A ppt on history of Nursing

1. HISTORY OF NURSING
HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA

2. Introduction
• Illness earlier was seen as "magic", "sin" or "punishment".
• During 700-600 B.C -Sushruta Samhita was written by the great
surgeon Sushruta, who said "the physician, the patient, the drugs and
the nurse are four feet of Padas' of the medicine, upon which the
cure depends".
• The first nursing school started in India in 250 B.C. during Charaka's
time and only men were considered pure enough to be nurses.

3. History
• 300 AD Entry of women into nursing.
• 1633 -Sisters of Charity founded by Louise de Marillac -established the first educational program to be
affiliated with a religious nursing order
• 1809 -Mother Elizabeth Seton introduced the Sisters of Charity into America, later known as the
Daughters of Charity.
• 1884 - Mary Snively assumed directorship of Toronto General Hospital and began to form the Canadian
National Association of Trained Nurses. Later became the Canadian Nurses Association.
• 1890 -Establishment of the Nurses Associated Alumni of the United States and Canada & this later
became the American Nurses Association.
• 1901- First university affiliated nursing program, Army Nurse Corps established.
• 1901 - New Zealand was the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses
Registration Act on the 12 September 1901. It was here in New Zealand that Ellen Dougherty became
the first registered nurse.
• 1911 - Formed American Nurses Association.
• 1920 - Graduate nurse-midwifery programs were established.
• 1948 - Brown report says all nursing programs must be affiliated to the university, should have independent
budget.
• 1960 - Yale University defined Nursing as a Profession.

4. In the ancient era, until 17th century, formalized nursing was not traced. Every village had a dai/traditional
birth attendant to take care of maternal and child health needs of the people.
Military nursing was the earliest type of modern nursing introduced by the Portuguese in the 17th century.
• 1664 - East India Company started a hospital for soldiers at Fort St. George, Madras.
• St. Stevens Hospital at Delhi was the first one to begin training Indian women as nurses in 1867.
• The first school of Health visitors was started in 1918 by Lady Reading Health School, Delhi.
• 1946 - The first four -year Basic B.Sc. program was established at RAK College of Nursing in Delhi and
CMC College of Nursing in Vellore.
• 1951 - a two -year ANM course was established in S Mary's Hospital at Punjab.
• 1960 - M.Sc. was established in RAK College of Nursing, Delhi.
• 1963 - The School of Nursing in Trivandrum, instituted the first two-year post certificate bachelor's degree
program.
• 1980 - RAK college of nursing started an MPhil programs as a regular and part time course. Doctorate Of
Philosophy In Nursing - PhD in Nursing.
 PhD programs in nursing was first started in India in 1992 under Department of Nursing, University of Delhi
through RAK.
• 1890 -Bombay Presidency Nursing Association was the first state nursing association.
• 1908 -The Trained Nurses Association was formed to uphold the dignity and honor of nursing profession.
• The first state registration council at Madras Nursing Council was constituted in 1926 and Bombay
Nursing Council was constituted in 1935.

5.  In 1949, Indian Nursing Council (INC) was established to maintain a uniform standard of
training for nurses, midwives and health visitors and regulate the standards of nursing in
India.
 INC act was passed in 1947 that was amended in 1950 and 1957.
 2003 - The College of Nursing PGI, Chandigarh and College of Nursing, CMC Vellore were
designated as WHO collaborating centers for nursing and midwifery development.

6. Contributions of Florence Nightingale
• Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), known as "The Lady With the
Lamp," was a British nurse, social reformer and statistician best
known as the founder of modern nursing.
• Her experiences as a nurse during the Crimean War were
foundational in her views about sanitation.
• She established St. Thomas Hospital and the Nightingale Training
School for Nurses in 1860.
• Her efforts to reform healthcare greatly influenced the quality of care
in the 19 and 20 centuries.

7. Contributions to Nursing
1. Improvement of Environment& Controlled Morbidity and Mortality:
• Nightingale is best known for her pioneering work in the field of nursing.
• She tended to wounded soldiers during the Crimean War.
• She became known as the "Lady with the Lamp" because of her night rounds.
• While nursing soldiers during the war, Nightingale worked to improve nutrition and conditions in
the wards.
• Many injured soldiers were dying from illnesses separate from their injuries, such as typhoid,
cholera, and dysentery.
• Nightingale made changes on the wards or started the process by calling the Sanitary
Commission.
• Her work led to a reduction in the death rates of injured soldiers from 42% to 2%. Nightingale
believed the deaths were the result of poor nutrition, inadequate supplies, and the soldiers being
dramatically overworked.
• After collecting evidence that pointed to unsanitary conditions as a major cause of death,
Nightingale worked to improve sanitation in army and civilian hospitals during peacetime.

8.  2. St. Thomas Hospital and Nursing Curriculum:
• After the Crimean War, she established a nursing school at St. Thomas' Hospital in
London in 1860.
• The first nurses trained at this school began working in 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse
Infirmary. It was the first secular nursing school in the world, and is now part of King's
College London.
• Her work laid the foundation for modern nursing, and the pledge all new nurses take was
named after her.
• Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing (1859), which was the foundation of the curriculum
for her nursing school and other nursing schools. This short text was considered the
foundation of nursing education, and even sold well to the public.
• She also wrote Notes on Hospitals, Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, and Efficiency
and Hospital Administration of the British Army.
• Nightingale spent the rest of her career working toward the establishment and
development of nursing as a profession, paving the way for nursing in its current form.

9.  3. Florence Nightingale's Contribution to Nursing Theory: Environmental Theory
• Florence Nightingale is attributed with establishing the modern practice of nursing.
• She also contributed to the field with nursing theories still used today. One of her nursing theory
is the Environmental Theory, which incorporates the patient's surrounding environment in his
or her nursing care plan.
• In this theory, the role of the nurse is to use the patient's environment to help him or her recover
and get back to the usual environment.
• The reason the patient's environment is important is because it can affect his or her health in a
positive or negative way.
• Some environmental factors affecting health according to Nightingale's theory are fresh air,
pure water, sufficient food and appropriate nutrition, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light
or direct sunlight. If any of these factors is lacking, it can delay the patient's recovery.
• Nightingale also emphasized providing a quiet, warm environment for patients to recover in.
• The theory also calls for nurses to assess a patient's dietary needs, document food intake times,
and evaluate how the patient's diet affects his or her health and recovery.

10. • In 1883, Nightingale was given the Royal Red Cross by Queen Victoria.
• In 1907, she was the first woman to receive the Order of Merit.
• In 1908, she was given the Honorary Freedom of the City of London. International Nurses
Day is celebrated on her birthday.
• In 1908, at the age of 88, she was conferred the merit of honor by King Edward.
• In May of 1910, she received a congratulatory message from King George on her 90th
birthday.
Florence Nightingale: Death and Legacy
In August 1910, Florence Nightingale fell ill, but seemed to recover and was
reportedly in good spirits. A week later, on the evening of Friday, August 12, 1910, she
developed an array of troubling symptoms. She died unexpectedly at 2 p.m. the
following day, Saturday, August 13, 1910, at her home in London.

11. Nursing -Definition Nurse, Nursing, Concepts,
philosophy, objectives, Characteristics, nature and
Scope of Nursing/ Nursing practice, Functions of
nurse, Qualities of a nurse, Categories of nursing
personnel

12. Nursing -Definition, concepts, philosophy,
objectives
• Nursing has been called the oldest of the arts and the youngest of the
professions.
• The term 'Nurse evolve from the Latin word nutrix, which means to
nourish or to cherish.
• Today nursing emerged as a learned profession that is both a science
and an art.
• It is a body of knowledge. Knowledge is an awareness or perception
of reality, which is acquired through learning or investigation.
• Science is defined as both a unified body of knowledge concerned
with specific subject matter, the skills and methodology necessary to
provide such knowledge.

13. DEFINITIONS
• Henderson defined nursing as “the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick
or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to
peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or
knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as
possible."
• Nightingale defined nursing over 100 years ago as "the act of utilizing the environment of the
patient to assist him in his recovery". (Florence Nightingale, 1860)
• "Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of
illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human
response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities and populations."
(American Nurses Association)
• Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families,
groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of
health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy,
promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient
and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles. (ICN, 2002).

14. Concepts of Nursing
• The art and science of modern nursing encompasses fundamental
nursing concepts that include health, illness, stress and health
promotion. Nurses work with physicians and other medical staff in a
wide variety of medical and community settings.
• They provide preventive, primary, acute and chronic care for sick and
injured patients with health information, restorative care, medication
administration and emergency care. Nursing care focuses on
protecting and promoting physical and mental health for patients and
for the community.

15. Health:
• Health: Health is the absence of illness, injury and disease.
• Health as a fundamental nursing concept involves both
mental and physiological well being and it changes over a
patient's lifetime. Nurses work in health Care to promote and
protect health by instructing patients about self-care, and
about how lifestyle and behavior affects their health.
• They help people to recover from physical and mental illness,
and they tend to sick and injured patients to restore health.

16. Illness:
• Ilness: IIness is a fundamental nursing concept that defines a
deviation from health with three stages:
the onset of illness,
the acceptance of the state of illness and
the convalescence or recovery stage.
A nurse's role in illness includes monitoring and interpreting symptoms,
administering medication and self-care information, and caring for
patients who are incapacitated by illness, such as administering
intravenous fluids to a patient dehydrated from fever and vomiting.

17. Stress:
• Stress: Nurses work to make patients more comfortable, and a
big part of nursing care includes reducing patient stress.
• Nurses care for patients who experience stress from being
weakened due to illness or injury, being removed from a familiar
environment etc.
• Nurses explain procedures to patients, listen to patient's
concerns and answer questions, protect patients' privacy and ask
how patients are feeling.
• The goal is to calm them and make them feel more physically and
emotionally comfortable.

18. Health Promotion:
• Health Promotion: It's the responsibility of every nurse to
promote better health by informing patients of things such
as illness prevention methods, safe health practices and
healthy lifestyle choices.
• Nurses promote health by discussing weight and exercise
issues, nutrition, the risks of drinking, smoking and drug use,
and other self-care that increases their quality and length of
life.

19. The tasks of nursing are:
1) To promote health
2) To prevent disease
3) To help ill-person to healing (to assist healing)
4) To assist the dying patient to pass away with quietude, peace, and dignity.(to
ease suffering)
5) The client is a holistic human being, including suffering person and healthy
person.
6) The working place is not only in the hospital, but also in family, community and
whole society.
7) Nursing is not only a science, but also an art.
8) The nursing science attaches importance to human being's living environment
and the interrelation between human being and its environment.
9) The nursing science is a gradually perfect and developing science

20. Philosophy of Nursing
• A philosophy of nursing is a statement, sometimes written, that declares a nurse's beliefs, values,
and ethics regarding their care and treatment of patients while they are in the nursing profession.
Although the philosophy may seem solely academic and too cerebral to be of any use, it is vital to
approaching your profession in an appropriate manner.
• When you develop a personal philosophy of nursing, it benefits your career and the lives of the
people you provide care to and their families.
• Nursing is a profession that can make a significant impact in the lives of many. Being so, there are
certain qualities that are necessary to be an amazing nurse: compassion, honesty, and respect.
• During these present times, it is so easy to be task-oriented and constantly on the go. As nurses,
we will have multiple patients at a time, so there is potential to treat the diagnosis and not the
individual.

21. The below three qualities ensure that, nurses will provide patients with best care
possible.
 Compassion: - is a must-have quality when it comes to nursing. A nurse without
compassion treats only the diagnosis, and a person's health is made up of more than
one component: physical, social and mental wellbeing (Centers for Disease Control And
Prevention, 2014).
 Being able to empathize with patients, builds rapport, and creates an environment that
is inclusive of the physical, social, and mental aspects of health.
 Honesty: Being honest, builds trust and credibility with the patient. Patients are more
cooperative with health professionals they deem trustworthy.
 Respect: Respect is another quality that builds rapport with the patient. Patients want
to be treated with dignity and involved with their treatment. Being respectful to
patients encompasses getting to know them, their culture, and beliefs; it helps to
distinguish a treatment plan that the patient will be cooperative with.

22. These qualities are crucial in nursing because each person should
be treated as an individual and not a diagnosis.
Health includes a person's social and mental wellbeing as well as
their physical wellbeing, so developing relationships with patients is
critical in delivering the best quality of care. With compassion,
honesty, and respect, nurses will be able to create an environment
that optimizes the health of their patients

23. Objectives of Nursing
• Maintain and promote wellness, prevent illness, care for and rehabilitate the sick
or disabled through the human science of nursing.
• Reduce stress.
• Provide comfort to the client during diseases process.
• Provide service to individual families and societies.
• Work independently with other health workers assisting the client to gain
independence as quickly as possible.
• Develop interaction between nurse and client.
• Focus on a man, a living unity and man's qualitative participation with
experience.

24. Characteristics of Nursing
• Nursing is caring.
• Nursing involves close personal contact with the recipient of care.
• Nursing is concerned with services that take humans into account as
physiological, psychological, and sociological organisms.
• Nursing is committed to promoting individual, family, community, and
national health goals in its best manner possible.
• Nursing is committed to personalized services for all persons without
regard to color, creed and social or economic status.
• Nursing is committed to involvement in ethical, legal, and political
issues in the delivery of health care.

26. Thankyou