The cooling systems or Heat transfer system in automobiles is also an important part to decrease the fuel consumption and to increase the efficiency

1. By-
Kanhaiya atal

2. CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• CONVESIONAL COOLING SYSTEM
• REQUIREMENT
• TYPES
• COMPONENTS
• ADVANTAGES
• DISADVATAGES
• COOLANT
• CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
 Nowadays, car is one the most important transportation for each individual compare to
public transport. The transportation of goods and passengers using the modern
highways where the speed requirement is lot higher with heavy load on the vehicle
combined with problems in hot
summers surely require an advance engine cooling system.
 An automobile's cooling system is the collection of parts and substances (coolants) that
work together to maintain the engine's temperature at optimal levels. Comprising many
different components such as water pump, coolant, a thermostat etc. the system enables
smooth and efficient functioning of the engine at the same time protecting it from
damage
 An automotive cooling system must perform several functions
• Remove excess from the engine
• Maintain a consist engine temperature

4. CONVENTIONAL ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM
Combustion of air and fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder and hot
gases are generated inside an internal combustion engine. The
temperature of gases may raise up to around 2300-2500 ℃, which is a very
high temperature and may result into burning of oil film between the
moving parts, pre combustion and may result into seizing or welding of the
moving parts.
• Heat dissipation to volume ratio of the system is less.
• At high speeds it is difficult to maintain the temperature of engine
components.
• Heat rejected by the system (about 35%of heat generated) is wasted to
the atmosphere.

5. REQUIREMENT
• Get the engine up to optimum operating Temperature as quickly as
possible and maintains it at that temperature.
• 4000 degree temps. could seriously damage engine parts.
• Controls the heat produced in combustion chamber, so that the engine
parts are not damaged & the oil does not break down.
• The temp. of component must be maintained within certain limit in order
to obtain maximum performance of engine. Adequate cooling is then a
fundamental requirement associated with reciprocating I.C. engine.

6. TYPES
In order to cool the engine a cooling medium is required. On the basis of
medium ,in general use for cooling I.C. engine ,types of cooling system are:-
1. Air or Direct Cooling System.
2. Liquid or Indirect Cooling System.
3. Oil Cooling System

7. 1. Air or Direct cooling system
• In air cooled system a current of air made to flow past the outside
of the cylinder barrel ,outer surface area which has been
considerably increased by providing cooling fins.
• The amount of heat dissipated to air depends upon :
Amount of air flowing through the fins.
Fin surface area.
Thermal conductivity of metal used for fins.

8. Components of air cooling
• Cooling Fin
• Baffles

9. Cooling Fins
In the study of heat transfer, a fin is a surface that
extends from an object to increase the rate of
heat transfer to or from the environment by
increasing convection. The amount of conduction,
convection, or radiation of an object determines
the amount of heat it transfers. Increasing the
temperature difference between the object and
the environment, increasing the convection heat
transfer coefficient , or increasing the surface
area of the object increases the heat transfer.

10. Baffles
The rate of heat transfer from the
cylinder walls can be substantially
increased by using baffles which
force the air through the space
between the fins.

11. Advantages
• Radiator/pump is absent hence the system is light.
• In case of water cooling system there are leakages, but in this
case here are no leakages.
• Coolant and antifreeze solutions are not required.
• This system can be used in cold climates, where if water is
used it may freeze.

12. Disadvantages
• Comparatively it is less efficient.
• It is used in aero planes and motorcycle engines where the
engines are exposed to air directly.

13. 2. Oil Cooling
• Oil cooling is the use of engine oil as a coolant, typically to remove surplus
heat from an internal combustion engine.
• The hot engine transfers heat to the oil which then usually passes through
a heat-exchanger, typically a type of radiator known as an oil cooler.
• The cooled oil flows back into the hot object to cool it continuously.
• If air-cooling proves sufficient for much of the running time,, then oil
cooling is an ideal way to cope with those times when extra cooling is
needed.
• But if the engine is a racing engine that is always producing huge amounts
of heat, water or liquid cooling may be preferable.

14. Advantages
• Oil has a higher boiling point than water, so it can be used to
cool items at a temperature of 100 °C or higher.
• Oil is an electrical insulator, thus it can be used inside of or in
direct contact with electrical components.
• Oil is already present as a lubricant, so no extra coolant tanks,
pumps nor radiators are required.
• Oil naturally helps to prevent corrosion.

15. Disadvantages
• Coolant oil may be limited to cooling objects under
approximately 200– 300 °C, otherwise the oil may degrade
and even leave ashy deposits.
• Pure water may evaporate or boil, but it cannot degrade,
although it may become polluted and acidic.
• Oil may be flammable.
• A given volume of water may absorb more engine heat
than can the same volume of oil.

16. 3. Liquid or Indirect cooling system
• A liquid is circulated around the cylinders
and absorb heat from the cylinder walls and
cylinder head.
• Coolant absorbs heat as it passes through
the engine and also lubricates the water
pump.
• Hot coolant enters the radiator in which the
heat is passed on to air that is flowing
through the radiator.

18. Components of water cooling
• Water Jackets
• Water Pump
• Fan
• Thermostat
• Radiator

19. Water Jackets
• Designed to keep engine block and cylinder head cool.
• Open spaces between the outside of cylinder and inside of
cylinder block and head.
• When engine is running at normal operating temperature, the
coolant is forced through the water jackets in the engine block,
through the head gasket, into the head, and
back to the radiator.

20. Water Pump
• Draws the coolant from the radiator,
through the lower radiator hose, and
then forces it through the water jackets,
back into the radiator.
• If the clutch fan can be wiggled up and
down, most likely the water pump needs
to be replaced.
• Water pumps gasket is placed between
the water pump and the engine block to
prevent leakage 9if left loose it might
leak and if tightened too much it might
crack.

21. Fan
• The fan is mounted on the impeller spindle
driven by a suitable belt pulley arrangement.
• Fan draws air through the radiator at low speeds.

22. Thermostat
• Thermostat placed between the
cylinder head and top radiator
hose.
• The temperature that the
thermostat opens is called
thermostat rating.
• The thermostat's main job is to
allow the engine to heat up quickly,
and then to keep the engine at a
constant temperature.

23. Radiator
• Radiator is a heat exchanger that removes heat from the coolant
passing through it.
• Vehicles equipped with automatic transmission have
transmission cooler build into the radiator.
• The purpose of radiator is to provide a large amount of cooling
surface area so that water passing downward through it in thin
stream is cooled efficiently.

24. Advantages
• Uniform cooling of cylinder, cylinder head and valves.
• Specific fuel consumption of engine improves by using water cooling
system.
• If we employ water cooling system, then engine need not be provided at
the front end of moving vehicle.
• Engine is less noisy as compared with air cooled engines, as it has water
for damping noise.

25. Disadvantages
• It depends upon the supply of water.
• The water pump which circulates water absorbs considerable
power.
• If the water cooling system fails then it will result in severe damage
of
engine.
• The water cooling system is costlier as it has more number of parts.
Also it
requires more maintenance and care for its parts.

26. COOLANT
Coolant in cooling system is a fluid which is a
combination of water and an antifreezer. This
mixture of water and antifreezer is present in
coolant reservoir. Sometimes, antifreezer alone is
referred as coolant. An antifreezer performs two
tasks - one is to keep engine away from
freezing up in winter and second is to keep the
engine cool in summer while in motion.

27. An antifreezer contains acids that can wear the metal parts of engine
with passage of time. So, manufacturers add some additives to
antifreezer to protect the metal parts from corrosion. With time
these additives too get break down and become harmful to the
engine. So, the antifreezers are to be replaced after a period of time.
Automobile manufactures use a particular type of coolant for all of
their models. It also determines the type of coolant to be used in the
automobile.
Antifreezer

28. Coolant Types
 Lower the Freeze point
-Minus 37C for EG at 50 %
 Raises the boiling point
-108C for EG at 50 %
-The coolant base gives extra protection against localized
vaporization (reduces firm boiling).

29. Types of antifreezers
An automobile can run on any type of coolant. But there are few important
things to consider while using an antifreezer. They are,
how frequent do you flush your coolant and what kind of additives
you prefer in the coolant. Depending on these factors, there are three
types of antifreezers for an automobile. Each antifreezer has its
advantage and is preferred depending on the need.

30. • Inorganic Acid Technology (IAT) antifreezers
This type of antifreezer is present in green color and contains silicate
and phosphate corrosion inhibitors to protect the metal parts of the
automobile through which coolant runs such as engine head, block
and radiator. IAT type of antifreezers can be flushed out of
automobile every two years or every 50,000 Kms.

31. • Organic Acid Technology (OAT) antifreezers
OAT resembles in wide range of colors from orange to dark green
and does not have silicate or phosphate corrosion inhibitors. This
type of coolant has higher life period but it can wear the metal parts
over time. The manufacturers of this type of coolant add different
type of additives to this coolant to prevent corrosion and rust. This
type of coolant can be flushed every five years. In terms of distance it
can be flushed every 250,000 Kms.

32. • Hybrid Organic Acid Technology (HOAT) antifreezers
These antifreezers are available in orange and yellow color. This type
of coolant has mixed advantages of IAT and OAT coolant. As this
type contains silicates which protect metal parts of automobile from
corrosion, they last longer like in case of OAT coolant. They can be
flushed every 5 years or every 250,000 Kms.

33. CONCLUSION
The main objective of the research is to propose a cooling system that able
to control and maintain temperature inside the car. The radiator material in
the design shows an increased rate of heat transfer which is much greater
than the required value. In this way we can concluded, technically, that Out
of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately, 30
to 40% is converted into useful mechanical work; the remaining heat is
expelled to the environment through exhaust gases and engine cooling
systems, resulting in to entropy rise and serious environmental pollution,
so it is required to utilized waste heat into useful work.