The document outlines various educational media and teaching aids that enhance learning by stimulating visual, auditory, and tactile engagement. It details principles for selecting, preparing, and presenting these aids, such as charts, models, and audiovisual tools, while highlighting their advantages and limitations. The guidelines provided aim to aid educators in effectively utilizing these resources to facilitate interactive and impactful learning experiences.

1. EDUCATIONAL MEDIA (A.V AIDS)
PRANATI PATRA

5. “Teaching aids are those sensory objects
or images which initiate, stimulate and
reinforce learning”
- Burton

9. PURPOSES
• Improve and make teaching effective
• Enable the audience to look ,listen and
learn
• Make learning interesting and profitable
• Foster the knowledge.
• Stimulate curiosity
• Use of maximum senses

10. • The student acquires clear, accurate and
vivid image during the process of
learning.
• Increase and sustain attention and
concentration.
• Save time and energy
• Stimulate thinking and motivate action.

11. PRINCIPLES
1.Principles of selection
Av aids should suit the teaching
objectives, according to the group of
learners
True representative of real things
It should stimulate interest and
motivation.

12. 2.Principles of preparation
 Locally available materials should be
used.
The teachers should receive some training
in the preparation of aids.
Students may be associated in the
preparation of aids.

13. 3. Principles of Handling
Arrangement of keeping aids safely and
also to facilitate their lending to the
teachers for use.

14. 4.Principles of presentation
Carefully visualize the used of teaching aid
before their actual presentation.
Adequate handling of aid to prevent
damaging.
They should fully acquaint .
Display properly

15. 5.Principles of Response
6.Principles of evaluation.

49. CHARTS
• Charts are the graphic aids depicting
information in the form of tables,
pictures, graphic and diagram.
• - Kinder

50. PURPOSES
• To motivate the students.
• To show continuity in the process
• To stimulate thinking.
• To present abstract ideas in visual forms.

51. GUIDELINES
• The size of letters for captions and tables be
2-3 cm
• Colour should be in contrast with the
background.
• Too many details should be avoid.
• It should be neat and tidy
• Strong paper should be used.
• One chart should be used for displaying
information about one subjects only.

54. 2. Chain chart- arrangement of facts and
ideas for expressing cycles.

55. 3.Flow chart-
it represents
the systematic
arrangements
showing
trends,
movements,
organizations
and
classification.

56. 4.Picture chart-In pictorial charts, various
pictures are collected and shown

57. 5.Graphic chart- statistical data is
presented.

58. 6.Tree chart- to
show the
development
, growth or
the types in
the form of a
tree.

59. 7.Flip chart- a set
of charts
related to
some specific
topic have
been tagged
together and
hanged on a
supporting
stand

60. ADVANTAGES
• It can be prepared in advance.
• It is easy to carry or transport.
• It stimulates audience involvement.
• It can be hang on the wall.
• It attracts student’s interest.
• It is very cost effective.
• It can be kept for the further reference.

61. LIMITATIONS
• It can be destroyed by the contact of
water and fire.
• It is more time consuming for
preparation.
• It cannot be shown to a large number
of audiences.
• One chart contains regarding a specific
subject topic.

62. GRAPH
• Graphs are the visual teaching aids for
presenting statistical information and
contrasting the trends of changes of
certain attributes.

63. PRINCIPLES
• -avoid fancy formatting
• -skip the unnecessary chart junk.
• -format large numbers where possible.
• -make effective use of chart titles.
• Sort your data before charting.

64. TYPES
• BAR GRAPH:-A Bar
graph consists of
the bars arranged
either horizontally
or vertically from an
origin base. Two
perpendicular lines
from a point (called
origin) work as the
reference lines

65. • 2. PIE GRAPH: -This is also known as
distribution graph. Pie diagram or circle
diagram. The data are presented
through the sections of portions of a
circle.

66. 3. PICTORIAL GRAPH: -A pictorial graph consists
of pictures of the same type but of different
sizes. Pictures are used for the expression of
ideas they are more attractive and easily
understood

67. 4. LINE GRAPH:A free hand smooth line through
various points indicating the instantaneous
values of two variables at various points is
called line graph

68. POSTER
• Poster may be a method of
communicating information and
knowledge and educating the public and
professional peers.

69. PURPOSE
• Popularizing a slogan
• Giving direction
• Propaganda
• To make instant speech
• To convey single ideas

70. PRINCIPLES
• BREVITY : Message conveyed should be
concised
• SIMPLICITY: Message should be easily
understandable.
• CONCEPT: Should be based on a single or
relevant idea.
• LAYOUT: Should be simple and
attractive.
• COLOUR: Should be attractive and eye
catching with suitable colours .

71. GUIDELINES
• Headings should be written in bold
letters
• Language should be easy and simple
• Attractive colour should be used.

72. ADVANTAGES
• Complex ideas and concepts can be
conveyed more easily through posters .
• Posters are very attractive and hence
they convey the message more quickly.
• Posters promote student skills in
creativity.
• They can stand alone and self
explanatory.

73. LIMITATIONS
• Poster does not always give enough
information.
• It should be dymanic.

75. INTRODUCTION
• Flash cards are a set of compact, pictured, paper
cards of the same size, that are flashed one by one
in a logical sequence. They can be self made & are
made up of chart paper, drawing paper, plain paper
using colors or painting.

76. PREPARATION
• The card should be prepared in such a
manner, that they are simple, attractive, &
colorful.
• Bold lettering& illustration should be used
on the cards.
• The number should be cards not be more
than 15 or 20.
• The presenter should be thorough with the
content of the flash cards.

80. PRESENTATION
• The presenter should give a brief
introduction to the audience.
• She should hold the card at the chest
level with both the hands to facilitate
visualization by the learners.
• She should flash the card in front of the
learners, just for a very short period.

81. ADVANTAGES
• They can be used easily for illiterate
groups.
• They attract attention & convey
messages quickly.
• They are easy to prepare, portable &
economic.
• They can be used to introduce, present
& review a topic

82. LIMITATIONS
• These are time consuming
• Not suitable for all topics
• Not effective for large groups.

83. FLANNEL GRAPH
• A Flannel board is a display board made
of wood, cardboard or straw board
covered with colored flannel or woollen
cloth and propped up on easel.

84. • Display material like the cut-outs,
pictures, drawing and light objects will
stick to the flannel board temporarily.

88. GUIDELINES
• The materials should be displayed in an
attractive manner.
• It should be clearly visible by all the
person.
• Size of pictures should be appropriate.
• Overcrowding on the board should be
avoided.
• It should be neat and orderly.

89. ADVANTAGES
• Permits the development of a complete
story.
• Permits the use of either chart or small
pieces of material.
• Materials can be packed and transferred
easily.
• Permits use of various colours, which
may be used for specific purposes.

90. LIMITATIONS
• Materials must be attractively prepared.
• Presentation is limited.
• Time consuming.
• It cant be used for large groups.

105. CHARACTERISTICS OF CARTOONS
•Cartoons should be of appropriate size so that everyone can
see them and understand the message appropriately.
•Cartoons must be drawn according to the age and educational
level of the learners to ensure their appropriateness for the
target group.
•The symbols used in cartoons must be clear and
understandable.
•Use of text must be minimal and should be meaningful.
•Cartoons should be self explanatory and instructive.
•Cartoons should be funny, interesting and humorous.

108. SPECIMENS

109. DEFINITION
• A specimen is a sample of the real
object or material.
• It is the part of the real objects taken
from the natural setting.

110. RULES FOR USING SPECIMEN
• Planning of the specimen display should be
such that simple and direct visualization of
specimen is possible by all the learners with a
great level of ease.
• Ask question from the students to elicit more
details and feature of specimen under
observation.
• The teacher must provides details of the
structure of an specimen under display and of
her clarification when and where needed.
• Teacher must ensure feedback and further
practice so that students can learn the
specimen thoroughly under observation.

111. ADVANTAGES
• Collection of specimens by the students
requires interaction with others leading to
the development of social skills and values.
• Develops observational skills.
• Makes classroom teaching lively.
• Student can get the first hand experience.
• Arouse student’s interest in learning.

112. DISADVANTAGES:-
• Time consuming
• Not economical.
• Specific skill is required to collect the
specimen.

113. DEFINITION :
• Models may be defined as three dimensional
representations of a real thing. They reduce
large objects to assize convenient for
observation and produce interior view of the
objects.

114. MATERIAL USED IN THE PREPERATION OF THE
MODEL
• Cardboard
• Plastic
• Plaster of paris
• Wax
• Wood
• Clay
• Thermocol

115. CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS
1. SCALE MODELS:- In order to form a
correct idea of an object, scale model
are used. For example model of organ of
human body.

116. 2.WORKING MODELS:-
such models are used to demonstrate in
a simple way, an operation or process.
For example the working model of
human heart.

117. 3.CROSSSECTIONAL MODEL:- such model
show inside of the object. They are
immense use in teaching of technical
objects.

118. ADVANTAGES:
• They help in stimulating a real stimulation
• It gives the learners visuals, tactic and oral
stimuli which increase the learning
experience.It can explain concept, structure
and working of parts.
• Working model will secure immediate
attentions and serve as motivation to learn.

119. DISADVANTAGES :
• The models are quite costly.
• Needs more storage space.
• They are useful only teaching small
groups.
• Require skill and talent to prepare.

120. PUPPETS
DEFINITION
• A movable model of a person or animal
that is typically moved either by strings
controlled from above or by a hand
inside it.

124. FINGER PUPPETS

125. SHADOW PUPPETS-;
• These are a special type of flat pictures
in which the shadow is seen through a
translucent screen.

130. PAMPHLETS
• A pamphlet is an
unbound booklet (that
is, without a hard
cover or binding). It
may consist of a single
sheet of paper that is
printed on both sides
and folded in half, in
thirds, or in fourths
(called a leaflet), or it
may consist of a few
pages that are folded.

131. PURPOSES
• It is an economical vehicle for the broad
distribution of information.
• Pamphlets may be given orientation about
the presentation topic to the learner.
• Give clear and brief image about the topic.
• Spread of education in mass scale.

132. ADVANTAGES
• Flexible and portable .
• Facilitates individualized learning .
• Can be reproduced in any language .
• Information can be reached to a large
group.
• They are cost effective.
• Used as health educatory material in
community

133. LIMITATION
• Presentation is very important if not
found to be attractive will be easily
thrown out.
• It cannot be used for illiterates.& It
cannot be presented for a longer time.

134. LEAFLETS
• A leaflet is simple sheet carrying helpful
information on useful themes. it is a
Single sheet of paper folded to make a
full page of printed matter.

135. A LEAFLET SHOULD BE :
• attractive
• colourful
• Illustrated with pictures
• Simple and precise
• Useful
• Self- explanatory
• Informative

136. ADVANTAGES
• Information can be reached to a large
group
• Within a short time.
• They are highly economic.
• Flexible and portable .
• Can be reproduced in any language .

137. DISADVANTAGES
• Presentation is very important if not
found to be attractive will be easily
thrown out.
• It cannot be used for illiterates.
• It cannot be presented for a longer
time.

138. SLIDES
• A slide is a small piece of transparent
material on which a single pictorial
image or scene or graphic image has
been photographed.

140. IMPORTANCE
• Easy to transport
• Easy to use
• Not costly

141. ADVANTAGES
– Easy to revise and update.
– Easily handled, stored and rearranged for
various uses.
– Arouse interest.
– They attract attention.
– Easier Note Taking
– Better Use of Class Time

142. DISADVANTAGES
• Only diagrams, pictures, photographs
and abbreviated text can be presented.
• This method requires a significant
amount of imaginative and creative
skills.

143. OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
• The over head projector is a very vital
teaching aid which has made
projections so simple and easy that it
has replaced a chalk board completely
in many class rooms.

145. PREPARING YOUR OWN TRANSPARENCIES:-
• Transparency layout:-The most important
basic principle in presentation is simplicity.
• Use a few well-chosen words, or sentences
and drive the massage
• No more than 8 words per line.
• No more than 8 lines per transparency
• No more than 25 words per transparency
• 8mm is the minimum letter height.

147. ADVANTAGES
• The use of over head projector can be quite
cheap as transparencies can be used
repeatedly.
• With an over head projector the teacher is
always facing the students keeping an eye
contact which is not possible with other
projection equipments.
• An over head projector can be used in a
normally lighted room.

148. FILMS
• Film strip is a series
of sequence slides
on a piece of film
covering a large
portion of a lesson.

149. • ADVANTAGES:
• Are compact, easily handled & always in
proper sequence.
• Can be supplemented with recordings.
• useful for group or individual study at
projection rate controlled by instructor
or user.
• projected with simple light weight
equipment.

150. LIMITATIONS:
• relatively difficult to prepare locally.
• Require film laboratory service to
convey slides to film strip form.

151. TELEVISION
• Television is a powerful medium of
communication that calls for the use of
auditory as well as visual sense of the
learners in receiving education

152. ADVANTAGES
• Television program are well planned and
presented is thus providing higher quality of
instruction.
• They are attractive thereby holding
attention of the students.
• It reduces dependency on teacher.
• Television provides in-service training for
teacher to improve their teaching skills and
methods.

153. LIMITATION
• Television is a one-way communication
device and as such it does not provide
for interaction.
• Teaching through television is
expensive.
• The learner remains as passive spectator
and not an active participant

154. VCR/VCD
• The video cassette recorder helps to
enhance the educational and
entertainment values of television.
• Effectiveness
• Duplicated for use
• Played back

156. LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)
• An LCD projector is a type of video
projector for displaying video images or
computer data on a screen.
• LCD projector are increasingly being
used in meeting ,training session
,classroom education and visual
entertainment.

157. ADVANTAGES
• It is considered very interesting and
visually attractive for the audience.
• LARGE IMAGE
• LIGHT WEIGHT
• CLASS CONTROL

158. LIMITATION
• It is quite an expensive electronic gadget
that not easy to afford.
• Teacher and faculty require technical skills
of computer and PowerPoint presentation
while using LCD projector.
• In case of power failure or technical failure,
it may cause a lot of problem, which are
very difficult to manage at the last minute.

159. TAPE RECORDER
• Tape recorder is a useful auditory aid at
the service of the teacher. it is an
effective recording instrument that can
be successfully used for teaching. It calls
for the use of auditory senses to convey
the educational message to the learner

161. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM
• A PAS is an electronic system comprising
microphones, amplifiers, loud speakers and
related equipment.
• It increases the apparent volume of a
human voice ,musical instrument
• PA system are used in any public venue that
requires an announcer, performer etc & is
sufficient audible at a distance or over a
large area.