This document provides a history of the development of community health nursing in India from ancient to modern times. It describes how systems of Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine originated in ancient India. During the British colonial period in the late 19th century, nursing training schools were established in response to poor sanitation and soldiers' deaths. After independence, the government took responsibility for public health through committees' recommendations and established various national health programs to address issues like tuberculosis, malaria, and family planning. Community health nursing continued to develop through the establishment of nursing councils and degrees, as well as expanded primary healthcare services.
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
Waste management in the center and clinicsKrupa Mathew
community health nursing - Role of community health nurse in waste management in the center and clinics --- for bsc nursing students --- hospital waste management ---biomedical waste management
Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
Waste management in the center and clinicsKrupa Mathew
community health nursing - Role of community health nurse in waste management in the center and clinics --- for bsc nursing students --- hospital waste management ---biomedical waste management
Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
Paper presentation for my MSc @ UOM. The paper was "Model-Driven Testing with UML 2.0", Zhen Ru Dai Fraunhofer FOKUS, Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee 31, 10589 Berlin, Germany dai@fokus.fraunhofer.de
historical development of community health nursing and community health nursing- world and India
M.Sc. Nursing 1st year
Community health nursing
unit-I
DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA: PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO INDEPENDENCE.PRANATI PATRA
DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA: PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO INDEPENDENCE-
INTRODUCTION-The word "nurse" originally came from the Latin word "nutrire", meaning "to nourish", referring to a wet-nurse; only in the late 16th century did it attain its modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm.
DEFINITION- Nursing had originated independently and existed many centuries without contact with modern medicine. The members of the family at home met the nursing needs of the sick. Evolution of medicine, surgery and public health into complicated technical are requiring many procedures by persons specially trained and having understanding of scientific principles.
1. NURSING IN PRE-HISTORIC TIMES-In primitive times discovered through myths, songs and archaeologist to get rid of 'evil spirit 'unpleasant conditioning like beating, starving, magic rites, nauseous medicines, loud noises sudden fright are used methods. Primitive man had the skill of massaging, fermentation bone setting, amputation, hot and cold bath, heat to control haemorrhages
Nurses and midwives play a vital role in providing health services in rural India. These are the people who devote their lives to caring for mothers and children;and generally meeting everyday essential health needs. They are often, the first and only point of care in their communities. That’s why the World Health Assembly has designated 2020 the International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The part - 2 will help the nurses to know about the ICN & INC code of ethics which is required for a nursing professional.
The history of nursing in a brief way is also stated in this.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
2. HISTORY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
ANCIENT PERIOD
PRE
INDEPENDENCE
PERIOD
POST
INDEPENDENCE
PERIOD
3. ANCIENT PERIOD
VEDIC PERIOD:
• Ayurveda and Siddha Systems of medicine came into existence which
suggested development of comprehensive concept of health.
• Ayurveda practiced throughout the India but the Siddha system is
practiced in tamilnadu.
4. DHANVANTHRI GOD
• Hindu god of medicine is said to
have been born as a result of the
churning of oceans during a
“tug of war” between gods and
demons.
5. ATREYA
• Atreya (about 800 b.c) is
acknowledged as the first great
Indian physician and teacher.
• He lived in the ancient
university of takshashila.
6. CHARAKA
• Charaka compiled his famous treatise
on medicine, the “charaka samhita”.
• He explained about 500 drugs.
• He was a first physician to explain the
concept of digestion, metabolism,
immunity, genetics and drugs.
7. SHUSRUTA
• Father of Indian surgery
• Written “shusruta samhita”
• Performed so many surgeries in ancient India
eg. Amputation, tumor extraction, hernia repair
and plastic surgery etc.
• British physicians learned rhinoplasty from
Indian surgeons.
8. KING ASHOKA
• King Ashoka and other Buddhist
kings established Ayurveda
hospitals and schools of medicine
in India.
• King Ashoka patronized
Ayurveda as state medicine.
12. MUGHAL PERIOD
• Introduced unani system of
medicine.
• Ayurveda started to decline.
• Exchange of thoughts and
experience between the Hindu,
Arab, Persians, Greek and Jewish
scholars.
13. PRE INDEPENDENCE ERA
• Homeopathy was introduced by
Samuel Hahnemann during 1810-
1839.
• India claims to have the largest
number of practitioners of
homeopathy medicine in the world.
14. MILITARY NURSING
• 1664 : EAST INDIA COMPANY
STARTED HOSPITAL FOR
SOLDIERS IN A HOUSE AT
FORT. ST. GEORGE, MADRAS.
15. BRITISH PERIOD
• The first real development of modern public health in India
took place in 1859 when the administration of India was taken
over from east India company by the crown.
• British soldiers were died because of poor sanitation
conditions.
16. ROYAL COMMISSION
1859:
• A Royal Commission was appointed in India to
investigate the causes of unhealthy conditions
prevailing in British Army stationed in India .
• This commission recommended that there was a
need in each presidency to protect the water supply,
construction of drains and prevention of epidemics
in civil population.
17. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
• Florence nightingale studied the public
health conditions in India and suggested
the preventive measures for it.
• She suggested the measures for the welfare
of the army.
• She suggested the system of nursing for
hospitals in India.
• She motivated to start the nursing training
schools in India
18. MADRAS
1871:
• FIRST NURSING TRAINING SCHOOL
STARTED IN GOVT. GENERAL HOSPITAL,
MADRAS.
• SEPARATE CLINICAL FACILITIES FOR
WOUNDED SOLDIERS IN ST.GEORGE
FORT.
19. CHRISTIAN MISSION HOSPITALS
• During 1874 – 90 the Christian Mission Hospitals in
India started training courses for nurses.
• The Roman Catholic Nuns served as nurses in
many Govt.Hospitals in India as well as in Hospitals
run by religious orders.
20. SCHOOL OF NURSING
• FIRST SCHOOL OF NURSING
ESTABLISHED IN ST. STEPHENS
HOSPITAL, NEW DELHI.
• 1890 – 1900 SO MANY NURSING
SCHOOLS ESTABLISHED BY
THE GOVERNMENT AND
MISSION HOSPITALS.
21. • 1881
– First Indian Factories Act was passed and First All India Census was
taken.
• 1885
– Local self Government Act was passed.
• 1888
– Government directed that local bodies should be responsible for
sanitation.
22. 1930
• At Calcutta ,an All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health was
established with aid from the Rockefeller.
1931
• A Maternal Child Welfare Bureau was established by IRC Society.
1935
• All the health activities in the country were grouped as under the control
of
• (a)Central (b)Central cum provincial (c) Provincial government
23. • 1937
–A Central Advisory Board of health was set up.
• 1939
–Madras Public Health Act was passed.
–Rural Health Training Centre at Singur near Calcutta(Rockefeller
Foundation)
• 1940
–The Drugs Act was passed.
24. TUBERCULOSIS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
• 1939:
• Tuberculosis association of
India is started to control the
tuberculosis burden in the
country.
25. B.SC NURSING COURSES
• Nursing colleges established in
c.m.c Vellore and RAK college
in Delhi to provide degree in
nursing.
26. BHORE COMMITTEE
• 1943
–A health survey and
development committee (Bhore
Committee) was appointed
under the chairman of sir. Joseph
Bhore .
• 1946
–Bhore Committees report was
submitted.
27. INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL
• INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL IS
STARTED TO SET THE
NURSING STANDARD IN INDIA.
29. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
• The national government took up
the responsibility of improving
health of people with the Bhore
committee’s report.
• Ministry of health was established
at Central and State level
30. 1948:
–India joined as a member of WHO.
–ESI Act was passed
–Environment Hygiene Committee was published.
1950:
–Planning Commission was set up in India.
–Central Food Technological Institute was established.
31. 1951
• First Five Year Plan began.
• BCG Vaccination programme was launched.
• Central Drug Research Institute was opened at Lucknow.
1952
• Central council of health was statutorily constituted with Union minister of health
as chairman and health Minister of states as members.
32. 1953:
• Model Public Health Act Committee was appointed.
• National Malaria Control Programme was initiated.
• National Smallpox Eradication Programme was started.
• Family Planning Programme began, Family Planning Research and
Programme was set up.
33. 1954:
Contributory Health Services Scheme was initiated in Delhi.
Central Social Welfare board was setup
National water supply and sanitation scheme was inaugurated.
National Leprosy Control Programme was started.
VDRL antigen production was setup.
Food Adulteration Act was passed.
34. 1955:
• National Filiria Control Programme was started.
• Central Research Centre and Central Leprosy Training was established in TN.
• National TB Survey Commenced.
1956
• Second Five Year plan began.
• Central Health education bureau was established.
• Director of Family Planning was established.
• Chemotherapy centre started at Madras
35. 1958
• NMCP was changed to NMEP.
1959
• Mudaliar Committee was appointed.
• Rajasthan was first state to introduce Panchayat Raj
• National TB Institute at Bangalore was established.
36. • 1960
• School Health Committee was formed.
• 1961
• 3rd Five Year Plan was launched.
• 1962
• Central Family Planning Institute was established in New Delhi.
• National Smallpox eradication Programme, National Goitre Control
Programme, National School Health Programme and district TB
control programme was established.
37. • 1963
• Applied Nutrition Programme started.
• NICD established.
• National Trachoma control programme was started.
• 1965
• IUCD was introduced
• Direct BCG vaccination programme without tuberculin tests was
introduced.