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History of nursing in india.

This document provides a history of nursing in India from prehistoric times to the 20th century. It describes how in ancient India women gathered herbs and plants to heal the sick, and how Sushruta was known as the father of surgery. During the Middle Ages, charitable institutions provided care for the sick and poor. Florence Nightingale is credited with establishing the first nursing philosophy based on health and restoration. Nursing expanded and became more organized throughout the 19th and 20th centuries in India.

Healthcare◦
HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA PREPARED BY: USHA RANI KANDULA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF ADULT HEALTH NURSING, ARSI UNIVERSITY,ASELLA,ETHIOPIA, SOUTH EAST AFRICA.
INTRODUCTION  Knowledge of the profession‘s history increases the nurse‘s awareness and promotes an understanding of the social and intellectual origins of the discipline.
 From its earliest history nursing was a form of community service to protect and preserve the family.  Historically men and women held the role of nurse.
PREHISTORIC PERIOD In Prehistoric Period, women were responsible for gathering herbs, roots and plants that were used to heal the sick.
 The entry of women into nursing can be traced to approximately 300 AD.
 Christians taught that men and women are equal before God and appealed to carry on His work in the behalf of all who were in distress.
ANCIENT INDIA
 The earliest literature of india consists of the sanskrit vedas or sacred books.
 Sushruta was known as the father of surgery in india.  The four principle vedas are :  1.Rigveda  2.Theyaur veda  3.Sama veda  4.Atharva veda
CHARAKA  The charaka samhita gives bathing purifies the body, relieves the fatigue, promotes strength and maintain personal hygiene.
KING EMPEROR ASHOKA  He was the first person to improve the medical care in india.  Prevention of disease became the first priority and maintaining the personal hygiene.
HIPPOCRATES  HIPPOCRATES was known as father of medicine.  He spent much time in absorbing symptoms and able to teach, that evil spirits did not cause disease.
 He developed doing physical examination and taking of histories.
MIDDLE AGES
 During the middle Ages (1100- 1200 AD) charitable institutions were started to care for the aged, sick and poor.
 Nurses delivered care and depended on physicians or priests for direction.  Nurse Midwifery flourished during middle ages.
FIFTEENTH TO NINETEENTH CENTURY
 The expanded health care by establishing hospitals and nursing orders for men.  Christianity greatly influenced the development of nursing.
 One of the earliest records of Christian nursing was the formation of the order of Deaconesses, a group of public health or visiting nurses.
 The need for nurses and increasing nursing responsibilities were due to the economic growth of eighteenth century, epidemics and the Revolutionary War.
 The sisters became widely known as visiting nurses because they cared for sick people in their homes.
IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
 In the eighteenth century the further growth of cities brought an increase in the number of hospitals and expanded role of nurses.
The formal nursing education, nursing knowledge and skills were generally passed by experienced nurses.
 During the nineteenth century Protestant churches revived the Deaconess Order.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
 The founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale, established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration in Notes of Nursing: What it is and what it is not.
 Her views on nursing were derived from a spiritual philosophy, developed in her adolescence and adulthood and reflecting the changing needs of society.
 In 1853 Nightingale went to Paris to study with the Sisters of Charity and was appointed superintendent of The English General Hospitals in Turkey.
 During this Crimean War period she brought about major reforms in hygiene, sanitation and nursing practice and reduced the mortality rate at the Barracks Hospital, Turkey.
THE CIVIL WAR
 Nursing services given to soldiers on the battle field, cleansing the wounds, meeting their basic needs and comforting them in death.
 Nursing in hospitals expanded in the late nineteenth century.
TWENTIETH CENTURY
 In the early twentieth century, a movement toward a scientific, research-based defined body of nursing knowledge and practice was seen.  Nurses began to assume expanded and advance practice roles.
 As education developed, nursing practice also expanded.  In 1901 the Army Nurse Corps was established.  By the year 1908 Navy Corps established.
 By the year 1920s nursing specialization was developing.
 Today, the profession is faced with multiple challenges.  Nurses and Nurse Educators are revising nursing practice and curricula to meeting the ever changing needs of society.
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