What is leakage current testing What is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testing
PPT on earthing, grounding and isolation made by the students of SVIT,Vasad under the valuable guidance of the faculties teaching us Electronics and Electrical workshop(EEW) under the course of GTU.
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
Learn what is a contactor, its components, types and working principle. A contactor is an electrical device that is used to turn on and off an electrical circuit. It is regarded as a unique sort of relay.
PPT on earthing, grounding and isolation made by the students of SVIT,Vasad under the valuable guidance of the faculties teaching us Electronics and Electrical workshop(EEW) under the course of GTU.
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
Learn what is a contactor, its components, types and working principle. A contactor is an electrical device that is used to turn on and off an electrical circuit. It is regarded as a unique sort of relay.
This presentation contains information about some basic electrical parameters such as Voltage, Current, EMF, PD, Electric Power, Energy Ideal & Practical Sources, Types of Resistance, Heating Effect, Magnetic effect & Chemical effect of Electric Current etc.
This ppt describes about,
introduction of fuses, construction, Important terms, advantages and disadvantages, desirable characteristics of fuse element, Current time characteristics, Fuse types - Low voltages fuses and High voltage fuses, Semi enclosed rewirable fuse, HRC cartridge fuses - parts, operation, pros and cons, High voltage fuses and its types, selection of fuses, discrimination
Lecture Outline
Introduction to subject
Application Areas
Power Electronic Devices
Power Converters
What is power electronics?
1) Definition
Power Electronics: is the electronics applied to conversion and control of electric power.
Prerequisites
Power electronics incorporates concepts from the fields of
Analog circuits
Electronic devices
Control systems
Power systems
Magnetics
Electric machines
Numerical simulation
Scope
It is not possible to build practical computers, cell phones, personal data devices, cars, airplanes, industrial processes, and other everyday products without power electronics.
Alternative energy systems such as wind generators, solar power, fuel cells, and others require power electronics to function.
Technology advances such as electric and hybrid vehicles, laptop computers, microwave ovens, flat-panel displays, LED lighting, and hundreds of other innovations were not possible until advances in power electronics enabled their implementation.
Although no one can predict the future, it is certain that power electronics will be at the heart of fundamental energy innovations.
Applications: Electric VehicleTesla Model S
Functions of the power electronics:
1. Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor
240 V battery
Variable-frequency, variable-voltage AC drives the motor
AC motor propels the rear axle
Up to 330 kW (acceleration)
Up to 60 kW regenerative braking
2. Control charging of the battery
Interface to 240 V 60 Hz 1φ 100 A circuit in garage.
Control AC current waveform to be sinusoidal, unity power factor.
Control charging of battery to maximize life.
Applications: Hybrid VehiclesPrius
Power Electronics Module:
Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor.
Includes dc-dc boost converter and dc-3φ ac inverter
Control system can operate in all-electric mode or in hybrid gas+electric mode
Partial-power electronics
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes all devices associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power system. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear. This is the very basic definition of switchgear.
⋗To get more with details
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2SvKI7eepP241VLoui1D5A
This presentation contains information about some basic electrical parameters such as Voltage, Current, EMF, PD, Electric Power, Energy Ideal & Practical Sources, Types of Resistance, Heating Effect, Magnetic effect & Chemical effect of Electric Current etc.
This ppt describes about,
introduction of fuses, construction, Important terms, advantages and disadvantages, desirable characteristics of fuse element, Current time characteristics, Fuse types - Low voltages fuses and High voltage fuses, Semi enclosed rewirable fuse, HRC cartridge fuses - parts, operation, pros and cons, High voltage fuses and its types, selection of fuses, discrimination
Lecture Outline
Introduction to subject
Application Areas
Power Electronic Devices
Power Converters
What is power electronics?
1) Definition
Power Electronics: is the electronics applied to conversion and control of electric power.
Prerequisites
Power electronics incorporates concepts from the fields of
Analog circuits
Electronic devices
Control systems
Power systems
Magnetics
Electric machines
Numerical simulation
Scope
It is not possible to build practical computers, cell phones, personal data devices, cars, airplanes, industrial processes, and other everyday products without power electronics.
Alternative energy systems such as wind generators, solar power, fuel cells, and others require power electronics to function.
Technology advances such as electric and hybrid vehicles, laptop computers, microwave ovens, flat-panel displays, LED lighting, and hundreds of other innovations were not possible until advances in power electronics enabled their implementation.
Although no one can predict the future, it is certain that power electronics will be at the heart of fundamental energy innovations.
Applications: Electric VehicleTesla Model S
Functions of the power electronics:
1. Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor
240 V battery
Variable-frequency, variable-voltage AC drives the motor
AC motor propels the rear axle
Up to 330 kW (acceleration)
Up to 60 kW regenerative braking
2. Control charging of the battery
Interface to 240 V 60 Hz 1φ 100 A circuit in garage.
Control AC current waveform to be sinusoidal, unity power factor.
Control charging of battery to maximize life.
Applications: Hybrid VehiclesPrius
Power Electronics Module:
Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor.
Includes dc-dc boost converter and dc-3φ ac inverter
Control system can operate in all-electric mode or in hybrid gas+electric mode
Partial-power electronics
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes all devices associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power system. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear. This is the very basic definition of switchgear.
⋗To get more with details
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2SvKI7eepP241VLoui1D5A
Short circuit analysis is performed so that existing and new equipment ratings were sufficient to with stand the available short circuit current. short circuit studies are performed using power system software as per IEEE standards.
Non-linear loads can cause transients in electronic switches. They also result in a fluctuating output when the device is switched ON or OFF. These transients can harm not only the switches but also the devices that they are connected to, by passing excess currents or voltages to the devices. By applying machine learning, we can improve the gate drive voltages of the switches and thereby reduce switch transients. A feedback system is built that measures the output transients and then feeds it to a neural network algorithm that then gives a proper gate drive to the device. This will reduce transients and also improve performances of switch based devices like inverters and converters.
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Protection Devices and the Lightning,. protection,
Lightning protection, Introduction
Air Break Switches
Disconnect switches
Grounding switches
Current limiting reactors
Grounding transformers
Co-ordination of protective devices
Grounding of electrical installations
Electric shock
Lightning protection
Lightning Arrestor
Thermography test of electrical panels Thermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panel
What does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving mean
Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide
Big data analytics Big data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analytics
Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action Scheme
SPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action Scheme
SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid...Power System Operation
SVC PLUS
Frequency Stabilizer
Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid stability
SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency
What is load management What is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load management
What does merit order mean What does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order mean
What are
Balancing Services ? What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?
The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools Power System Operation
The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools & Simulation Tools
Power Quality Trends in the Transition to Carbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemPower System Operation
Power Quality
Trends in the Transition to
Carbon-Free Electrical Energy System Carbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy System
Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA
Harmonic study and analysis Harmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysis
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Leakage Current is almost everywhere the electrical system is used. When
you are blindfolded, it is a subject current leakage that causes work accidents,
loss of life and property. Observation and precautions taking are also
mandatory by law. Firstly, Understand; What is the leakage current,
it is necessary to describe it. If the vectored sum of the phase currents and the
neutral return current is zero, then there is no leakage current.
But in this cycle, if the current from the neutral
is less than the total current from the excess,
then the electric current has found a shorter
path to itself. This path can be a person directly,
a point to be isolated, or any other
hardware. This problem can be experienced in
electrical devices which are generally
insufficient insulation, manufacturing defects
or outdated electrical devices.
3. Leakage current is the current that streams from either DC or
AC circuit in an equipment to the ground or framework and
can be from the output or input.
If the equipment is not properly grounded, the current flows
through other paths such as
the human body.
This mighty also occur
if the ground is incompetent
or is disrupted unintentionally
or intentionally.
4. The leakage current in an equipment flows when an
unintentional electrical connection occurs between the
ground and an energized part or conductor.
The ground may be the reference
point of zero voltage, or the earth
ground. Ideally, the current leaking
from the power supply unit should
flow through the ground connection
and into the installations earth
ground.
5. When these problematic devices are used in systems such as electric
panels, they will cause problems in the surrounding equipment. It is
necessary to measure and detect before taking precautions. It is
important to stop when it happen immediately.
This measurement and cutting operation
can be performed with direct connected
devices at low current levels.
Directly connected devices without
setting feature set 30mA for people
and 300mA for fire prevention.
We can see almost everywhere these
devices are used as we work.
6. There are situations where direct connection cannot be made in high current
measurements. The current transformers that we use when installing the energy
meters or analyzers are used here.
Especially toroidal current transformers
are the most used equipment.
The current transformer usage logic is
based on passing each current through
the current transformer in each line to
be measured and taking measurements
by the secondary in accordance with the
winding ratio.
7. In the case of leakage current measurement, the situation changes slightly.
Leakage current measurement is done to protect the systems. In order to be
able to measure the current difference we have explained at the beginning of
the article, the vectored measurement of the sum of the total input currents
and the neutrally rotating currents is required.
For this reason, all phase and neutral cables
are passed through these toroidal current
transformers specifically together.
Passed through the toroidal current
transformer of course vary according to
the size of the cable thickness.
Openable types provides easiness at
system maintenance and transformer
malfunctions. The secondary side of
the transformer is now ready for
measurement.
According to the IEC 60479-1 standard, the critical
current threshold for human life is determined as 30mA.
8. The leakage current must be measured and checked after the current value is
measured by the transformer. Leakage current relays are used for this task. These
relays are usually manufactured as adjustable time to failure.
The level of the leakage current which cannot be prevented according to the
usage place of the system to be
protected can be higher than the
levels I just mentioned
(30mA and 300mA).
It is an ideal
solution for users to adjust the
leakage current level in such
situations. This limit can be increased
up to 250A current levels.
9. The inadequacies in the materials that build up the elements like the
capacitors and semiconductors are the main cause of leakage current. These
results in to small current leaking or flowing through the through the dielectric, in
the case of a capacitor.
This measurement is done during the electrical safety test of a device. The
currents flowing through the protective conductor or metallic parts of the earth
are measured.
Why is Leakage Current Measurement Important ?
Electrical system usually consists of a grounding technique that offers shield
against a shock hazard if an insulation fault occurs. The grounding system
comprises of a grounding rod that connects the instrument to the earth.
If ever a disastrous failure of insulation between power line and conductive parts
occur, the voltage will be pushed to ground. The current that is created because
of this event will flow, causing a circuit breaker to open or a fuse to blow thus
avoiding a shock hazard.
10. Why is Leakage Current Measurement Important ?
Clearly, a shock hazard prevails if the earth or ground connection is intruded,
either accidentally or intentionally. The possibility for a shock might be larger than
assumed if there is case of leakage currents. Even in the scenario of no
insulation failure, intrusion of leakage currents streaming through the grounding
rod still pose a threat of electric shock to somebody meeting the ungrounded
system and ground at the same time.
This is a huge concern when it comes to the field of medical applications, where
a patient might be the receiver of the electric shock. A shock can be even fatal if
the patient is weak or unconscious, or if the current flows to internal organs.
The two-layered insulation offered in non-grounded equipment ensures
protection. The security in this scenario is made sure because both coats of
insulation are not likely to collapse together. Nevertheless, the situations that
leads to leakage currents still exists and must be considered.
11. Hence, how can you eradicate or reduce the outcomes of leakage current ?
Measure the leakage current and then recognize the cause. Purpose of the Test
is to measure the amount of current that passes through a person when that
person touches an electrical product.
What is Done During Leakage Current Measurement ?
•Meter particularly designed for determining leakage currents is utilised.
•The current streaming through the ground rod is quantified by attaching the
meter in series with the earthing connection.
•The ground connection is unsealed and the current streaming to the neutral
side of the power line is measured, for data processing equipment.
•The meter may also be connected between the outputs of the power supply
and ground.
•Test conditions consists of exchanging the neutral connections and ac line
and turning power switches on and off while monitoring the current.
•The test is done once the system has warmed to typical functioning
temperature.
12. • The intention is to identify and measure the worst-case leakage current.
• For very small leakage currents, the meter is substituted with a network
comprising of either a resistor or a resistor and capacitor grouping.
• The voltage drop throughout the network is then quantified using an ac
voltmeter.
• Double-insulated equipment or ungrounded is verified by attaching the meter
amid any touchable conductive part and earth.
• A copper foil of a specific dimension is placed on the
housing, for a nonconductive housings, and the current flowing from it to ground
is determined.
Type of Equipment Maximum Leakage Current
Class I 0.75mA for hand held devices
3.5mA for other devices
Class II 0.25mA
Class III No hazardous voltages
13. How is Leakage Current Measurement Performed ?
Direct Measurement
Direct measurement has precision and a meter especially designed
for determining leakage currents is used. The current flowing in the ground
conductor is measured by connecting the meter in series with the grounding
connection of the device concerned.
Leakage current clamp meter is the most popular
device used to measure leakage current. They
are like the clamp meters utilized for finding load currents
but gives considerably better results when quantifying
Currents less than 5mA. Generally, clamp meters wouldn’t
Register such small currents. After we position the jaws of a clamp meter around
a conducting rod or wire, the current reading is taken, and the value depends upon the
intensity of the alternating electromagnetic field around the conductor. The clamp meter
will identify the magnetic field around conductors like a wire armor cable, single core
cable, a water pipe etc. The paired neutral and phase conductors of a single-phase
circuit, or all live conductors of a three-phase circuit.
14. Testing Different Kinds of Conductors:
•When testing the grouped live conductors of a circuit, the magnetic fields produced by the
load currents cancel each other out. Any uneven current coming from the conductors to
ground is measured with a leakage clamp meter and must have a reading less than 0.1
mA.
•If you performed an insulation test on a circuit that was powered down, the result would be
in the range of 50MΩ or further, because the insulation tester utilizes s a dc voltage for
checking, which do not consider the capacitive effect.
•If you measured the same circuit loaded with office equipment, the result would be
significantly different due to the capacitance of the input filters on these devices.
•When a lot of parts of equipment are functioning on a circuit, the result will be collective,
that is, the leakage current will be greater and could well be in the range of milliamps.
Adding new pieces of equipment to a circuit protected by a GFCI could trip the GFCI. And
as the value of leakage current differs based on how the equipment is functioning, the
GFCI may trip unintentionally.
•When telecommunications equipment is present, the value of leakage indicated by a
clamp meter may be considerably more than that resulting from insulation impedance at 60
Hz because, telecommunications system usually consists of filters that generate functional
grounding currents and other gears that generates harmonics, etc.
15. Measurement of Leakage Current to Ground
•When the load is switched on, the leakage current measured includes leakage
in load equipment. If the leakage is adequately small with the load attached,
•then circuit wiring leakage is even smaller. If circuit wiring leakage alone is
required, disconnect the load.
•If you test single-phase circuits by clamping the phase and neutral conductor,
the obtained amount will be any current streaming to ground.
•Test 3 phase circuits by fastening a clamp around all 3 phase conductors. If a
neutral is present, it must be clamped along with the phase conductors and the
measured amount will be any current flowing to ground.
16. Measuring Leakage Current through the Ground Conductor
•To quantity the sum of leakage streaming to the proposed earth connection,
position the clamp around the ground rod.
Measuring Leakage Current to Ground via unintentional paths to ground.
•Clamping neutral/phase/ground all together recognizes uneven current that
means leakage at a passage or electrical panel via unintended pathways to
ground.
•If a connection to a water pipe or other electrical connections
occur, similar inequality might happen.
Tracing the source of Leakage Current
•This series of measurements identifies the overall leakage and the source. The
first measurement can be made on the main conductor to the panel.
•Measurements 2 to 5 are made consequently to find out circuits carrying
the bigger amounts of leakage current.
17. Leakage Current Measurement in Medical Devices
The objective of the Leakage Current test is to verify that the electrical insulation used to protect
the user from a Risk of Shock is suitable for the application. Leakage Current testing is used to
verify that the product does not leak excessive current when contacted by the user. For medical
equipment, the current flowing to ground is measured.
•Excessive leakage current can cause the heart to go into ventricular fibrillation resulting in
cardiac arrest which can lead to death.
•Leakage current measurement levels depend on the amount of capacitance in the products’
solid insulating materials. Different types and number of layers of an electrical insulation results
in varying amounts of inherent capacitance through the insulation. This capacitance causes low
amounts of current to “leak” through the insulation.
•Leakage current levels can be significantly elevated in products that are subject to EMI
requirements (FCC, CE-EMC). These products must incorporate EMI filters on their incoming
mains power to provide clean power to sensitive electronics while also protecting from radiating
emissions back onto the power line. These filters incorporate capacitors to ground, these
capacitors can cause high leakage current when operating normally. If the product is for
professional use only, the standard may permit high leakage current with warning markings for
the user to insure the product is reliably grounded (so the user isn’t subjected to the high
leakage current). Otherwise, an isolation transformer must be added to power the product
thereby isolating the product from ground – which will almost eliminate leakage current to
ground.
18. Hipot Leakage Current Testers
•The HIPOT test also called Dielectric Withstand Test is a routine test that is performed in
electrical production industry. This is a high voltage test that stresses the insulation of an
electrical product far 80 M.
•If the insulation of product can withstand a much higher voltage for a given time, then it can
withstand normal voltage for its whole life.
•The basic function of HIPOT tester is to monitor excessive leakage current to ground.
•Hipot tester applies a high voltage across the insulation of device that is tested. This
is generally higher 1400 Volts to test a device that is planned to be operated on 220 Volts.
•Terminals A and B are connected to supply voltage of 220 or 110, terminal C is grounded, return
lead is floating as shown here.
•The device to be tested should be separated electrically
from ground.
•One lead from winding is connected to HV out probe and
return lead to motor body. This applies high voltage across
winding and case.
•If winding is short or weak at any point a current will stream to return lead and meter
will display that current.
•All HIPOT testers have an over-current trip to secure the tester itself. This is vital in case if
device is completely shorted to its body and extreme current flows upon application of high
voltage from HIPOT tester.
19. Benefits of Leakage Current Measurement
Advantages of leakage current measurement are:
•The device under test is not placed into service, and its polarity need not be
reversed
•No stressing due to high switching current
Leakage current can be a sign of the inefficiency of insulation on conductors. It
is achievable to trace the cause of leakage current with the help of a low current
leakage current clamp to interpret orderly measurements as needed. If
required, this allows you to re-allocate loads all around the installation in a
better unbiased manner.
20. How electricity affects your body
Electric shock occurs when your body becomes part of a closed circuit and electric current
flows into one part of your body and out another, like into your hands and out of your feet
for instance.
Direct current (DC) is generally less dangerous than alternating current (AC).
The effects of AC on the body depend largely on the frequency. Low frequency currents of
50 to 60 Hz are usually more dangerous than high frequency currents.
How bad you are injured by electrical shock is determined by the pathway of the current
through your body. Current traveling from arm to foot is likely to go through the heart,
making it more dangerous than current traveling between a leg and ground.
Let-Go current is the maximum amount of current that can cause your arm muscles to
contract while maintaining the ability to release your hand from the current source. The let-
go current varies depending on muscle mass. For DC, the let-go current is about 75 mA for
a 70-kg body; for AC, it is about 15 mA.
Ventricular fibrillation occurs with currents as low as 60-100 mA in AC systems. For DC,
about 300 to 500 mA.
21. Effects of electrical current on the human body
•Current flowing through the heart causes fibrillation of the heart.
•Current flowing through muscles causes contraction of the muscles.
•Current flowing through the brain causes a loss of consciousness and
seizers.
In many cases, electric shock causes death. The threshold of perception for
current entering the hand is about 5-10 mA for direct-current and about 1-5
mA for alternating-current at 60 hertz.
How to calculate current flow through the body
The human body is a good conductor of electric current simply because it is 70% water.
Human tissue is very sensitive to the flow of electric current and is more susceptible to
electric shock when wet.
How much current flows through a person’s body can be estimated using ohms law (I =
E/R). The average resistance of a dry human body can be as high as 100,000 ohms, of
course this varies from person to person depending on their body structure. When wet,
the resistance may drop as low as 500 ohms depending on the voltage level.
22. Electrical Burns
Heating due to the resistance of the body is the cause of electrical burns. If skin resistance
is low, few, if any burns will occur. If skin resistance is high, energy may be dissipated at the
surface resulting in large surface burns.
Internal tissues are burned depending on their resistance; nerves, blood vessels, and
muscles conduct electricity better than denser tissues like fat, tendon, and bone. Arc-
flash temperatures can reach or exceed 35,000 °F (19,400 °C) at the source of the arc,
which can result in severe burning of the skin.
Neurological Effects
Electric current can interfere with the central nervous system, especially over the heart and
lungs. Severe or repeated non-leathal shocks can damage nerves, which may impair
sensation, movement, and gland or organ function.
Prevention
Education about the respect for electricity and safe work practices is critical in preventing
injuries from electrical shock. Any electrical device that may be touched by the body could
be life threatening and should be properly grounded and protected.