DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA: PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO INDEPENDENCE-
INTRODUCTION-The word "nurse" originally came from the Latin word "nutrire", meaning "to nourish", referring to a wet-nurse; only in the late 16th century did it attain its modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm.
DEFINITION- Nursing had originated independently and existed many centuries without contact with modern medicine. The members of the family at home met the nursing needs of the sick. Evolution of medicine, surgery and public health into complicated technical are requiring many procedures by persons specially trained and having understanding of scientific principles.
1. NURSING IN PRE-HISTORIC TIMES-In primitive times discovered through myths, songs and archaeologist to get rid of 'evil spirit 'unpleasant conditioning like beating, starving, magic rites, nauseous medicines, loud noises sudden fright are used methods. Primitive man had the skill of massaging, fermentation bone setting, amputation, hot and cold bath, heat to control haemorrhages
Nursing education is the professional education for the preparation of nurses to enable them to render professional nursing care to people of all ages, in all phases of health and illness, in a variety of settings.
The best presentation you can ever have on Nursing History presentation with authentic material and proper references. Objectives Summary of ancient cultures Site of Health Care in Ancient Cultures Islam and Nursing The founder of Nursing Historical Perspective of Nursing in Mughal period Nursing Defined by different scholar Definition of Nursing by WHO Types of Nursing Educational Programs History of Nursing Education in Pakistan
Patterns of nursing care delivery in indiaRaksha Yadav
This presentation provides information about the various patterns or systems of nursing care delivery these methods includes case method, functional nursing, team nursing, modular nursing, primary nursing and case management.
Nursing education is the professional education for the preparation of nurses to enable them to render professional nursing care to people of all ages, in all phases of health and illness, in a variety of settings.
The best presentation you can ever have on Nursing History presentation with authentic material and proper references. Objectives Summary of ancient cultures Site of Health Care in Ancient Cultures Islam and Nursing The founder of Nursing Historical Perspective of Nursing in Mughal period Nursing Defined by different scholar Definition of Nursing by WHO Types of Nursing Educational Programs History of Nursing Education in Pakistan
Patterns of nursing care delivery in indiaRaksha Yadav
This presentation provides information about the various patterns or systems of nursing care delivery these methods includes case method, functional nursing, team nursing, modular nursing, primary nursing and case management.
LEGISLATION IN NURSING
PURPOSES AND IMPORTANCE OF LAWS IN NURSING .LEGAL TERMS
COMMAN LEGAL HAZARDS IN NURSING
HEALTH LAW AND REGULATIONS AFFECTING NURSES IN INDIA AT DIFFERENT LEVELS CENTER AND STATE , CONSUMER PROTECTION BILL AND ITS IMPACT IN NURSING PRACTISE
FUNDAMENTAL CONDUCTS AND SERVICE RULES AND INSTITUIONAL RULES
REGULATION OF NURSING EDUCATION
REGISTRATION AND RECIPROCITIES
LEGAL SAFEGUARDS INNURSING PRACTISE
GOOD SANITATION LAWS
GOOD RAPORT
STANDARDS OF CARE
STANDING ORDERS
CONTRACTS
CORRECT INDENTITY
COUNTING OF SPONGE INSTRUMENTS AND NEEDLES
THE RIGHT TO BE SAFE
THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE FRIENDLY
THE RIGHT TO BE HEARD
THE RIGHT TO BE INFORMED
THE RIGHT TO BE INFORMED
THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION
THE RIGHT TO SERVICE
The health care system and the nursing profession is expanding globally , there fore it is important for nurses to know the trends, issues and challenges in new millennium.
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
historical development of community health nursing and community health nursing- world and India
M.Sc. Nursing 1st year
Community health nursing
unit-I
LEGISLATION IN NURSING
PURPOSES AND IMPORTANCE OF LAWS IN NURSING .LEGAL TERMS
COMMAN LEGAL HAZARDS IN NURSING
HEALTH LAW AND REGULATIONS AFFECTING NURSES IN INDIA AT DIFFERENT LEVELS CENTER AND STATE , CONSUMER PROTECTION BILL AND ITS IMPACT IN NURSING PRACTISE
FUNDAMENTAL CONDUCTS AND SERVICE RULES AND INSTITUIONAL RULES
REGULATION OF NURSING EDUCATION
REGISTRATION AND RECIPROCITIES
LEGAL SAFEGUARDS INNURSING PRACTISE
GOOD SANITATION LAWS
GOOD RAPORT
STANDARDS OF CARE
STANDING ORDERS
CONTRACTS
CORRECT INDENTITY
COUNTING OF SPONGE INSTRUMENTS AND NEEDLES
THE RIGHT TO BE SAFE
THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE FRIENDLY
THE RIGHT TO BE HEARD
THE RIGHT TO BE INFORMED
THE RIGHT TO BE INFORMED
THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION
THE RIGHT TO SERVICE
The health care system and the nursing profession is expanding globally , there fore it is important for nurses to know the trends, issues and challenges in new millennium.
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
historical development of community health nursing and community health nursing- world and India
M.Sc. Nursing 1st year
Community health nursing
unit-I
The part - 2 will help the nurses to know about the ICN & INC code of ethics which is required for a nursing professional.
The history of nursing in a brief way is also stated in this.
Nursing is described as an autonomous and collaborative care given to all individuals irrespective of their ages, families, groups and communities whether they are sick or well and in every settings. Basically, nursing involves the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of the ill, physically challenged and people who are dying.
Purpose:
The purpose of this webinar is to create more awareness on the fact that the nursing profession is a noble one which transcends gender. In essence, nursing does not belong to one particular gender but cuts across all genders - this implies that nursing is not the exclusive preserve of the female gender as many may think but that males too are involved in nursing. This awareness will hopefully help address issues of overt gender discrimination in the profession thereby promoting a healthy work space for all.
HISTORY OF NURSING and NURSING AS A PROFESSION.pptxKrishna Gandhi
HISTORY OF NURSING and NURSING AS A PROFESSION
Knowledge of the profession‘s history increases the nurse‘s awareness and promotes an understanding of the social and intellectual origins.
From its earliest history nursing was a form of community service to protect and preserve the family.
DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
General Physiological changes during puerperiumPRANATI PATRA
introduction
Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease markedly after expulsion of the placenta, reaching their lowest levels 1 week into the postpartum period.
The estrogen levels in non lactating women begin to increase by 2 weeks after birth, and higher by postpartum day 17.
If trauma to the urethra and bladder occur during the birth process, the bladder wall becomes edematous, often with small areas of hemorrhage.
Birth-induced trauma increased bladder capacity and the effects of anesthesia combine to cause a decrease in the urge to void.
introduction
anatomy and physiologic changes-UTERUS: At the end of third stage of labour, the uterus is in the midline , about 2cm below the level of umbilicus and weight 1000g
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES
CAUSES
MANAGEMENT-Management of 3rd stage bleeding
Actual management
MANAGEMENT OF 3RD STAGE BLEEDING
Steps of management
1. Placental site bleeding-
To palpate the fundus and massage the uterus to make it hard. The massage is to be done by placing four fingers behind the uterus and thumb in front.
To start crystalloid solution (NS or RL) with oxytocin (1L with 20 units) at 60 drops per minute and to arrange for blood transfusion if necessary.
Oxytocin 10 unit IM or methergine 0.2 mg is given intravenously.
To catheterize the bladder.
To give antibiotics (Ampicillin 2gm and Metronidazole 500mg IV)
2. Management of traumatic bleed
The uterovaginal canal is to be explored under general anesthesia after the placenta is expelled and haemostatic sutures are placed on the offending sites.
STEPS OF MANUAL REMOVAL OF PLACENTA
The patient is placed in lithotomy position. With all aseptic measures, the bladder is catheterized.
One hand is introduced into the uterus in cone shaped manner following the cord. While introducing the hand, the labia are separated by the fingers at the other hand.
Counter pressure on the uterine fundus is applied by the hand placed over the abdomens. The abdominal hand should steady the fundus and guide the movement of the fingers inside the uterine cavity till the placenta is completely separated.
Taking-In Phase
It takes 2-3 days, during which time the mother’s first concern is with her own needs (sleep and food).
The woman reacts passively, mostly dependent on others to meet her needs.
She is quite talkative during this phase about every detail of her labor and delivery experience
Taking-Hold Phase (Taking Responsibility as a Mother)
It starts the 3rd day postpartum
She progresses from the passive individual to the one who is in command of the situation.
This phase lasts about 10 days.
Once the mother has taken control of her physical being and accepted her role as a mother, she is able to extend her energies to her mate and other children.
Letting-go Phase
This generally occurs when the mother returns home.
In this phase there are two separations that the mother must accomplish.
One is to realize and accept physical separation from the infant. The other is to relinquish her former role as a childless person and accept the enormous implications and responsibilities of her new situation.
Letting-go Phase
This generally occurs when the mother returns home.
In this phase there are two separations that the mother must accomplish.
One is to realize and accept physical separation from the infant. The other is to relinquish her former role as a childless person and accept the enormous implications and responsibilities of her new situation.
Physical Assessment is necessary to identify individual needs or potential problems
Explain to pt purposes of the examination.
Obtain her consent.
Record your findings and report results to the mother.
Ensure privacy and environment where the mother can lie on her back with her head supported.
Ensure bladder is empty & lay patient supine with legs flexed.
The midwives hands should be clean and warm
Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
AMNIOINFUSION--
definition-An amnioinfusion is a technique of instilling an isotonic fluid {such as a normal saline or lactated ringer’s solution} into the amniotic cavity during labor to relieve umbilical cord compression and alleviate fetal distress from severe prolonged variable decelerations in the presence of oligohydramnios.
INDICATIONS
Fetal heart rate abnormalities
APGAR scores for those with low scores
Asphyxia during time of birth
Decreasing the rates of cesarean birth related with FHR problem
PROCEDURE
The amnio infusion procedure involves the use of an intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC), or a single or double lumen type of IUPC.
The IUPC has been designed to attain an accurate monitoring of uterine contractions among women in the intrapartum period.
It has a special port from which the saline fluid or lactated ringer’s solution is being injected, passing through the tubing and going its way into the uterus.
An IUPC is inserted through standard technique once the membranes ruptures, and then it is attached to intravenous extension tubing. If IUPC is not available, a pediatric nasogastric tube can be used instead.
Lactated ringer’s solution without dextrose is infused into the amniotic cavity; normal saline can be an acceptable fluid alternative
Assisting Physician with Amnioinfusion
Explain the procedure to the patient.
Assist in dorsal recumbent position. Assist with draping and exposing vaginal area.
Connect IUPC tubing to IV fluid, flush
Connect the catheter to the monitor cable
Assist physician with insertion of double lumen IUPC and connect IV tubing to the amnioport to begin amnioinfusion.
The placenta is said to be retained when it is not expelled from the uterus even 30 minutes after the delivery of the baby
Manual placenta removal is a procedure to remove a retained placenta from the uterus after childbirth.
Mannual removal of placenta is done under GA.
Patient placed in lithotomy position
Bladder is catheterized
newborn assessment-
intriduction-Definition of neonatal period:
A period from birth 4 weeks postnatal.
The exam will cover the following:
Record date and time of exam
General assessment and measurements
Skull bones
Face
Mouth & palate
Nose
Ears
Eyes
Chest
Abdomen
Arms
Hands
Legs
Feet
Genitals
Anus
Spine
Skin
reflxes-
Obsterics and Gynaecology-
introduction-Preventive obstetrics is the concept of prevention or early detection of particular health deviations through routine periodic examinations and screening .
The concept of preventive obstetrics concerns with the concepts of the health & wellbeing of the mother her baby during the antenatal,intranatal & postnatal period.
The goal of the preventive obstetrics is the delivery of a healthy infant by a healthy mother at the end of a healthy pregnancy.
Pregnancy & child birth normal physiological
process that change from conception to
delivery.
Objectives
To promote , protect and maintain the health of the mother during pregnancy.
To detect “high risk” cases and give them special attention
To foresee complications and prevent them.
To remove anxiety and dread associated with delivery
physiology and management of third stage of labourPRANATI PATRA
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING
physiology and management of third stage of labour-introduction
labour
stages of labor
physiology
management of third stage of labour.
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING-
MINOR AILMENT DURING PREGNANCY-
INTRODUCTION-Many women experience some minor
disorder during pregnancy.
These disorder should be treated adequately as they may escalate and become life-threatening.
DEFINITION-“The minor complaints of pregnant women that occur due to physiological alterations of hormones and other causative factors which can be managed without medical interventions.”
- Every system of body may affected by pregnancy.
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING
GENETIC COUNSELLING DURING PREGNANC
INTRODUCTION-
COUNSELLING-Counselling is consultation, mutual interchange of opinions, deliberating together.A process in which the counsellor assist the counselee .
Provides concrete, accurate information about inherited disorders.
Provides information about prognosis and follow up.
Discuss ways in which disease can be prevented.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA: PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO INDEPENDENCE.
1. A picture is worth a thousand words
✣ A complex idea can be conveyed with just a
single still image, namely making it possible
to absorb large amounts of data quickly.
3. INTRODUCTION
✣ The word "nurse" originally came from the Latin word
"nutrire", meaning "to nourish", referring to a wet-
nurse; only in the late 16th century did it attain its
modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm.
4. DEFINITION
✣ Nursing had originated independently and existed many
centuries without contact with modern medicine. The
members of the family at home met the nursing needs
of the sick. Evolution of medicine, surgery and public
health into complicated technical are requiring many
procedures by persons specially trained and having
understanding of scientific principles.
5. 1. NURSING IN PRE-HISTORIC TIMES
✣ In primitive times discovered through myths, songs and
archaeologist to get rid of 'evil spirit 'unpleasant
conditioning like beating, starving, magic rites, nauseous
medicines, loud noises sudden fright are used
methods. Primitive man had the skill of massaging,
fermentation bone setting, amputation, hot and cold bath,
heat to control haemorrhages.
6. ROLE OF NURSE IN PRIMITIVE PERIOD
✣ Women were protecting and caring for their children, aged
and sick members of the family. Nursing evolved to
response to the desire to keep healthy as well as provide
comfort to sick. This was reflecting in caring, comforting,
nourishing and cleansing aspect of the patient. These
love and hope were expressed in empirical practice of
nursing.
7. 2. NURSING - VEDIC PERIOD (3000 B.C - 1400 B.C)
✣ Indian medicines are found in the sacred books of "Vedas". The
'Ayur-veda' is thought to have been given by Brahma.
✣ 1400 BC Sushruta, known as 'Father of Surgery' in India wrote a
book on surgery
✣ 'Charaka' wrote a book on internal medicine. By these writings we can
learn that those days surgery had advanced to a high level, also had 4
wings of treatment 'Chatushpada Chikitsa'.
✣
10. 3. NURSING POST VEDIC PERIOD (600 BC - 600 AD)
✣ Medical education was introduced in ancient Universities of 'Nalanda'
and ‘ Thakshashila'.
✣ King Ashoka (272-236BC) constructed hospitals for the people and
animals.
✣ Prevention of the disease was given first importance and hygienic
practices were adopted. Cleanliness of the body was religious duty.
✣ Doctors and midwives were to be trust worthy and skillful. They should
wear clean cloths and cut their nails short.
✣ Lying rooms were kept well ventilated.
11. CONT...
✣ The nurses were usually 'men' or 'old women'. Women
are restricted activities at home and cared for
sick members in the family.
✣ during 1 AD period superstition and black magic
replaced more in daily practices. Medicines are remained
in the hands of priest - physicians, who refused to touch
the blood and pathological tissues. Other religious
restriction and superstitious practices probably declined
the development of nursing
12. 4. NURSING IN MOGUL PERIOD (1000 AD)
✣ 'Unani' system of medicine developed during the Arab civilization. It
was practiced in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.
✣ The basic framework are consists of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and
black bile.
✣ Temperament, strengthening of body and nature are the real
physician.
✣ Not believed in eradication of disease greatly depend on defense
mechanism of the body and self-care and positive health
habits. Therefore, it becomes part of Indian medicine practice.
✣
13. 5. BRITISH PERIOD (16THCENTURY ONWARDS)
✣ 5. British period (16thCentury onwards)
✣ After the Mogul period the nursing in India hindered.
During the 16th century, nursing development in India
taken three dimensions.
✣ 1. Military Nursing
✣ 2. Civilian Nursing
✣ 3. Missionaries Nursing
14. 1. MILITARY NURSING:
Military nursing born during 1 st world war but developed very slowly. British
officers informed need of nurses to take care British officials and soldiers in
India.
•On 1888 Feb. 21st - 10 fully qualified certified nurses from Florence
Nightingales, arrived to Bombay to lead nursing in India. This paves the way to
develop one of the best nursing in the world.
•1894 regular system of training for men for hospital work (orderliness) started.
Medical officers given lecturing to them. Some men were voluntary did the
course and applied for the nursing certificate. After two months of practical
posting to ward, on the account of supervised sister's report..
15. ✣ 1927 - Description of Indian Military Nursing services formed with 12
matrons, 18 sisters, 25 staff nurses. They are responsible for
supervision, instruction and training of nursing services for entire Indian
hospital corps.
✣ 2nd world war expanded nursing services in India and overseas under
the direction of chief principal matron.
✣ 3 year training carried out in selected military hospital preliminary training
schools. After completion sent to military hospital for training. After
successful training certificate issued as "Registered Nurse" and they are
members of Indian Military Nursing Services..
16. 2. CIVILIAN NURSING IN INDIA
✣ 1664 - East India company built Government General
Hospital at Madras for civilian.
✣ 1871 - this hospital undertook training of nurses. On
1854 midwives training school granted certificates of
Diploma in Midwifery' for passed student and 'sick
nursing' for failed students. First time 6 nurses came
out as Diploma in Midwifery Nurses.
17. 3. MISSIONARY NURSING:
✣ Missionary nursing started training for Indian
people as nurses. Various other countries
supported. This brought fully qualified Indian nurses.
✣ Those days there were several obstacles for nursing
development.
18. CONT.....
✣ 1. Girls were not allowed to do work.
✣ 2. Degrading and unworthy attitude of people.
✣ 3. Hindus were hold back due to deep seated caste
system.
✣ 4. Muslims held under 'paradha' system.
✣ So Christian girls encouraged and trained first.
19. ✣ From 1888-93 five years various experts like doctors,
surgeons, nursing superintendent, pharmacists - draw up
a curriculum for training.
✣ 1907-10 North India united Board of Examiner formed to
maintain nursing administration and standards.
✣ 1928 - Hindi Text book for nurses developed.
20. ✣ 1939 - Develop post graduation school for nurses.
✣ Community Health Nursing: William Rathbone formed
Visiting Nurses Association at England.
✣ She emphasized on charity free care . Florence Lees
improved the Visiting Nurses by giving specialized training
for their work.
✣ In 1926 Midwives Registration Act formed for the purpose
of better training of midwives. Slowly Community Nursing
Training needs felt by the Government.
21. ✣ In 1946 - Community Health Nursing was integrated in Basic Nursing
Programme at Delhi, Vellore and Madras.
✣ Trained Nurses Association of Indian (TNAI) In 1908 - TNAI formed to
uphold the dignity and honor of the nursing profession. Florence Mac
Haughton was the first president of TNAI.
✣ In 1910 TNAI published journals. In 1912 TNAI affiliated to international
Nursing Council as a 8th Association in the world.
✣ In 1917 June 16th under the Registration Act No:XXI of 1860 - TNAI got
registered. In 1922 - SNA formed.
22.
23.
24. CONCLUSION
✣ University education in nursing brought about changes
in nursing education. The type of nurses required today
is an “all round personality”. Education brings changes in
behaviour of the individual in a desirable manner. It aims
at all round development of an individual to become
mature,self-sufficient,intellectually,culturally refined.
Socially efficient and spiritually advanced.
✣
25. BIBILIOGRAPHY
✣ Neeraja K. P. (2003), ‘Text Book of Nursing Education’,
New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
✣ TNAI (2000). ‘History and trends in Nursing in India’, New
Delhi
✣ D.Elakkuvana Bhaskara Raj,Nima Bhaskar [2015], Text
.book of Nursing education, EMMESS Medical publishers,
page no-52-53.
✣
