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Diesel power plants produce electricity in the range of 2 to 50 MW and are commonly used as central power stations and backup generators. They have advantages over steam power plants such as occupying less space and being more efficient for capacities under 150 MW. However, diesel power plants also have higher operating and maintenance costs compared to steam plants. The key components of a diesel power plant include the diesel engine, air intake and exhaust systems, fuel supply system, starting system, lubrication system, and cooling system. Proper operation and maintenance such as regular engine running and filter servicing is required for good diesel power plant performance.
Operation and Maintenance of Diesel Power Generating PlantsLiving Online
Diesel generating plants always have an important role in power plants as well as in industries and commercial installations to meet continuous and emergency standby power requirements for day to day use. A good knowledge of basic operation principles, layout requirements, associated components and maintenance practices for diesel power plants help the career development of many engineers and technicians in today’s world. Whatever your role in industry - designer, purchase engineer, installation contractor or maintenance engineer, a solid knowledge of diesel power plants is always useful. This workshop is designed to familiarise you with various aspects of diesel generating power plants for practical application.
Examples will be taken from various industrial standard practices regarding the construction, layouts, application and maintenance procedures followed for reliable and trouble free operation of diesel power plants. The various tests to be conducted during commissioning and maintenance checks to ensure proper and long term operation of diesel power plants will also be covered in the workshop.
Some of the essential systems such as fuel oil layouts, lube oil requirements, control circuitry, etc will also be discussed.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/operation-and-maintenance-diesel-power-generating-plants-28
This document provides information on diesel power plants and their components. It discusses the layout of a diesel power plant including the engine, air intake system, exhaust system, fuel system, cooling system, lubrication system, starting system, and governing system. It also describes the common components of these auxiliary systems and their functions. The document then covers topics like the internal combustion engine cycle, classification of IC engines, engine types, and fuel injection systems.
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy
is known as Diesel power station or Diesel power plant
The document discusses the main components and working principle of a diesel generator. A diesel generator combines a diesel engine with an electric generator and other auxiliary devices to generate electrical energy. It works by converting the chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy, then mechanical energy through the combustion and expansion of gases in the engine, which is then converted into electrical energy through the generator via electromagnetic induction. The key components are the diesel engine, generator, and auxiliary devices like the cooling system. The diesel engine uses compression ignition to burn fuel injected into the combustion chamber.
The document discusses the components and operation of a diesel power plant. It describes the key components as the diesel engine, air intake and filtration system, fuel supply system, exhaust system, cooling system, lubrication system, and starting system. The diesel engine compresses air which is then mixed with injected fuel and ignited to power a generator. The plant has advantages of simple design, limited water needs, and ability to respond quickly to load changes, but also has higher maintenance costs and noise compared to other power sources.
This PPT contains introduction and types of thermal power plants, WORKING PRINCIPLE, LAYOUT AND WORKING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, WORKING PRINCIPLE OF COAL BASED POWER PLANT, SITE SELECTION OF THERMAL POWER PLANT,GENERAL LAYOUT AND WORKING OF COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT, PRESENT STATUS OF COAL-FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANT, WASTE GENERATED IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS AND MANAGEMENT , TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE GENERATED IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS.
Diesel power plants produce electricity in the range of 2 to 50 MW and are commonly used as central power stations and backup generators. They have advantages over steam power plants such as occupying less space and being more efficient for capacities under 150 MW. However, diesel power plants also have higher operating and maintenance costs compared to steam plants. The key components of a diesel power plant include the diesel engine, air intake and exhaust systems, fuel supply system, starting system, lubrication system, and cooling system. Proper operation and maintenance such as regular engine running and filter servicing is required for good diesel power plant performance.
Operation and Maintenance of Diesel Power Generating PlantsLiving Online
Diesel generating plants always have an important role in power plants as well as in industries and commercial installations to meet continuous and emergency standby power requirements for day to day use. A good knowledge of basic operation principles, layout requirements, associated components and maintenance practices for diesel power plants help the career development of many engineers and technicians in today’s world. Whatever your role in industry - designer, purchase engineer, installation contractor or maintenance engineer, a solid knowledge of diesel power plants is always useful. This workshop is designed to familiarise you with various aspects of diesel generating power plants for practical application.
Examples will be taken from various industrial standard practices regarding the construction, layouts, application and maintenance procedures followed for reliable and trouble free operation of diesel power plants. The various tests to be conducted during commissioning and maintenance checks to ensure proper and long term operation of diesel power plants will also be covered in the workshop.
Some of the essential systems such as fuel oil layouts, lube oil requirements, control circuitry, etc will also be discussed.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/operation-and-maintenance-diesel-power-generating-plants-28
This document provides information on diesel power plants and their components. It discusses the layout of a diesel power plant including the engine, air intake system, exhaust system, fuel system, cooling system, lubrication system, starting system, and governing system. It also describes the common components of these auxiliary systems and their functions. The document then covers topics like the internal combustion engine cycle, classification of IC engines, engine types, and fuel injection systems.
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy
is known as Diesel power station or Diesel power plant
The document discusses the main components and working principle of a diesel generator. A diesel generator combines a diesel engine with an electric generator and other auxiliary devices to generate electrical energy. It works by converting the chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy, then mechanical energy through the combustion and expansion of gases in the engine, which is then converted into electrical energy through the generator via electromagnetic induction. The key components are the diesel engine, generator, and auxiliary devices like the cooling system. The diesel engine uses compression ignition to burn fuel injected into the combustion chamber.
The document discusses the components and operation of a diesel power plant. It describes the key components as the diesel engine, air intake and filtration system, fuel supply system, exhaust system, cooling system, lubrication system, and starting system. The diesel engine compresses air which is then mixed with injected fuel and ignited to power a generator. The plant has advantages of simple design, limited water needs, and ability to respond quickly to load changes, but also has higher maintenance costs and noise compared to other power sources.
This PPT contains introduction and types of thermal power plants, WORKING PRINCIPLE, LAYOUT AND WORKING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, WORKING PRINCIPLE OF COAL BASED POWER PLANT, SITE SELECTION OF THERMAL POWER PLANT,GENERAL LAYOUT AND WORKING OF COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT, PRESENT STATUS OF COAL-FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANT, WASTE GENERATED IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS AND MANAGEMENT , TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE GENERATED IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS.
This document provides information about diesel power plants. It begins with an introduction that explains diesel power plants use diesel engines connected to alternators to convert the chemical energy of diesel fuel into mechanical energy and then electrical energy.
It then lists and describes the essential elements of a diesel power plant, such as the diesel engine, generator, exciter, air and fuel filters, and lubrication systems. Diagrams of a typical diesel power plant layout and the workings of 2-stroke and 4-stroke diesel engines are also included.
The document compares internal combustion engines like diesel engines to external combustion engines like steam engines. It discusses applications of diesel power plants such as for peak loads and emergencies. Advantages, disadvantages,
This document discusses steam turbines, including their working principles and different types. It describes how potential energy from steam is converted to kinetic energy and then mechanical energy in a turbine. There are two main types of turbines - impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines expand steam fully in nozzles before it hits moving blades, while reaction turbines feature continuous expansion over fixed and moving blades. The document also discusses methods of compounding turbines to reduce rotor speed, including velocity, pressure, and pressure-velocity compounding.
This document describes the layout and components of a diesel power plant. It discusses that diesel power plants typically produce 2-50 MW of power and are used as backup generators for critical facilities. The key components include:
1) A diesel engine that combusts diesel fuel for power. It is usually a two-stroke cycle engine coupled directly to an electric generator.
2) An air intake system that filters air into the engine for combustion.
3) A fuel supply system that pumps and stores diesel fuel from a storage tank to the engine.
4) A cooling system that circulates water to remove excess heat from the engine and exhaust system to reduce noise from the burning gases.
This document provides information about the components and workings of a diesel generator. It describes the main components as the engine, alternator, fuel system, voltage regulator, cooling and exhaust systems, lubrication system, battery charger, control panel, and main assembly/frame. For each component, it explains its function and key sub-components. It also provides technical details about how a generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. Overall, the document serves as an overview of the parts and process of how a diesel generator is able to generate and supply electricity.
The document discusses fuel injection systems for diesel engines. It describes the key elements of fuel injection systems including pumping, metering, distribution, and timing controls. It outlines different types of injection systems such as common rail, unit injection, individual pump and nozzle, and distributor systems. It also discusses the injection pump, fuel injector, nozzle types, and operation of the fuel injector.
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
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The document discusses the components, operation, and site selection considerations of diesel power plants. It describes how diesel engines convert fuel into mechanical energy to generate electricity. Key components include the engine, air intake and exhaust systems, fuel system, cooling system, and lubrication system. Performance is determined by factors like indicated and brake horsepower. Ideal sites are near load centers with available water, fuel, and transportation, while avoiding populated areas. Diesel plants have lower initial costs but higher operating expenses than steam plants.
This document provides information about diesel power plants. It discusses the key components of a diesel power plant including the diesel engine, intake and exhaust systems, fuel supply system, cooling system, lubrication system, and governing system. It notes that diesel power plants can generate power in the range of 2-50 MW and are favored in locations where sufficient coal/water are not available. The advantages of diesel power plants are also summarized, such as their simple design, small footprint, and ability for quick startup.
This is just for knowledge, because given data in this is 2008. now some government policies has been changed so its cost maybe or maybe less as compared to this data.
The document discusses diesel (engine) power plants (DPPs). It defines a DPP as a power plant that uses a diesel engine as the prime mover for electricity generation. It then outlines the key components of a DPP, including the diesel engine, fuel supply system, cooling system, lubrication system, exhaust system, air intake system, starting system, stopping system, governing system, and generator. The document also compares two-stroke and four-stroke diesel engines and describes common components like the fuel injection system, cooling system, and engine starting and stopping mechanisms.
The document provides information on pistons used in internal combustion engines. It discusses the parts of a piston including the crown, ring lands, ring groove and skirt. It describes the functions of pistons to transmit force, form a seal and guide the connecting rod. Desirable piston characteristics and different piston head shapes are outlined. Various piston types like offset pin, cam ground, oil cooled and tapered pistons are explained. Common piston failures modes such as scuffing, burning, dry running and pin boss damage are summarized. The document discusses piston materials including cast iron, aluminum and hypereutectic alloys and proposes future piston designs with reduced skirt lengths.
A steam turbine works by transforming the potential energy of steam into kinetic energy and then into rotational mechanical energy. Steam turbines are commonly used for power generation and transport. There are two main types: impulse turbines, where steam pressure remains constant as it strikes and spins turbine blades, and reaction turbines, where steam expands and loses pressure both in nozzles and on moving blades. Impulse turbines generally have higher speeds but reaction turbines are more efficient.
Basic Scheme Open Cycle Gas Turbine Plant Aman Gupta
This document discusses open cycle gas turbine power plants. It begins with an introduction to gas power plants and the history of gas turbines. It then covers the basic working principle of gas turbine power plants, including the main components of air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. Applications and advantages/disadvantages of gas turbines are also summarized. Finally, it describes the open cycle gas power plant configuration and methods to improve the thermal efficiency, such as regeneration, reheating, and intercooling.
A diesel power plant is the combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator to generate electrical energy. A diesel compression-ignition engine is usually designed to run on diesel fuel, but some types are adapted for other liquid fuels or natural gas.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
The document provides an overview of diesel power plant engineering. It discusses the key components of a diesel power plant including the diesel engine, starting system, fuel supply system, air intake system, lubrication system, cooling system, exhaust system, and governing system. It describes the basic four-stroke operating cycle of a diesel engine and highlights advantages such as simple design and ability to handle varying loads, as well as disadvantages like high operating costs.
Mini project ppt on working of steam turbine and its auxiliariesjyotishmathi college
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.
The document provides an overview of gas turbines and jet propulsion. It begins with an introduction to gas turbines, explaining that gas turbines use a gaseous working fluid to generate mechanical power or thrust. It then covers objectives, classifications of gas turbines, applications, and methods to improve efficiency. The document also discusses jet propulsion principles, types of jet engines including turbojets, turbofans, ramjets and rockets. It provides details on components and workings of different jet engine and rocket types.
The document discusses fuel injection systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the key components and functions of fuel injection systems. The systems work to accurately meter and inject fuel into the combustion chamber at precise timings and rates to achieve proper mixing and combustion. Common components include the fuel tank, feed pump, injection pump, injector nozzle, and governor. The injection pump pressurizes and meters the fuel supply, while the nozzle atomizes the fuel into fine droplets for rapid mixing in the chamber.
Diesel power plants use diesel engines as the prime mover to generate electricity in the range of 2 to 50MW. They are commonly used as backup power sources for critical facilities like hospitals, telephone exchanges, and industries during peak loads. Diesel power plants have several systems, including the air intake system, which draws air through a filter into the engine cylinder. The fuel supply system pumps fuel from a storage tank through a filter and injects it into the cylinder. The exhaust system uses a silencer to reduce noise from the engine gases expelled into the atmosphere. Cooling and lubrication systems are also required to regulate the engine's temperature and reduce wear on moving parts. While diesel power plants have advantages like simple design, quick start
The document discusses diesel, gas turbine, and combined cycle power plants. It provides details on the layout and components of a diesel power plant, including the engine, air supply system, exhaust system, fuel system, cooling system, lubricating system, and starting system. It also discusses advantages like efficiency and disadvantages like noise pollution of diesel power plants. Open and closed cycle gas turbine power plants are compared, with open cycle plants having less weight but lower part-load efficiency. The ideal gas turbine cycle is the Brayton cycle of 4 processes - isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat rejection.
This document provides information about diesel power plants. It begins with an introduction that explains diesel power plants use diesel engines connected to alternators to convert the chemical energy of diesel fuel into mechanical energy and then electrical energy.
It then lists and describes the essential elements of a diesel power plant, such as the diesel engine, generator, exciter, air and fuel filters, and lubrication systems. Diagrams of a typical diesel power plant layout and the workings of 2-stroke and 4-stroke diesel engines are also included.
The document compares internal combustion engines like diesel engines to external combustion engines like steam engines. It discusses applications of diesel power plants such as for peak loads and emergencies. Advantages, disadvantages,
This document discusses steam turbines, including their working principles and different types. It describes how potential energy from steam is converted to kinetic energy and then mechanical energy in a turbine. There are two main types of turbines - impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines expand steam fully in nozzles before it hits moving blades, while reaction turbines feature continuous expansion over fixed and moving blades. The document also discusses methods of compounding turbines to reduce rotor speed, including velocity, pressure, and pressure-velocity compounding.
This document describes the layout and components of a diesel power plant. It discusses that diesel power plants typically produce 2-50 MW of power and are used as backup generators for critical facilities. The key components include:
1) A diesel engine that combusts diesel fuel for power. It is usually a two-stroke cycle engine coupled directly to an electric generator.
2) An air intake system that filters air into the engine for combustion.
3) A fuel supply system that pumps and stores diesel fuel from a storage tank to the engine.
4) A cooling system that circulates water to remove excess heat from the engine and exhaust system to reduce noise from the burning gases.
This document provides information about the components and workings of a diesel generator. It describes the main components as the engine, alternator, fuel system, voltage regulator, cooling and exhaust systems, lubrication system, battery charger, control panel, and main assembly/frame. For each component, it explains its function and key sub-components. It also provides technical details about how a generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. Overall, the document serves as an overview of the parts and process of how a diesel generator is able to generate and supply electricity.
The document discusses fuel injection systems for diesel engines. It describes the key elements of fuel injection systems including pumping, metering, distribution, and timing controls. It outlines different types of injection systems such as common rail, unit injection, individual pump and nozzle, and distributor systems. It also discusses the injection pump, fuel injector, nozzle types, and operation of the fuel injector.
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
The document discusses the components, operation, and site selection considerations of diesel power plants. It describes how diesel engines convert fuel into mechanical energy to generate electricity. Key components include the engine, air intake and exhaust systems, fuel system, cooling system, and lubrication system. Performance is determined by factors like indicated and brake horsepower. Ideal sites are near load centers with available water, fuel, and transportation, while avoiding populated areas. Diesel plants have lower initial costs but higher operating expenses than steam plants.
This document provides information about diesel power plants. It discusses the key components of a diesel power plant including the diesel engine, intake and exhaust systems, fuel supply system, cooling system, lubrication system, and governing system. It notes that diesel power plants can generate power in the range of 2-50 MW and are favored in locations where sufficient coal/water are not available. The advantages of diesel power plants are also summarized, such as their simple design, small footprint, and ability for quick startup.
This is just for knowledge, because given data in this is 2008. now some government policies has been changed so its cost maybe or maybe less as compared to this data.
The document discusses diesel (engine) power plants (DPPs). It defines a DPP as a power plant that uses a diesel engine as the prime mover for electricity generation. It then outlines the key components of a DPP, including the diesel engine, fuel supply system, cooling system, lubrication system, exhaust system, air intake system, starting system, stopping system, governing system, and generator. The document also compares two-stroke and four-stroke diesel engines and describes common components like the fuel injection system, cooling system, and engine starting and stopping mechanisms.
The document provides information on pistons used in internal combustion engines. It discusses the parts of a piston including the crown, ring lands, ring groove and skirt. It describes the functions of pistons to transmit force, form a seal and guide the connecting rod. Desirable piston characteristics and different piston head shapes are outlined. Various piston types like offset pin, cam ground, oil cooled and tapered pistons are explained. Common piston failures modes such as scuffing, burning, dry running and pin boss damage are summarized. The document discusses piston materials including cast iron, aluminum and hypereutectic alloys and proposes future piston designs with reduced skirt lengths.
A steam turbine works by transforming the potential energy of steam into kinetic energy and then into rotational mechanical energy. Steam turbines are commonly used for power generation and transport. There are two main types: impulse turbines, where steam pressure remains constant as it strikes and spins turbine blades, and reaction turbines, where steam expands and loses pressure both in nozzles and on moving blades. Impulse turbines generally have higher speeds but reaction turbines are more efficient.
Basic Scheme Open Cycle Gas Turbine Plant Aman Gupta
This document discusses open cycle gas turbine power plants. It begins with an introduction to gas power plants and the history of gas turbines. It then covers the basic working principle of gas turbine power plants, including the main components of air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. Applications and advantages/disadvantages of gas turbines are also summarized. Finally, it describes the open cycle gas power plant configuration and methods to improve the thermal efficiency, such as regeneration, reheating, and intercooling.
A diesel power plant is the combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator to generate electrical energy. A diesel compression-ignition engine is usually designed to run on diesel fuel, but some types are adapted for other liquid fuels or natural gas.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
The document provides an overview of diesel power plant engineering. It discusses the key components of a diesel power plant including the diesel engine, starting system, fuel supply system, air intake system, lubrication system, cooling system, exhaust system, and governing system. It describes the basic four-stroke operating cycle of a diesel engine and highlights advantages such as simple design and ability to handle varying loads, as well as disadvantages like high operating costs.
Mini project ppt on working of steam turbine and its auxiliariesjyotishmathi college
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.
The document provides an overview of gas turbines and jet propulsion. It begins with an introduction to gas turbines, explaining that gas turbines use a gaseous working fluid to generate mechanical power or thrust. It then covers objectives, classifications of gas turbines, applications, and methods to improve efficiency. The document also discusses jet propulsion principles, types of jet engines including turbojets, turbofans, ramjets and rockets. It provides details on components and workings of different jet engine and rocket types.
The document discusses fuel injection systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the key components and functions of fuel injection systems. The systems work to accurately meter and inject fuel into the combustion chamber at precise timings and rates to achieve proper mixing and combustion. Common components include the fuel tank, feed pump, injection pump, injector nozzle, and governor. The injection pump pressurizes and meters the fuel supply, while the nozzle atomizes the fuel into fine droplets for rapid mixing in the chamber.
Diesel power plants use diesel engines as the prime mover to generate electricity in the range of 2 to 50MW. They are commonly used as backup power sources for critical facilities like hospitals, telephone exchanges, and industries during peak loads. Diesel power plants have several systems, including the air intake system, which draws air through a filter into the engine cylinder. The fuel supply system pumps fuel from a storage tank through a filter and injects it into the cylinder. The exhaust system uses a silencer to reduce noise from the engine gases expelled into the atmosphere. Cooling and lubrication systems are also required to regulate the engine's temperature and reduce wear on moving parts. While diesel power plants have advantages like simple design, quick start
The document discusses diesel, gas turbine, and combined cycle power plants. It provides details on the layout and components of a diesel power plant, including the engine, air supply system, exhaust system, fuel system, cooling system, lubricating system, and starting system. It also discusses advantages like efficiency and disadvantages like noise pollution of diesel power plants. Open and closed cycle gas turbine power plants are compared, with open cycle plants having less weight but lower part-load efficiency. The ideal gas turbine cycle is the Brayton cycle of 4 processes - isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat rejection.
This document provides information about diesel engine power plants. It discusses that diesel power plants generate electricity using diesel engines between 2-50 MW. They have advantages like simple design, less space and water requirements, and lower costs compared to steam plants. However, they also have higher fuel costs and maintenance costs. Diesel power plants are commonly used as backup power sources or for small, remote power supplies where coal and water availability is limited. The document then describes the key components of diesel power plants, including the starting system, air intake, fuel supply, exhaust, cooling, lubrication and governing systems. It provides details on how each system functions within the diesel engine electricity generation process.
The document discusses new trends in internal combustion engines to improve fuel economy, safety, emissions and noise/vibration. It describes technologies like cylinder deactivation to improve efficiency by deactivating cylinders under light loads, direct fuel injection for cleaner combustion, variable valve timing and lift to optimize performance, and turbochargers to boost power density. While making engines more complex, these technologies allow internal combustion engines to meet stricter emissions standards while enhancing fuel economy and performance.
The document discusses new trends in internal combustion engines to improve fuel economy, safety, emissions and noise/vibration. These trends include cylinder deactivation to reduce pumping losses under light loads, direct fuel injection for lean combustion and lower emissions, variable valve timing and lift to optimize power and efficiency, and turbochargers to force more air into the cylinders and increase power output. While improving performance, these technologies also increase costs and complexity of engine design and maintenance. The internal combustion engine will likely continue powering vehicles with advanced technologies to meet future challenges.
The document discusses different types of engine cooling systems for automobiles. It describes the key components and functioning of liquid cooling systems, which use coolant circulating through the engine to draw heat away. Air or direct cooling systems that use fins and baffles to increase surface area exposed to airflow are also covered. Oil cooling systems are mentioned as an alternative that can transfer engine heat to the oil before passing through a radiator. The document provides details on the requirements, advantages, and disadvantages of each type of cooling system.
The document defines key terms related to internal combustion engines, including:
- Types of engine efficiency (volumetric, combustion, thermal)
- Indicated and brake horsepower
- Positions of the piston in the cylinder (top dead center, bottom dead center)
- Stroke and bore dimensions
- Definitions of indirect injection, direct injection, displacement volume, clearance volume, ignition delay, and compression ratio.
- Classifications of engines by stroke cycle (2-stroke, 4-stroke), ignition type (spark, compression), design, cylinder positioning, valve location, fuel, and air/fuel systems.
Analysis and enhancement of internal combustion enginesKealeboga Mogapi
The document discusses various methods to enhance the efficiency of internal combustion engines, including:
1) Forced induction which forces air into the combustion chamber at a higher pressure, creating more power without increasing engine size.
2) Variable valve timing and lift which allows more air and fuel into the valves under different conditions, improving flexibility and fuel economy.
3) Cylinder deactivation which switches off part of the cylinders while cruising to reduce fuel consumption and heat generation.
A thermal power plant converts heat from the combustion of fuels like coal into electrical energy. Coal is burned to produce steam that spins turbines connected to generators. Thermal power plants provide the majority of India's electricity by using steam turbines. They have components like a coal handling system, pulverizers, burners, steam turbines, ash handling equipment, and boilers to convert the heat from combustion into rotational energy and then electricity.
The document provides an overview of diesel engine operation, describing key components like the fuel system and injection pumps, and explaining the combustion process and differences between diesel and gasoline engines. It also covers topics like turbocharging, emissions control technologies, and fuel properties important for diesel like cetane number and viscosity.
This document provides information on internal combustion (I.C.) engines, including:
- I.C. engines can be two-stroke or four-stroke, with four-stroke being more common. They work by combusting fuel inside cylinders to power pistons.
- In a four-stroke engine, the piston completes an intake, compression, power, and exhaust stroke per cycle. In a two-stroke, it completes the cycle in two strokes.
- Other topics covered include engine components, engine types and cycles, differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines, and differences between diesel and petrol engines.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are different types of internal combustion engines classified by fuel, strokes, ignition, cycle, number of cylinders, and cooling method. The key parts include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel. A four-stroke engine intakes air/fuel, compresses it, combusts it to push the piston, and exhausts gases over two revolutions, while a two-stroke engine does this in one revolution.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are several types of internal combustion engines including four-stroke gasoline engines, two-stroke gasoline engines, diesel engines, and rotary engines. Engines can also be classified based on their fuel, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, number of cylinders, and cylinder arrangement. The key parts of an internal combustion engine include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel.
1) The document describes the components and working of a diesel power station, which uses a diesel engine as the prime mover to power an alternator and generate electrical energy.
2) It explains the key systems involved - the fuel supply system, air intake system, exhaust system, cooling system, lubricating system and starting system.
3) Diesel power stations can be used as central stations for small/medium power supplies or as stand-by plants for emergency power during outages of main power sources.
The document discusses a six stroke engine, which has two power strokes compared to the one power stroke of a conventional four stroke engine. It works by using the heat from the four stroke cycle to power an additional expansion and exhaust stroke. This extracts more energy and improves efficiency over a four stroke engine. The six stroke engine requires modifications like a divided fuel/water tank, thermal resistant materials, a modified camshaft, and a water injector system. Analysis shows lower fuel usage, reduced emissions, and up to 50% higher thermal efficiency compared to a four stroke engine, but it also has limitations like cold starting issues and higher manufacturing costs.
In a diesel power plant, a diesel engine acts as the prime mover by using diesel fuel for combustion. The combustion products provide the working fluid that produces mechanical energy, which is then converted to electrical energy by an alternator driven by the diesel engine. The key systems in a diesel power plant include the air intake, fuel supply, lubrication, engine cooling, starting, exhaust, and electrical systems. Diesel power plants have advantages such as simplicity, compact size, mobility and quick start-up times. However, they also have disadvantages like high fuel and maintenance costs and an inability to handle overloads for long periods.
Ramasharya Pal submitted a summer training report on automotive cooling systems to Amitkumar at the Mechanical Engineering department. The report discussed the different types of cooling systems including liquid, air, and oil cooling. It described the key components of liquid cooling systems like water jackets, water pumps, fans, thermostats and radiators. Air cooling systems use cooling fins and baffles to dissipate heat. Oil cooling transfers heat from the engine to the oil and then through an oil cooler. Maintaining optimal engine temperature is important for performance and preventing damage.
The document provides highlights and key insights from the DNV Energy Transition Outlook 2021 report. It finds that:
1) Global emissions are not decreasing fast enough to meet Paris Agreement goals, and warming is projected to reach 2.3°C by 2100 despite renewable growth.
2) Electrification is surging, with renewables like solar and wind outcompeting other sources by 2030 and providing over 80% of power by 2050, supported by technologies like storage.
3) Energy efficiency gains lead to flat global energy demand after the 2030s, with a 2.4% annual improvement in energy intensity outpacing economic growth.
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Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action Scheme
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SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid...Power System Operation
SVC PLUS
Frequency Stabilizer
Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid stability
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Balancing services help maintain the frequency of the power grid by providing short-term energy or capacity reserves. They include balancing energy, which system operators use to maintain grid frequency, and balancing capacity, which providers agree to keep available. Different balancing services have varying activation speeds to respond to frequency deviations. Harmonization efforts in Europe are working to establish common balancing markets and platforms for cross-border exchange of reserves.
The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools Power System Operation
The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools & Simulation Tools
Power Quality Trends in the Transition to Carbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemPower System Operation
Power Quality
Trends in the Transition to
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A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is a long-term contract between an electricity generator and purchaser that defines the conditions for the sale of electricity. PPAs provide price stability and help finance renewable energy projects by guaranteeing revenue. There are physical PPAs, which deliver electricity directly, and virtual PPAs, which financially settle the contract without physical delivery. PPAs benefit both renewable developers by enabling project financing, and buyers seeking long-term electricity price certainty and renewable attributes.
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Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
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- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
2. Introduction
• Diesel power plants produce power in the range of 2 to 50
MW, are used as central stations for supply authorities and
work.
• They are used as standby sets for continuity of supply such as
hospitals, telephone exchanges, radio stations, cinema theatres
and industries.
• They are suitable for mobile power generation and widely used
in railways and ships.
• Used as Peak Load Plants, Mobile Plants, Stand By
Units, Emergency Plants, Starting Stations, Central
Stations, Industries where power requirement is small 500kW.
3. • Advantages of Diesel power plant :
• It can respond to varying loads without any difficulty.
• It occupies less space.
• For the same capacity diesel power plant is compact and smaller
than a thermal power plant.
• Diesel power plants are more efficient than steam power plants in
the range of 150 MW capacity.
• Disadvantages of Diesel power plant :
• High operating cost.
• High maintenance and lubrication cost.
• The capacity of a diesel plant is limited. They cannot be constructed
in large sizes.
• In a diesel plant noise is a serious problem.
• Diesel power plants cannot supply over loads continuously where
as steam power plants can work under 25% overload continuously.
4. Heat Engine: any type of engine or device that derives
heat energy from combustion of fuel and converts to
mechanical energy.
• In an Internal combustion engine, combustion takes
place within working fluid of the engine, thus fluid gets
contaminated with combustion products.
• Petrol engine is an example of internal combustion
engine, where the working fluid is a mixture of air and
fuel .
• In an External combustion engine, working fluid gets
energy using boilers by burning fossil fuels or any other
fuel, thus the working fluid does not come in contact
with combustion products.
• Steam engine is an example of external combustion
engine, where the working fluid is steam.
5. Classification of IC Engines.
1. According to cycle of operation
• Two Stroke Engine
• Four Stroke Engine
2. According to cycle of combustion
• Otto Cycle Engine(combustion at constant volume)
• Diesel Cycle Engine(combustion at constant pressure)
• Dual Combustion or semi – diesel cycle engine.
3. According to arrangement of Cylinder.
• Horizontal Engine
• Vertical Engine
• V-Type Engine
• Radial Engine
6. 4. According to their Uses
• Stationary Engine
• Portable Engine
• Marine Engine
• Automobile Engine
• Aero Engine
5. According to fuel employed and method of fuel supply to the engine.
• Oil Engine
• Petrol Engine
• Gas Engine
6. According to method of ignition
• Spark ignition
• Compression ignition
7. 7. According to speed of the engine
• Low speed
• Medium Speed
• High Speed
8. According to method of cooling
• Air Cooled
• Water Cooled
9. According to number of cylinders
• Single cylinder
• Multi Cylinder
14. 1.Suction Stoke: With the movement of piston from TDC to BDC, inlet
valve opens and air at atmospheric pressure is drawn inside the
engine.(5-1)
2.Compression stroke: It raises pressure to about 35kg/cm2. and
temp 600deg C. piston moves from BDC to TDC(1-2)
3.Expansion or Working Stroke: Fuel injection starts at or near end of
compression stroke. Fuel starts burning at constant pressure. (2-3)
High air temperature caused by compression ignites fuel. Burning
mixture expands, pushing piston down on working stroke. At 3 fuel
supply is cut. Hot gases expand to point 4 (3-4)
4.Exhaust stroke: The piston moves from BDC to TDC and exhaust
gases escape to atmosphere through exhaust valve. When piston
reaches TDC exhaust valve closes and cycle is complete.
16. Two Stroke Engine
• Like the four-stroke engine, the two-stroke engine must go through the
same four events: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. But a two-
stroke engine requires only two strokes of the piston to complete one full
cycle(crankshaft). Figure shows Two Stroke Petrol Engine, in Deisel Engine
there is no spark plug.
17. • A two stroke engine has a cylinder L connected to the closed crank
chamber CC. During upward stroke of the piston M, the gases in L
are compressed and at the same time fresh air enters the crank
chamber through the valve V.
• When the piston moves downward, V closes and air in the CC is
compressed.
• The piston is moving upward and is compressing the air which has
previously been supplied to L and before it reaches the TDC the fuel
injector supplies fuel to the engine cylinder. Ignition takes place due
to high temp and pressure.
• These gases expand and piston then travel downward and near the
end of stroke it uncover the exhaust port.
• Exercise: Difference between Two Stroke Engine and Four Stroke
Engine.
19. 1. Diesel engine :
Diesel engine is a compression ignition(CI) engine. It is the main component
which develops the required power.
2. Air intake system :
The air required for the combustion of fuel inside the diesel engine cylinder is
drawn through the air filter. The purpose of the filter is to remove dust from the
incoming air. The dry filter may be made of felt, wood or cloth.
In wet filter, oil bath is used. In this the air passes over a bath of oil where the
dust particles get coated on the oil.
3. Exhaust System:
The purpose of exhaust system is to discharge the engine cylinder exhaust to the
atmosphere.
4. Fuel supply system:
Fuel from the storage tank is pumped through a filter into a smaller tank called all
day tank. This tank supplies the daily requirements of the diesel engine.
The all day tank is placed high so that the fuel flows to the engine under gravity
with sufficient pressure.
20. 5. Starting system:
• Diesel engine used in diesel power plants is not self starting. The
engine is started from cold condition with the help of an air
compressor.
6. Lubricating System:
• This circuit includes lubricating oil tank, oil pump and oil cooler.
• The purpose of the lubrication system is to reduce the wear of the
engine moving parts. Part of the cylinder such as
piston, shafts, valves must be lubricated.
• Lubrication also helps to cool the engine.
• In the lubrication system the oil is pumped from the lubricating oil
tank through the oil cooler where the oil is cooled by the cold
water entering the engine.
• The hot oil after cooling the moving parts return to the lubricating
oil tank
21. 7. Cooling System
• The temperature of the burning fuel inside the engine
cylinder is in the order of 2750deg Celsius. In order to
lower this temperature water is circulated around the
engine.
• The water envelopes(water jacket) the engine. The heat
from the cylinder, piston, combustion chamber etc., is
carried by the circulating water.
• The hot water leaving the jacket is passed through the
heat exchanger
• The heat from the heat exchanger is carried away by the
raw water circulated through the heat exchanger and is
cooled in the cooling system.
22. Operation of a diesel Power Plant
• When diesel alternator set is put in parallel “Hunting” or “Phase
swinging” may be produced due to resonance unless care is taken
by manufacturer.
• This condition occurs due to the resonance between periodic
disturbing forces of the engine and natural frequency of the system.
• The engine forces result from uneven turning moment on the
engine crank, which are corrected by flywheel.
• Hunting results from the tendency of each set trying to pull other
into synchronism.
• Toensure most economical operation of diesel engines of different
sizes working in parallel and sharing load it is necessary that they
should carry the same percentage of their full load capacity a all the
times as the fuel consumption would be lowest in this condition.
23. For Good Performance of diesel power plant
• 1. Necessary to maintain the cooling temp within
prescribed limits.
• 2. Lubricating system should work effectively and
required temp and pressure should be maintained.
• 3. The engine should be periodically run even when not
required, should not stand idle for more than 7 days.
• 4. Air filters, oil filters and fuel filters should be
periodically serviced.
• 5. Periodic checking of engine compression and firing
pressure and exhaust temp.
24. Combustion Phenomenon in C.I.Engine
• In C.I. engine combustion occurs by the high
temperature produced by the compression of
air, it is an auto ignition. Minimum compression
ratio required is 12.
• The efficiency of the cycle increases with higher
values of compression ratio but maximum
pressure in cylinder also increases.
• Normal compression ratio lies in range 14 to
17, but may go upto 23.
• Air fuel ratio lie between 18 and 25. in CI and 14
in SI.
25.
26.
27. Ignition Delay
• The ignition delay in a diesel engine is defined as
the time interval between the start of injection
and the start of combustion. This delay period
consists of
(a) physical delay, wherein
atomization, vaporization and mixing of air fuel
occur and
(b)of chemical delay attributed to pre-combustion
reactions.
• Physical and chemical delays occur
simultaneously.
28. • Due to the delay period the pressure reached
during second stage will depend up on the
duration of delay period.
• The longer delay will cause rough running and
may cause diesel knock.
• Delay period should be as short as possible both
for the sake of smooth running and in order to
maintain control over the pressure changes.
• But , some delay period should be necessary
other wise the droplets would not disappear in
the air for complete combustion.
29. PERIOD OF RAPID OR UNCONTROLLED
COMBUSTION
• It is the second stage of combustion in C.I engine.
• This period is counted from end of the delay
period to the point of maximum pressure on the
indicator diagram.
• The rise of pressure is rapid because during the
delay period the droplets of fuel have had time to
spread themselves over a wide area and they
have fresh air all around them.
• About 1/3 of heat is evolved during this period
30. PERIOD OF CONTROLLED COMBUSTION
• At the end of the second stage of combustion
, the temperature and pressure are so high
that the fuel droplets injected in third stage
burn almost as they enter and any further
pressure rise can be controlled by injection
rate .
• The heat evolved at the end of the
compression is about 70 to 80 percent.
31. AFTER BURNING
• The combustion continues even after the fuel
injection is over , because of poor distribution
of particles
• This burning may be continue in the expansion
stroke up to 70 to 80(deg) of crank revolution
from TDC.
• The total heat evolved by the entire
combustion process is 95 to 97%; 3 to 5% of
heat goes as un burnt fuel in exhaust.
32. Delay Period
• It is the time immediately following injection of the fuel during
which the ignition process is being initiated and pressure does not
rise beyond the value it would have due o the compression of the
air.
• The delay period extend for about 13deg C, movement of the crank.
• Delay period depends upon following:
• Temperature and pressure in the cylinder at time of injection.
• Nature of the fuel mixture strength.
• Presence of residual gases.
• Rate of fuel injection.
• It should be as short as possible
33. Diesel Knock
• If the delay period of C.I. engine is long a large
amount of fuel will be injected and
accumulated in he chamber. The auto ignition
of this large amount of fuel may cause high
rate of pressure rise and high maximum
pressure which may cause knocking in the
diesel engine.
34. Cetane Number
• Cetane rating of a diesel fuel is the measure of its ability to auto ignite
quickly when it is injected into the compressed and heated air in he
engine.
• Reference mixture of cetane(C16H34)(high ignitability) and alpha methyl
napthalene(C11H10)(low ignitability) are used, The mixture is made by
volume and ignitability of the test fuel is quoted as the percentage of
cetane in the reference mixture which has same ignitability.
• For higher speed engines: cetane number is 50
• For medium speed engines: cetane number is 40
• For slow speed engines: cetane number is 30
• Cetane number effect the following :
• Exhaust emissions: more if C.N is less
• Noise: More if C.N is less
• Start ability of diesel engine: lessens if C.N. is less
35. Supercharging
• The purpose of supercharging is to raise the volumetric efficiency
above that value which can be obtained by normal aspiration.
• The engine is an air pump, increasing the air consumption permits
greater quantity of fuel to be added, and results in greater potential
output.
• The power output is almost directly prop. Tothe air consumption.
• Three methods to increase the air consumption are
• 1. Increasing the piston displacement: leads to more size and
weight, cooling problems
• 2. Running the engine at higher speeds leads to mechanical wear
and tear.
• 3. Increasing the density of the charge, so that greater mass of
charge is introduced in same volume. {Widely Used}
36. • The apparatus used to increase the air density is called
supercharger. It is similar to a compressor(centrifugal
type), which provides greater mass of charge with same
piston displacement.
• The supercharger produces following effects:
1. Provides better mixing of air fuel mixture due to turbulent
effect of supercharger.
2. The temperature of charge is raised as it is
compressed, resulting in higher temperature within the
cylinder, so better vaporization of fuel, but dec in density
of charge.
3. Power required to run the supercharger is obtained from
engine
37. Effects of Supercharging
• The Power output is high than naturally
aspirated engine.
• The mechanical efficiencies are better than
naturally aspirated engines.
• It has higher specific fuel consumption that
naturally aspirated engines.
38. Performance of I.C. Engines
1. Power and Mechanical Efficiency
2. Effective Pressure and Torque
3. Volumetric Efficiency
4. Specific Output
5. Fuel Air-Ratio
6. Specific Fuel Consumption
7. Thermal Efficiency and Heat Balance
8. Exhaust Smoke and Emissions
39. Power and Mechanical Efficiency
i) Indicted Power: The total power developed by
the consumption of fuel in the combustion
chamber is called indicated power.
40. • ii) Brake Power(B.P.) The power developed by engine at
the output shaft is called brake power.
• The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional
power, F.P.
• F.P.= I.P. – B.P.
• The ratio of B.P. to I.P. is called mechanical efficiency.
• Ƞ mech = B.P. / I.P.
41. Effective Pressure and Torque
• It is defined as the average pressure acting
over piston throughout a power stroke.
• If mean effective pressure is based on brake
power(BP) then it is referred to as brake mean
effective pressure(Bmep).
• If it is based on indicated power(IP) it is called
indicated mean effective pressure(Imep).
• Friction mean effective power is the difference of
Imep and Bmep.
• Mean effective power is the true indication of the
relative performance of different engines.
42. Specific output
• It is defined as break output per unit of piston
displacement.
• pmb is mean effective pressure. Higher the
speed higher is the specific output.
43. Volumetric Efficiency
• It is the ratio of the actual volume of the charge drawn
in during the suction stroke to the swept volume of the
piston.
• The amount of air taken inside the cylinder is
dependent on the volumetric efficiency of an engine
and hence puts a limit on the amount of fuel which can
be efficiently burned and the power output.
• The value of volumetric efficiency of a normal engine
lies between 70 to 80 percent, but for engines with
forced induction it may be more than 100 percent.
44. Air Fuel Ratio
• It is the ratio of mass of fuel to mass of air in mixture.
It effects the phenomenon of combustion and used
for determining flame propagation velocity, the heat
released in combustion chamber.
45. Specific Fuel Consumption
• It is defined as the amount of fuel consumed for
each unit of brake power per hour it indicates the
efficiency with which the engine develops the power
from fuel. it is used to compare performance of
different engines.
46. Thermal Efficiency and Heat Balance
• It is the ratio of output to that of energy input in the form of fuel.
• Heat Balance Sheet: The performance of an engine is generally given by heat
balance sheet.
• Heat Supplied by Fuel= mf X C
• mf = mass used per min in kg, C= calorific value of fuel
• Heat absorbed by I.P.= heat eqivalent of I.P.(per min) = I.P. X 60 kJ
• Heat taken away by cooling water= mwXcpwX(t2-t1), mw = mass of coolng water
per minute, cpw=specific heat of water.
• Heat taken away by exhaust gases = meXcpgX(te-tr), me= mass of exhaust
gases(kg/min), cpg=mean specific heat at constant pressure
47. Exhaust Smoke and Emissions
• Smoke is an indication of incomplete combustion. It
limits the output of an engine if the air pollution
control is the consideration.
• Specific Weight
• It is defined as the weight of the engine in kg for
each B.H.P. Developed.