History of nursing chapter 1 semester 1 of GBSN

1. History of Health Care and Nursing
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Lecturer DION&M, DUHS
UNIT I

2. Objectives
At the completion of this unit learners will be able to
• Define the nursing
• Introduce about the founder of Nursing
• Elaborate the concept of Islam and nursing
• Summarize the ancient cultures
• Discuss the site of health care in ancient cultures
• Discuss the Historical Perspective and Nursing in Mogual
period
• Explain the types of nursing educational programs
• Describe the history of nursing education in Pakistan
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3. Nursing
• Nursing is the art and science of assisting individuals in learning
to care for themselves whenever possible and of caring them
when they are unable to meet their own needs.
• Nursing focuses on the clients response to illness rather than on
the illness.
Goal of Nursing
• The goal of nursing is optimum client wellness, and the maximum
level of functioning. The nursing interventions are evidence-based
and stem from their core knowledge. The professional nurse must
appreciate the role of informatics.
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4. Nursing
• Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of
individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick
or well and in all settings. It includes the promotion of health,
the prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying
people.
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World Health Organization (WHO)

5. American Nursing Association (ANA)
• “Nursing integrates the art and science of caring and focuses
on the protection, promotion and optimization of health and
human functioning; prevention of illness and injury;
facilitation of healing; and alleviation of suffering through
compassionate presence. Nursing is the diagnosis and
treatment of human responses, and advocacy in the care of
individuals, families, groups, communities, and in recognition
of the connection of all humanity.”
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6. Concept of Nursing
• The tasks of nursing are:
a) To promote health
b) To prevent disease
c) To help ill-person to healing (to assist healing)
d) To assist the dying patient to pass away with quietude, peace,
and dignity.(To ease suffering)
e) The client is a holistic human being, including suffering
person and healthy person.
The working place is not only in the hospital, but also in family,
community and whole society.
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7. NURSE
• The word nurse originated from the Latin word
nutrix, meaning “to nourish.”
• The nurse as a person who nourishes, fosters, and
protects and who is prepared to take care of sick,
injured, and aged people.
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9. History of Nursing
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10. A- Evolution of nursing
1. Primitive times:
Primitive humans may very well derived early nursing care practices
from observation the animal world.
Many animals care for their sick injured (ex. wild turkeys feed their
young wild berries to ward off the chill of inclement weather, much
as we used vitamin C (found in wild berries).
2- Early civilization:
Nursing dates back to 4000 B.C. to the primitive sociality where
mother-nurses worked with priests.
The use of wet nurses in Babylonia and Assyria is recorded in 2000
B.C.
3-Ancient Greece:
Temples to honor Hygeia, the goddess of health, were built by the
ancient Greeks.
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11. 4. Roman Empire:
• The first hospital were established in the Eastern Roman Empire,
(sheltered), the caregiver who volunteered their time to nurse the
sick had no formal training in therapeutic modalities.
5. Middle Age:
In western Europe, medical practices remained basically unchanged
until the 11th and 12th centuries.
6. Renaissance:
Interest in the arts and science emerged during the (A.D.1400-
1550).(Time of geographic explorations), Universities were
established because of renewed interest in science, but there were
no formal nursing school
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12. 7. Industrial Revolution:
• This led to a proliferation of factories because the condition of
workers, long hours, unsafe condition prevailed in the
workplace
– Royal college of surgeons in London and other medical
schools were founded in 1800.
– In mid-1800s women be nurses, most nursing care was still
performed in the home by female relatives of the ill
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13. B-Religious Influences
• Religion has a strong influence on the development of nursing
beginning in India in 800-600B.C.
• Religious order were established by the catholic church to care
for the sick and poor.
• Need for nurses in the mid-19th century and changing social
conditions set the stage for Florence Nightingale’ s reforms
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14. C- Florence Nightingale (1820-1910).
• The founder of modern nursing
is Florence Nightingale (, who
grew up in a wealthy, upper-
class family in England.
• She always had an interest in
relieving suffering and caring
for the sick.
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• She received encouragement from a family visitor, Dr. Samuel
Gridley Howe, however, she became a nurse over the objections of
society and her family.
• On completion of a 3-month course of study at Kaiserswerth Institute,
Nightingale worked to reform health care.

15. • Britain’s war in the Crimea presented her with the opportunity to
volunteer with 38 other nurses to serve in the battle-site hospital.
• When battle casualties mounted, the nurses had a chance to prove
their worth. They worked around the clock, caring for the
wounded and carrying oil lamps to light their way in the darkness.
• The symbol of the oil lamp is still used today in nursing and is the
reason Florence Nightingale is called the “Lady with the Lamp.”
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16. • Florence Nightingale persisted in advocating cleanliness, good
nutrition, and fresh air.
• Identifying personal needs of patient and the role of nurse in
meeting those needs.
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Nightingale Environmental Model
• Health
• House
• Ventilation
• Light.
• Bed and bedding.
• Personal cleanliness.
• Nutrition and taking food.
• Chattering hopes and advice
• Social considerations

17. • Nightingale worked to further develop the public’s awareness
of the need for educated nurses to care for British soldiers.
• At St. Thomas’ Hospital in London, she established the
Nightingale Training School of Nurses.
• This was the first school for nurses providing both theory-
based knowledge and clinical experience.
• Florence nightingale elevated the status of nursing to a
respected occupation, improved the quality of nursing care,
and founded modern nursing education
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18. Nightingale’s beliefs’ about nursing
• Some of Nightingale’s unique beliefs’ about nursing and nursing
education were the need for the following.
1- A holistic framework inclusive of illness and health.
2- A theoretical basis for nursing practice.
3- A liberal education as a foundation of nursing practice.
4- An environment that promotes healing.
5- A body of nursing knowledge distinct from medical knowledge.
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Nightingale’s recommended:
1- A systematic method of assessing clients.
2-Individualized care based on the client’s needs and
preferences
3-confidentiality.
( All concept are still used today)

19. D- The Civil War and Nursing
• During the civil war (1861-1865), American’s need for nurses
increased dramatically.
• The sister of Holy (12 sisters caring for wounded soldiers).
• These sisters, although influenced by the roles assigned to women
during the 19th century, were willing to take risks when human
rights were threatened .
• Other women also volunteered to care for the soldiers of both the
Union and the Confederate armies.
• These women implemented sanitary conditions in field hospitals
and performed various other duties
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20. E- The Women’s Movement:
• The beginnings of social unrest in 1848 with the Women’s Rights
convention in Seneca falls, new York.
• Women were not considered equal to men, did not have the right
to vote, and society did not value education for women
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More women were being accepted in
to colleges and universities by the mid-
1990s.
A few university-based nursing
programs available

21. Twentieth Century
• In the early twentieth century a movement toward developing a
scientific, research-based defined body of nursing knowledge and
practice was evolving.
• Nurses began to assume expanded and advanced practice roles.
• Mary Adelaide Nutting was instrumental in the affiliation of
nursing education with universities.
• She became the first professor of nursing at Columbia University
Teachers College in 1906.
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22. Twenty-First Century
• Nursing practice and education continue to evolve to meet the
needs of society.
• In 1990 the ANA established the Center for Ethics and Human
Rights , The Center provides a forum to address the complex
ethical and human rights issues confronting nurses and designs
activities and programs to increase ethical competence in nurses.
• Nurses and nurse educators are revising nursing practice and
school curricula to meet the ever-changing needs of society.
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23. Nursing Organization
• National league for nursing(NLN): established in 1893
• American Nurses Association(ANA).established:1911
• National association for practical nurse education and
service(NAPNES): established 1941
• National federation of licensed practical nurses(NFLPN)
• Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC), 1973.
• National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN)
established:1973
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24. The First Muslim Nurse
• Rufaida al- aslamiyah was the first professional muslim female
nurse in history.
• Rufaida al- aslamiyah was born into the Bani Aslam tribe in
Madinah. It is for this reason that she was called al-aslamiyyah.
• Her father, sa’ad al-aslamiy, was a physician, whom she gained
much of her knowledge growing up alongside.
• She was amongst the first people in Madinah to accept Islam and
was honoured to witness the arrival of prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
into madinah during the Hijrah (migration from Makkah to
Madinah).
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25. • After the Muslim state was established in Medina, she would
treat the ill in her tent set up outside the mosque
• During times of war, she would lead a group of volunteers to
the battlefield and would treat casualties and injured soldiers
•
• Rufaidah is described as a woman possessing the qualities of
an ideal nurse: compassionate, empathetic, good leader and a
great teacher, passing on her clinical knowledge to others she
trained .
• Furthermore, Rufaidah’s activities as someone greatly
involved in the community, in helping those at the more
disadvantaged portions of society symbolize the ethos of care
identified above.
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26. Nursing in Mughal Period
• The woman in Mogual wet nurses to Princess and Princeesses
with the title Royal Nurse Angah and Maham Angah.
• These women were usually represented prominently in the
Mughal sources providing care to mignificent and children.
• Mogual imperial family have to rely on the services of wet -
Nurses with an open mind and with warmth.
• Then never judge their practice.
• Mughal history writers wrote that we nurses should be pious
woman.
• Abdul fazal in his akbar nama explains that before selection
wet nurses have to be "even tempered spiritually- minded"
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27. NURSING IN MOGUL PERIOD (1000 AD)
• 'Unani' system of medicine developed during the Arab
civilization.
• It was practiced in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.
• The basic framework are consists of blood, phlegm, yellow
bile and black bile.
• Temperament, strengthening of body and nature are the real
physician.
• Not believed in eradication of disease greatly depend on
defense mechanism of the body and self-care and positive
health habits.
• Therefore, it becomes part of Indian medicine practice.
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28. Nursing Education
• The practice of nursing is controlled from within the profession
through state boards of nursing and professional nursing
organizations.
• The focus of nursing education was to teach the knowledge and
skills that would enable a nurse to practice in a hospital setting
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29. Types of Education Programs
• Education programs available for nurses include:
– Practical or Vocational Nursing
– Registered Nursing
– Graduate Nursing
– Continuing Education
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30. Licensed Practical (Vocational) Nursing Programs
• Practical or vocational nursing programs are housed in
community colleges, vocational schools, hospitals, or other
independent health agencies
• Practical nurses work under the supervision of a registered nurse
in numerous settings, including hospitals, nursing homes,
rehabilitation centers, and home health agencies.
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31. Baccalaureate Degree Programs
• The first school of nursing in a university setting was established
at the University of Minnesota in 1909.
• This program’s curriculum, however, differed little from that of a
3-year diploma program.
• It was not until 1919 that the University of Minnesota established
its undergraduate baccalaureate degree in nursing.
• Most of the early baccalaureate programs were 5 years in length.
• They consisted of the basic 3-year diploma program plus 2 years
of liberal arts education.
• In the 1960s, the number of students enrolled in baccalaureate
programs increased marked.
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32. Graduate Nursing Programs
• Although graduate schools differ, typical requirements for
admission to a graduate program in nursing include the following:
– Licensure as a registered nurse or eligibility for licensure.
– A baccalaureate degree in nursing from an approved college or university.
–
• Some graduate programs accept individuals with a diploma or
associate degree in nursing and a baccalaureate degree in another
field of study.
• Some accept individuals with an associate degree in nursing as
their only postsecondary education.
• Evidence of scholastic ability (usually a minimum grade point
average of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale)
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33. Master’s Degree Programs
• The growth of baccalaureate nursing programs encouraged the
development of graduate study in nursing.
• In 1953, the newly established NLN encouraged educators to
develop programs for master’s degrees in nursing.
• The emphasis of master’s degree programs is on preparing nurses
for advanced leadership roles in administration,
• clinical, or teaching .
• An emerging nursing role developed by the AACN is the clinical
nurse leader (CNL).
• The CNL is a master’s degree–prepared clinician who oversees
the integration of care for a distinct group of clients and may
actively provide direct client care in complex situations .
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34. Doctoral Programs
• Doctoral programs in nursing began in the 1960s in the United
States.
• Before 1960, nurses who pursued doctoral degrees chose related
fields such as education, psychology, sociology, and physiology.
• The two primary doctoral degrees in nursing are the PhD and DNP
(doctor of nursing practice).
• Nurses who earn a PhD in nursing generally assume faculty roles
in nursing education programs or work in research programs.
• The DNP, which has been increasing in popularity, is the highest
degree for nurse clinicians.
• Doctorates in related fields such as education or public health are
still highly relevant for nurses depending on their practice role
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35. Continuing Education
• The term continuing education (CE) refers to formalized
experiences designed to enhance the knowledge or skills of
practicing professionals.
• Compared to advanced educational programs, which result in an
academic degree, CE courses tend to be more specific and shorter.
• CE programs usually are designed to meet one or more of the
following needs:
(a) to inform nurses of new techniques and knowledge;
(b) to help nurses attain expertise in a specialized area of practice, such as
critical care nursing
(c) to provide nurses with information essential to nursing practice, such as
knowledge about legal and ethical aspects of nursing.
(a) Some states require nurses to obtain a certain number of CE
credits to renew their license
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36. Summery
• Nursing is an art and a science in which people are assisted in
learning to care for themselves whenever possible and cared
for when they are unable to meet their own needs.
• Nurses will understand such issues as autonomy, unity
within the profession, supply and demand, salary, education,
and current practice and the empowerment of the profession by
studying nursing’s history.
• Nursing’s early history was heavily influenced by religious
organizations and the need for nurses to care for soldiers
during wartime.
• Influential nursing leaders were instrumental
• in the advancement of nursing education and practice.
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37. References
• Berman, A., Snyder, S., Kozier, B., & Erb, G. L.
(2020). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing, volumes 1-
3 (10th ed.).
• White, L., Duncan, G., & Baumle, W. (2010). Foundations of
adult health nursing (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning.
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