Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
The ppt covers the following topics-
1. Introduction
2. Plastics
2.1 Definition and structure
2.2 Uses
2.3 Hazardous effect of Plastics
2.4 Ways to control plastic pollution
3. Biodegradation of Plastics
4. Conclusion
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
The ppt covers the following topics-
1. Introduction
2. Plastics
2.1 Definition and structure
2.2 Uses
2.3 Hazardous effect of Plastics
2.4 Ways to control plastic pollution
3. Biodegradation of Plastics
4. Conclusion
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
What is The Meaning Of Biodegradation?
A biodegradable product can dissolve easily in the environment without destroying nature. It’s the opposite of plastic and Styrofoam, which harm the environment.
The meaning of biodegradation is breaking down of organic substances by the help of other living organisms such as bacteria and microbes.
History:
The first known use of the word in biological text was in 1961 when employed to describe the breakdown of material into the base components of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen by microorganisms .
Exposure to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and selenite (SeO3−2) consider the main heavy metals that threat human health. These heavy metals can interfere with the function of vital cellular components. Soil heavy metal contamination represents risks to humans and the ecosystem through drinking of contaminated groundwater, direct ingestion or the food chain, and reduction in food quality. Bioremediation means cleanup of polluted environment via transformation of toxic heavy metals into less toxic form by microbes or its enzymes. Otherwise, bioremediation by microbes has limitations like production of toxic metabolites. The efflux of metal ions outside the cell, biosorption to the cell walls and entrapment in extracellular capsules, precipitation, and reduction of the heavy metal ions to a less toxic state are mechanisms to metals’ resistance.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
What is The Meaning Of Biodegradation?
A biodegradable product can dissolve easily in the environment without destroying nature. It’s the opposite of plastic and Styrofoam, which harm the environment.
The meaning of biodegradation is breaking down of organic substances by the help of other living organisms such as bacteria and microbes.
History:
The first known use of the word in biological text was in 1961 when employed to describe the breakdown of material into the base components of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen by microorganisms .
Exposure to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and selenite (SeO3−2) consider the main heavy metals that threat human health. These heavy metals can interfere with the function of vital cellular components. Soil heavy metal contamination represents risks to humans and the ecosystem through drinking of contaminated groundwater, direct ingestion or the food chain, and reduction in food quality. Bioremediation means cleanup of polluted environment via transformation of toxic heavy metals into less toxic form by microbes or its enzymes. Otherwise, bioremediation by microbes has limitations like production of toxic metabolites. The efflux of metal ions outside the cell, biosorption to the cell walls and entrapment in extracellular capsules, precipitation, and reduction of the heavy metal ions to a less toxic state are mechanisms to metals’ resistance.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
Biodegradation is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means.
biodegradable simply means to be consumed by microorganisms and return to compounds found in nature
Basic concepts of chemistry, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, benzene, their preparation methods, properties and uses are explained. Isomerism in alkanes and alkynes also discussed.
Hydrolysis of model hemicellulose extracts catalyzed by sulfur dioxideroryjara
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) may be used as catalyst for the hydrolysis of hemicellulose oligomers. Kinetic of xylose production is presented for different SO2 concentrations.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
5. Requirements for life
Energy
Water
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen?
Phosphate
Trace elements
http://www.abe.iastate.edu/Ae573_ast475/Stoichiom
etry_Notes.htm
6. Redox
In most cases the contaminant is oxidised (loses electrons).
For this to happen, another compound needs to be reduced
(gain electrons) to prevent electrons from accumulating.
Usually there is a chain of these redox couples with the
electrons eventually being taken up by a terminal electron
acceptor
Oxygen → CO2
Mn(IV) → Mn(III)
NO3- → NO2-
Fe(III) → Fe(II)
SO42- → H2S
H → CH4
9. Redox zones
Vadose Zone
Methanogenic Water table
Sulphate
Nitrate
Aerobic Saturated Zone
Bedrock
10. Aerobic degradation of
n-alkanes
β-oxidation
Degrades hydrocarbon (fatty
acid) chain
Removes 2 carbons at a time
Ubiquitous pathway
BUT needs O2
11. O
H2
R C C
115
C C O
112 H H2
2
Fatty acid
HS CoA
Activation
O
H2
R C C
12
C C S
H2 H2
Acyl CoA CoA
Oxidation
O
H
R C
C C S
H2 H
Enoyl CoA CoA
H2O
Hydration
OH O
R C C
H 42
C C S
H2 H2
L-Hydroxyacyl CoA CoA
Oxidation
O O
R C C
56 58
C C S
H2 H2
Ketoacyl CoA CoA
HS CoA
Thiolysis
O O
R
C
C
92
S
+ H3C
C
97
S
H2
CoA CoA
Acyl CoA Acetyl CoA
Beta oxidation (Adapted from Stryer 1981)
12. Initial anaerobic
transformations of toluene
CH3
OH
o-Cresol
CH3 CH3
CH3
Ring reduction/
Ring cleavage/
Mineralization
of Aliphatics
Methylcyclohexane Toluene OH
p-Cresol
CH2OH
Benzyl Alcohol
13. Anaerobic mineralization
of toluene
O O
OH O
H2
H
C C
CH3 C
H2C C SCoA H2C C SCoA H
H2 H H2C C SCoA
H2
Toluene Hydrocinnamoyl-CoA Cinnamoyl-CoA
B-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA
O
H2O
2e-, 2H+ 2e-, 2H+
SCoA
O O CoA
O S
H2C C SCoA
H2
CO2
B-ketocinnamoyl-CoA Benzoyl-CoA
2e-, 2H+
CoASH O
SCoA
Proposed pathway for anaerobic toluene mineralization - after Chee-Sanford et al 1996
14. Anaerobic degradation of
toluene
CoA CoA
O O O S O S
O O O
C C
CH3 H H
H2C C O H2C C O HC C O
H2 H2 H2
Benzylsuccinate Benzylsuccinate-
CoA Transferase Benzylsuccinyl-CoA
Synthetase Dehydrogenase
Toluene Benzyl-succinate Benzylsuccinyl CoA
E-Phenylitaconyl-CoA
Fumarate 2[H]
Succinyl CoA Succinate
CoA CoA
O S O S
O O CoA
HO C O C O S
H H
C C O H
C O
H2 H2
Phenylitaconyl-CoA 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA
Hydratase Benzoylacetyl-CoA
Dehydrogenase Thiolaseolase
2-Carboxymethyl-3-Hydroxy-Phenylpropionyl-CoA Benzoyl-CoA
Benzylsuccinyl-CoA
H2O
2[H] CoASH Succinyl-CoA
Proposed pathway for anaerobic toluene degradation - after Heider et al 1999
15. Anaerobic ethylbenzene
degradation
CoA
S
O O O O
CoA
CH3 HO CH3 O CH3 O CH2 O CH2 O S
H
H2C C
Ethylbenzene 1-Phenylethanol Acetophenone Benzoylacetyl-CoA
Dehydrogenase Dehydrogenase Benzoylacetyl-CoA
Carboxylase forming enzyme CoA thiolase
Ethylbenzene Acetophenone Benzoylacetate Benzoylacetate-CoA Benzoyl-CoA
1-Phenylethanol
H2O 2[H] CO2
2[H] CoASH CoASH Acetyl-CoA
Proposed pathway for anaerobic ethylbenzene degradation - after Heider et al 1999
16. Anaerobic alkylbenzene
degradation
Alkylbenzenes (T,E,X)
Key metabolites in
Toluene o-Xylene Ethylbenzene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
degradation
COOH COOH COOH COOH COOH
H3C
COOH COOH COOH COOH COOH
All seen in
CH3
CH3
laboratory/ground
CH3
COOH COOH COOH
water
CH3
CH3
CH3
Benzoate COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH COOH
COOH
CH3
CH3
CH3
COOH
Elshahed et al 2001
17. Anaerobic benzoate
degradation
O OH
O SCoA O SCoA O SCoA O SCoA O SCoA
B e n z o a t e
OH O
E3 E4 E5 COO- E6 COO-
E2
E7
O SCoA O SCoA O SCoA
C y c l o h e x - 1 - e n e y d r o x y c y c l o h e x a n e - o C y c l o h e x a n e P i m e l y l - C o A
2 - H 2 - K e t - 2 , 3 - D e d e h y d r o -
1 - c a r b o x y l - C o A - c a r b o x y l - C o A
1 1 - c a r b o x y l - C o A p i m e l y l - C o A
HO
E1 COO-
O SCoA O SCoA E11
E8 O SCoA
C y c l o h e x - 1 , 5 - d i e n e 3 - H y d r o x y p i m e l y l -
B e n z o y l - C o A 1 - c a r b o x y l - C o A
HO HO OH HO O
E9 E10
6 - H y d r o x y c y c l o h e x - 2 - e n e -
1 - c a r b o x y l - C o A 2 , 6 - D i h y d r o x y c y c l o h e x a n e - - O x o - 2 - h y d r o x y c y c l o h e x a n e -
6
1 - c a r b o x y l - C o A 1 - c a r b o x y l - C o A
E1 -- Benzoyl-CoA reductase E7 -- 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA deyhdratase
E2 -- Cyclohex-1,5-diene -carboxyl-CoA reductase E8 -- Cyclohex-1,5-diene-1-carboxyl-CoA hydratase
E3 -- Cyclohex-1-ene 1-carboxyl-CoA hydratase E9 -- 6-Hydroxycyclohex-2-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA hydratase
E4 -- 2-Hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase E10 -- 2,6-Dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase
E5 -- 2-Ketocyclohexane11-carboxyl-CoA hydrolase E11 -- 6-Oxo-2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA hydrolase
E6 -- Pimelyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Harwood and Gibson (1997) and Koch et al. (1993)
18. Anaerobic degradation of
n-alkanes
Limited range of chain lengths
No < 6 C to date
Pathways unknown
Specific to organism
May involve addition/removal of
odd number of C
Rate of dissolution may limit rate
of degradation
19. Aerobic degradation of LAB
If chain > 3 long then starts with β-oxidation of methyl
terminus/i
Ring cleavage by oxidation
R R R R RCOOH
NADH NAD+ H OH
C NAD+ NADH OH O +
COOH COOH
E1 C
O2 H OH E2
OH O2
E3 OH E4
O
Alkylbenzene Dihydrodiol 2,3-Dihydroxy- Ring fission
alkylbenzene product 2-Oxopenta-
4-enoate
E1 = Alkylbenzene dioxygenase
E2 = cis-alkylbenzene glycol dehydrogenase
E3 = 2,3-dihydroxyalkylbenzene 1,2-dioxygenase
E4 = ring fission product-hydrolysing enzyme Smith & Ratledge 1989
20. Anaerobic degradation of
LAB
β-oxidation?
Conversion to benzoyl CoA?
Hydrolytic ring cleavage?
Limited by rate of dissolution?
21. Generalized breakdown
HYDROCARBON (eg BTEX)
Anaerobic
Aerobic
?
Chain degraded by Beta oxidation
Convert to e.g.benzoyl CoA
Ring cleavage by oxygenases (add O2) Ring cleavage by hydrolysis (add H2O)
Until about 1990, it was generally considered that hydrocarbons were essentially immune to anaerobic degradation. Since than, a large number of papers have been written about the degradation of, especially, BTEX compounds. Much of this has been centred around Derek Lovley at the University of Minnesota.
If a terminal isomer of LAB were degraded via this pathway, the end result would be either toluene or ethylbenzene, depending on whether the number of carbon atoms in the original alkane chain was odd or even. However, since the pathway requires the addition of molecular oxygen (at two points in each cycle) it will not occur in anaerobic conditions. In any event, the terminal isomers are absent in synthetic LAB. -oxidation of the isomers found in cable oil may lead to one of a number of structures. This will be dependant on whether the initial chain(s) are odd or even in length, whether both ends of the chain are attacked, and on how close to the phenyl group the relevant enzyme can operate before the charge or physical size of the group interferes too much. However, -oxidation does require molecular oxygen and so is unlikely to occur in strictly anaerobic conditions.
If a terminal isomer of LAB were degraded via this pathway, the end result would be either toluene or ethylbenzene, depending on whether the number of carbon atoms in the original alkane chain was odd or even. However, since the pathway requires the addition of molecular oxygen (at two points in each cycle) it will not occur in anaerobic conditions. In any event, the terminal isomers are absent in synthetic LAB. -oxidation of the isomers found in cable oil may lead to one of a number of structures. This will be dependant on whether the initial chain(s) are odd or even in length, whether both ends of the chain are attacked, and on how close to the phenyl group the relevant enzyme can operate before the charge or physical size of the group interferes too much. However, -oxidation does require molecular oxygen and so is unlikely to occur in strictly anaerobic conditions.
A number of authors have investigated the degradation of BTEX compounds Grbic-Galic 1991
Proposed by Chee-Sanford et al 1996 Note Benzoyl CoA
Heider et al 1991 Bemzoyl CoA
Heider et al 1999 Benzoyl CoA
Benzoate
Benzoate, or more specifically, benzoyl-CoA is a central metabolite in anaerobic degradation pathways of aromatic compounds and it’s degradation is fairly well understood. These pathways are proposed from studies of the phototropic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris and the denitrifiers Thauera aromatica (Previously Pseudomona s sp strain K172) and Azoarcus evansii (Previously Pseudomonas sp strain K740) .
Aekersberg et al . were the first to show that hexadecane and other long chain alkanes could be degraded to CO 2 by a bacterial strain under sulphate-reducing conditions . There was some evidence that this strain produced membrane lipids with an odd number of carbon atoms when fed alkanes with an even number of carbon atoms. This suggests that the alkane chain undergoes the removal or addition of an odd number of carbon atoms in this organism, which contrasts with the strictly even removal of -oxidation. This even-to-odd transformation has not been seen in subsequently identified alkane-degrading anaerobes and each species is specific to a limited range of chain lengths, indicating that a range of novel pathways are used.
A generalised pathway has been elucidated for the aerobic catabolism of C2-C7 n -alkylbenzenes (i.e. terminal isomers) by Pseudomonas sp. . Alkylbenzenes with an n -alkyl chain of more than 3 carbons are initially attacked by - or – oxidation at the methyl terminus. It is possible that both methyl termini are attacked in non-terminal isomers.
-oxidation? No - needs oxygen Conversion to benzoyl CoA? Perhaps - depends on whether alkyl chain degraded Hydrolytic ring cleavage? Most likely (though possibly oxidation under nitrate-reducing conditions) Limited by solubility? May be a plus - low solubility may make for low mobility and low toxicity The most likely route for anaerobic degradation of LABs will probably be an initial attack on the alkyl chain(s) to form an acyl CoA, followed by a hydrolytic ring cleavage.