespective of
location, ethnicity or social status. Disaster portrays the impacts of a natural, natural, man-made event that negatively affects
life, property and livelihood which often result in permanent changes to human society, ecosystem and environment.
The DRR is necessary to reduce exposure to hazards, minimize vulnerability of people and property, good land
and environmental management and improved readiness for negative effects.
This paper propagates the need of knowledge by the society in order to manage their situation. Quality education passages of
vital life skills messages especially in the area of DRR and health hygiene. Quality education paves ways for preventing and
mitigating disaster in the future and makes DRR cost effective. The basics are to present the general objectives and the
scopes of DRE at schools and education materials in order to teach all stages of DRR. DRE needs to be sustained by
ensuring continuing public awareness intervention efforts over a long period of time to achieve a paradigm shift culture of
safety embedded in quality education.
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