The document discusses bioremediation of oil spills by ONGC Ltd. in Ahmedabad, India. It notes that ONGC has bioremediated over 50,000 metric tons of oil contaminated soil across 63 installations within a 70 km radius of Ahmedabad since 2006. Both in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation techniques are used, with the latter involving transportation of contaminated soil to secure bioremediation pits for treatment. The indigenous bacterial consortium Oilzapper, developed by TERI, is applied to degrade the oil in the contaminated soil through a monitored bioremediation process, with soil sampling done to test the reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbons over time.

1. Bioremediation
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Ahmedabad Asset

2. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd.
Ahmedabad Asset
Total Employees : 2700
Total Installation : 63
Total Production : 4500/MT Per Day
Total Exploration Area : 70 km radius of
Ahmedabad City

3. Oil Exploration - Technology
 Crude Oil – most important source of
energy.
 Exploration of oil involves Surveys, drilling
and production.
 The crude oil produced from wells is
transported through a network of pipe lines.

4. An Oil Rig

5. Oil Exploration – Oil Well

6. An Oil Well Producing crude oil

7. Oil Exploration - Transportation
 Crude Oil is also transported from many oil
wells through tankers.
 The pipe lines carrying crude oil are mostly
buried under ground.
 These pipe lines pass through large tracts of
country side including farmlands, ponds etc.
 With time these pipelines develop leakages
due to effects of wear/tear and corrosion

8. Pipelines carrying crude oil

9. Oil Spill due to leakage in pipelines

10. Oil Spills in the Oil Fields
 These pipe line leakages cause
environmental pollution due to oil
spills in
 Farmlands
 Water bodies
 Forests
 Water wells
 Human habitation

11. Oil Spills in the Oil Fields
 Oil spill can also occur due to several
other reasons :
 Theft and pilferages in pipe lines & tankers
 Blow out in a well
eg; BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010
 War & Terrorist activity
eg; Gulf War I in 1990-91
 Accidents in Oil Tanker ships
eg; MSC Chitra Mumbai 2010

12. Environmental Impact
of Oil Spills - Marine oil spill

13. Environmental Impact of Oil
Spills- Marine oil spill Mumbai

14. Environmental Impact
of Oil Spills - Farmland

15. Environmental Impact
of Oil Spills – Human Habitation

16. Environmental Impact
of Oil Spills – Animal Life

17. Environmental Impact
of Oil Spills – Animal Life

18. Environmental Impact
of Oil Spills – Spoiled Beaches

19. Environmental Impact
of Oil Spills – Oil Well Blow Out

20. Environmental Impact
of Oil Spills – Coastal Areas

21. Environmental Impact
of Oil Spills – Sea Shores

22. Environmental Impact
of Oil Spills
 When oil comes in contact with Land the plants
and animals die and soil loses its fertility.
 When oil comes in contact with inland water
bodies and/or ground water, aquatic plants and
animals die and water becomes toxic.
 Marine Oil Spills kills marine animals, plants and
destroys marine Ecosystem.

23. How to clean oil spill ?
 Conventional methods –
 Land Filling
 Incineration
 Natural Remediation
 Chemical Decomposition
 New Eco-Friendly method –
 Bioremediation

24. Land filling: Oil contaminated Soil/Sludge is stored in
protected concrete pits and land fill sites.
Merits: Easy and immediate solution
Demerits: Confines the pollution
 Cost-intensive and leads to limitation of land
 Risk of Transportation of hazardous material
 Natural calamity can destroy Protected
pits/ landfill sites
Conventional methods

25. Incineration: Burning of Oil Contaminated Soil/Oily Sludge
Merits: Easy and quick disposal of Pollutant
Demerits: Emission of hazardous gases like NOx, CO, SOx etc.
 Enormous amount of poisonous fly ash generated
 Safe disposal of fly ash is a limitation
 Incomplete combustion generates highly toxic and
carcinogenic chemicals eg; polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons
 Requires long transportation to incineration facility
Conventional methods

26. Natural Remediation :
By natural degradation, leaching, evaporation,
auto oxidation, photo oxidation, etc.
Merits: Cost effective
Demerits: Increases air, soil, as well as water pollution
 Degradation is a very slow process
 Hazardous and not environment-friendly
 Time consuming
Conventional methods

27. Chemical decomposition:
Decomposes Polluting oil by solubilization
or making dispersions using chemicals
Merits: Easy and Quick Method
Demerits: Useful in water body only
 Increase water pollution due to chemicals.
 Hazardous to health and not environment
friendly
Conventional methods

28. Bioremediation- Definition
“The use of bacteria and other small
organisms to clean up or reduce
unwanted concentrations of certain
substances”.
Bioremediation was first applied in 1979 at
Minnesota, USA, to treat oil spill due to leakage
in crude oil pipeline.

29. Bioremediation
Advantages and Limitations
Advantages:
 Environment friendly.
 Economical in comparison to Conventional methods
 Simple to implement.
 Bye products are simple and non toxic.
Limitations:
 Being a biological process it takes time to work.
Bioremediation

30. Bioremediation
An Indian Innovation
 The Energy and Resources Institute, New
Delhi developed an innovative product
Oilzapper in 1996 after seven years of
extensive Laboratory Research.
 Oilzapper is a consortium of bacteria which
is known to selectively consume Petroleum
Hydrocarbons and change it to simple non
toxic substances.

31. Bioremediation – An Indian
Innovation
 This led to development of an innovative
technique of Bioremediation as an
environment friendly solution to the
problem of pollution due to Oil spills.
 Since its inception Bioremediation has
found many successful applications all over
the world.

32. In 1996 TERI developed a Bacterial consortium to degrade crude oil from oil
contaminated soil/oily sludge etc. This innovative product known as
OILZAPPER was invented by Dr. Banwari Lal Director TERI (Patented Item
of TERI)
Dr. Banwari Lal,
Director, TERI, & CEO, OTBL
OILZAPPER

33. About Oilzapper
 OILZAPPER is a bacterial consortium
being manufactured in a Bioreactor
facility of TERI at Gurgaon.
 OILZAPPER also contains nutrient carrier
material and is packed in 15 Kg HDPE
bags.
 OILZAPPER is functional up to 6%
salinity and 600
C.

34. ONGC and TERI
Mr. A K Hazarika
Chairman,
ONGC & OTBL
Dr. R K Pachauri
DG, TERI
Chairman, IPCC
entered in to a collaboration and formed a Joint Venture
company OTBL in 2007 with a common goal to work for
a sustainable future

35. Bioremediation Projects in
Ahmedabad Asset
Year Quantity of Oil contaminated soil bioremediated (MT)
1 2006-07 8232 MT oily soil bioremediated in 600 locations
2 2007-08 2477 MT oily soil bioremediated in 17 locations
3 2008-09 9883 MT oily soil bioremediated in 15 locations
4 2009-10 27,614 MT at 74 locations in process
5 2010-11 Proposed 36000 MT at 95 locations

36. Bioremediation in field
 Bioremediation of oil contaminated soil/
oily sludge is carried out by either In-situ
or Ex-situ technique.
 In-Situ Bioremediation– In this
technique bioremediation of oil
contaminated soil/oily sludge is carried out
at the location of spill itself without
involving transportation. eg; Barren land
and land inside ONGC installations.

37. Bioremediation in field
 Ex-Situ Bioremediation– In this technique
bioremediation of oil contaminated soil/oily
sludge is carried out in a secure bioremediation
pit.
 Oil contaminated soil/oily sludge is transported
to these secure bioremediation pits.
 Ex-Situ Bioremediation is mainly carried out to
treat oil spills occurring in farmlands, forest
lands and other ecologically sensitive areas
from where oil contaminated soil/oily sludge is
to be removed on priority.

38. Bioremediation in field
 Secure Bioremediation Pit (SBP)
 It is a centralized place to collect
contaminated soil of near by area.
 These pits are made Leaching proof with a
liner of High Density Polythene of 500
microns laid at the bottom and side wall
boundaries.
 Once sufficient volume of oil contaminated
soil/oily sludge is accumulated
bioremediation is started.

39. Secure Bioremediation pit (SBP)
At Nawagam, ONGC Ahmedabad

40.  Ex-Situ bioremediation
 Excavation of oil contaminated soil.
 Transportation of oil contaminated soil to
bioremediation pit.
 Refilling of Excavated land with fertile
soil.
For both In-Situ and Ex-Situ bioremediation oil
contaminated soil is thoroughly mixed before
bioremediation
Field Management of Oil Spills

41. Field Management of Oil Spills
At Nawagam GGS-II, ONGC Ahmedabad
Oil spill Excavation of oil contaminated soil

42. EX-Situ Bioremediation Site
Nawagam, ONGC Ahmedabad
Ex-situ Bioremediation Site

43. EX-Situ Bioremediation Site
Nawagam, ONGC Ahmedabad
Secure Bioremediation Pit Lined with HDPE liner

44. Collection of Oil contaminated soil at SBP
EX-Situ Bioremediation Site
Nawagam, ONGC Ahmedabad

45. EX-Situ Bioremediation Site
Nawagam, ONGC Ahmedabad
Oil contaminated soil at SBP

46.  Testing of soil samples to detect initial oil
concentration as Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (TPH).
 First Application of OILZAPPER.
 Periodic monitoring of bioremediation
progress.
 Tilling of soil & nutrient addition at fixed
intervals.
Steps of Bioremediation Process

47. Steps of Bioremediation Process
 Second and third application of OILZAPPER
if required.
 Approximately 5 Kgs of OILZAPPER is
applied for every 1000 kg of oil
contaminated soil.
 Final sampling and testing of soil samples.

48. Steps of Bioremediation Process
OILZAPPER Application
Oilzapper Application at Nawagam Secure Bioremediation
Pit of ONGC Ahmedabad

49. Steps of Bioremediation Process
OILZAPPER Application
Spreading of Oilzapper at Nawagam Secure Bioremediation
Pit of ONGC Ahmedabad

50. Steps of Bioremediation Process
OILZAPPER Mixing
Oilzapper Mixing with oil contaminated soil at Nawagam
Secure Bioremediation Pit of ONGC Ahmedabad

51. Sampling and Testing
 Soil Samples are collected before and during
bioremediation to measure Total
Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH), Moisture
percentage and bacterial count.
 Samples are tested in approved laboratories
using internationally used testing methods.
 Decline in Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon
(TPH) indicates progress of bioremediation
work.

52. Steps of Bioremediation Process
Sampling of soil
Sampling of soil at Secure Bioremediation
Pit of ONGC Ahmedabad

53. Sampling in a Bioremediation site
Bioremediation site
Sampling Row
Sampling Points
1 11
2 22
3 33
4 44
Sampling strategy in a bioremediation site

54. Testing of soil for TPH
0
5
10
15
20
25
TPHValuein%
0
Days
30
Days
60
D
ays
90
ays
120
days
150
D
ays
Incubation period
TPH Concentration of Soil
1 st Row
2 nd Row
3 rd Row
4 th Row
TPH results of samples taken from Bioremediation site

55. Bioremediation Completion
 Bioremediation of Oil contaminated soil is
considered as “COMPLETE” When TPH of
Oil contaminated soil becomes <1%.
 This treated and restored soil is full of
biomass and organic compounds
 Local Plants or any other crop may be
grown on bioremediated soil.

56. Examples of Treated bioremediated sites
at Nawagam GGS-II, ONGC Ahmedabad
Before After

57. Before After
Examples of Treated bioremediated sites
at Kalol, ONGC Ahmedabad

58. Before After
Examples of Treated bioremediated sites
at Jhalora GGS-II, ONGC Ahmedabad

59. Examples of Treated bioremediated sites
at Kalol, ONGC Ahmedabad
Before After

60. Who are Using Bioremediation
 Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, UAE
 Kuwait Oil Company.
 Numaligarh Refinery Limited (NRL)
 Reliance Industries Limited.
 Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited.
 TATA Power Limited.
 Jindal Petroleum Limited.
 Oil India Limited.

61. BIOREMEDIATION - A STEP
TOWARDS A GREENER FUTURE
Thank You