The document provides an overview of the history and development of nursing as a profession. It begins with definitions of nursing from ICN and ANA. It then discusses important dates and people in the history of nursing, including Florence Nightingale establishing the first nursing school. The document also summarizes nursing code of ethics from ICN and ANA and key concepts like autonomy, accountability, assertiveness and visibility in nursing.

1. BY
Mr. SHON DAVIS
1ST YEAR MSc NURSING
MCON

2. A NURSE..
• N – Nobility, Knowledge
• U - Usefulness, Understanding
• R – Righteousness, Responsibility
• S - Simplicity, Sympathy
• E - Efficiency, Equanimity

3. Nursing is the unique function of the nurse, that is to assist the
individual (sick or well) in the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that
he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or
knowledge.”
- ICN

4. According to ANA “Nursing is the
protection, and optimisation of health and
abilities, prevention of illness and
injury, alleviation of suffering through the
diagnosis and treatment of human response
and advocacy in the care of
individuals, families, communities and
population.”

6.  300 AD
Entry of women into nursing.
 1633
-Sisters of Charity founded by Louise de Marillac
-established the first educational program to be
affiliated with a religious nursing order
 1809
-Mother Elizabeth Seton introduced the Sisters of
Charity into America, later known as the Daughters
of Charity.

7.  1836
-Deaconess Institute of
Kaiserwerth, Germany, founded
-institute where Florence Nightingale received
her initial education in nursing
 1860
-establishment of the Nightingale Training School for
Nurses at St. Thomas's Hospital in London, England
-first organized program for training nurses

8.  1884
-Mary Snively assumed directorship of Toronto
General Hospital and began to form the Canadian
National Association of Trained Nurses
-later became the Canadian Nurses Association
 1890
-establishment of the Nurses' Associated Alumni of
the United States and Canada
-later became the American Nurses Association

9.  1901
-first university-affiliated nursing program
-Army Nurse Corps established
 1911
-formed American Nurses Association
 1920
-graduate nurse-midwifery programs were
established

10.  1926
-ANA Code of Ethics approved
 1953
-National League for Nursing in collaboration with
other universities, developed graduate nursing
education

11. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
(The lady with the lamp)
 Founded many Schools of
Nursing with theoretical
and practical basis in the
care of the sick.
 First to stress on aseptic
precautions while caring for
the patient.
 Her favourite dictum 
“Do the Patient no
harm”
(12 May 1820 – 13 Aug 1910)

12. NURSING IN INDIA
 1664 the East India Company started a
hospital for soldiers
 1935 onwards- State-wise councils
started developing
 1947 - Indian Nursing Council (INC) Act
passed by the Parliament
 Now India has 23 State Nursing
Councils
 Colleges of Nursing started in Delhi
(1946) and Vellore (1947)
 Nursing education in the country
integrated into the system of higher
education.

14. NURSING CODE OF ETHICS
o A code of ethics is a formal statement of a group’s
ideals and values.
 It is a set of ethical principles that
(a) Is shared by members of the group
(b) Reflects their moral judgements over time
(c) Serves as a standard for their professional
actions.

15. THE ICN CODE OF ETHICS
An international code of ethics for nurses was first
adopted by the International Council of Nurses (ICN) in
1953.
1.NURSES AND PEOPLE
2.NURSES AND PRACTICE
3.NURSES AND THE PROFESSION
4.NURSES AND CO-WORKERS

16. THE ICN CODE OF ETHICS,CONT’D..
1. NURSES AND PEOPLE
The nurse’s primary professional responsibility is
to people requiring nursing care. In providing
care, the nurse promotes an environment in which
the human rights, values, customs and spiritual
beliefs of the individual, family and community are
respected. The nurse ensures that the individual
receives sufficient information on which to base
consent for care and related treatment. The nurse
holds in confidence personal information and uses
judgement in sharing this information.

17. THE ICN CODE OF ETHICS,CONT’D..
2. NURSES AND PRACTICE
The nurse carries personal responsibility and
accountability for nursing practice, and for maintaining
competence by continual learning. The nurse maintains
a standard of personal health such that the ability to
provide care is not compromised. The nurse uses
judgement regarding individual competence when
accepting and delegating responsibility. The nurse at
all times maintains standards of personal conduct
which reflect well on the profession and enhance public
confidence. The nurse, in providing care, ensures that
use of technology and scientific advances are
compatible with the safety, dignity and rights of people.

18. THE ICN CODE OF ETHICS,CONT’D..
3. NURSES AND THE PROFESSION
The nurse assumes the major role in determining
and implementing acceptable standards of clinical
nursing practice, management, research and
education. The nurse is active in developing a core of
research-based professional knowledge. The nurse,
acting through the professional organisation,
participates in creating and maintaining safe,
equitable social and economic working conditions in
nursing.

19. THE ICN CODE OF ETHICS,CONT’D..
4. NURSES AND CO-WORKERS
The nurse sustains a co-operative relationship with
co-workers in nursing and other fields. The nurse
takes appropriate action to safeguard
individuals, families and communities when their
health is endangered by a co-worker or any other
person.

20. THE ANA CODE OF ETHICS
1. The nurse, in all 6. The nurse participates in
professional relationships, establishing values of the
practices with compassion profession.
and respect. 7. The nurse participates in the
2. The nurse’s primary advancement of the profession.
commitment is to the 8. The nurse collaborates with
patient. others to meet health needs.
3. The nurse promotes, 9.Associations and their members
advocates for the rights of are responsible for the
the patient. articulating of nursing values.
4. The nurse is responsible
and accountable for
individual nursing practice
.
5. The nurse owes the same
duties to self as to others.

22. CODES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
FOR NURSES:
1.Professional responsibility and accountability
2. Nursing practice
3. Communication and interpersonal relationship
4. Valuing human being
5. Management
6. Professional advancement

24. AUTONOMY
Autonomy means that individuals are able to act for
themselves to the level of their capacity. It is the
right of individuals, governing their actions
according to their own purpose and reason.
Professional nurse autonomy is defined as belief in
the centrality of the client when making responsible
discretionary decisions, both independently and
interdependently, that reflect advocacy for the client.

26. ACCOUNTABLITY
According to Sullivan and Deekan,
“accountability is being responsible for ones
actions and accepting the consequences of one’s
behaviour”.
Accountable to whom?
 Your patients, through a duty of care
 Your employer, as defined by your contract of employment and
job description;
 Your profession, as stated in the relevant codes of conduct
 The public

27. Nurses are accountable for;
 Providing safe and therapeutic environment for the
patients.
 Delivering component and personalized care.
 Maintaining adequate supplies of materials and equipments
for smooth functioning of ward.
 Maintaining accurate and up-to-date records and reports.
 Protecting client’s legal rights and privacy.
 Maintaining good interpersonal relationships.
 Working within ethical and legal boundaries.
 Delegating responsibility appropriately.
 Contributing to the development of profession.

29.  Assertiveness is a style of behaviour to interact with
people while standing up for your rights. It is a tool for
expressing ourselves confidently and a way of saying
yes and no in an appropriate way.
1. Helps to create healthy and meaningful relations.
2. Less friction and conflicts.
3. Enhances the self esteem.
4. Increases the productivity.
5. Improves emotional and physical health.
6. Lessen the stress at work.

30. TALK IT
OUT ASK
REQUEST STATE
CHANGE
AND THE
FEEDBACK PROBLEM
EXPRESS
YOURSELF

33. The word visibility means capacity of providing a
clear unobstructed view. Although nurses comprise
the majority of healthcare professionals, they are
largely invisible. The public views of nursing and
nurses are typically based on personal experiences
with nurses, which can lead to a narrow view of a
nurse often based only on a brief personal
experience. Profession needs to be more concerned
about visibility because nursing is struggling to
attract qualified students and keep current nurses
in practice.

34. STEPS TO IMPROVE THE VISIBILITY
 Nurses Week is used as an opportunity to recognize
nurses in practice and to advertise the profession of
nursing, increasing its visibility and portraying a
positive image. During Nurses’ Week, healthcare
organizations typically hold special celebrations to
honour nurses, and announce via the media.
 Attract more men in to nursing profession.
 Give out awards for leadership and other
accomplishments in nursing
 Uphold the professional dignity.
 Ensure active participation in society, i.e. by
involvement through rescue mission in natural
calamities like flood, storm etc.