Abstract Driver seat is an important system of any automobile, it is also complicated system consists of so many parts, adjustments as well as safety systems. A seat adjustment includes height adjustment, fore and aft adjustment, back recline adjustments. Safety systems include seat belts, air bags and advanced head restraints. Generally professional driver works more than eight hours per day of a week, therefore driver seat must be designed by considering all the parameters. Also uneven road condition induces the vibration in a vehicle transmitted to driver body. Poorly designed driver seat affects the driver health and psychological conditions of mind. Three main objectives of any driver seats are safety, health and comfort of driver. This paper presents all the parameters of driver seat such as anthropometry of human, ergonomics related parameters, seat materials, safety related parameters, comfort related parameters as well as weight and aesthetics with classifications and basics of driver seat. Keywords: Driver Seat, Comfort, Safety, Health, Adjustments.
Research into automobile seat design has identified key parameters that improve comfort. Seat design must consider fit, feel, and support parameters. Fit parameters ensure the seat accommodates a range of body sizes using anthropometric data. Feel parameters minimize pressure points and maintain a suitable temperature. Support parameters influence posture through lumbar support that adjusts in height and firmness, adjustable armrests and a forward-tilting seatback. The goal is a seat with no discomfort that supports the natural curves of the spine.
The document discusses automotive design with respect to ergonomics. It covers five aspects of ergonomics, including safety and comfort. It describes using computer-aided design to simulate drivers and optimize cockpit ergonomics. It also discusses designing car controls and displays with symbols and aspects of automotive seat design for driver comfort.
The document discusses various factors that must be considered when designing vehicle seats, including:
1) Extended periods of sitting can cause back problems, numbness, and discomfort due to pressure points, so seat design aims to reduce these issues.
2) Both vehicle suspension and seat cushion design are important for reducing discomfort from whole-body vibration experienced during long rides.
3) Proper ergonomic design of seats is needed to position the driver for clear vision and control access while providing support, ventilation, and safety features. Anthropometric data on body sizes is used to ensure seats fit a wide range of users.
Study and Analysis of Automotive Seating System Riser Design & Development fo...ijsrd.com
Seat is a sub system of automobile or vehicle. It is the main aggregate in a vehicle, which impacts the visibility, comfort, safety for the occupant. H-point plays vital role in seat system design & occupant safety. As a part of vehicle development, requirement raised is to have elevated H-point to have better visibility & control for occupant. Use of carryover seat with minimum part alterations is a challenge. After studying all relative factors, it has been decided to integrate carry over seat with BIW by addition of seat riser member. This paper speaks about design and development of seat riser member for automotive seat.
- 40 drivers participated in a study that tested the comfort of two different auto seat designs (Drive A and Drive B) over 2-hour highway drives.
- The seat tested in Drive B was modified from the production seat used in Drive A based on discomfort findings.
- Measurements of drivers in both drives found that the modified seat in Drive B resulted in drivers adopting a more neutral spinal posture compared to the slumped posture with the original seat.
Objective seating comfort scores for seat design in automobiles are available to replace subjective seating comfort scores. The score is calculated from the optimized math data that defines a seat design and the position of digital human bodies sitting in the seat.
The document outlines the process and considerations for vehicle occupant packaging and ergonomic evaluations. It begins with establishing assumptions about the vehicle type and intended users. Exterior dimensions, seating position, controls layout, and visibility are then evaluated in detail. Tests are conducted to evaluate entry/exit, comfort, reach, visibility and more. The goal is to apply ergonomic principles to optimize the design for human use and performance.
J. D. Power survey reports seats in car are next to last in satisfaction despite historical high in quality. Add-on content to basic seat design does not change satisfaction rank. Since seats are for sitting, drivers must not be able to sit as they prefer. Car seat design guidelines must improve accommodation for variation in sitting postures.
Research into automobile seat design has identified key parameters that improve comfort. Seat design must consider fit, feel, and support parameters. Fit parameters ensure the seat accommodates a range of body sizes using anthropometric data. Feel parameters minimize pressure points and maintain a suitable temperature. Support parameters influence posture through lumbar support that adjusts in height and firmness, adjustable armrests and a forward-tilting seatback. The goal is a seat with no discomfort that supports the natural curves of the spine.
The document discusses automotive design with respect to ergonomics. It covers five aspects of ergonomics, including safety and comfort. It describes using computer-aided design to simulate drivers and optimize cockpit ergonomics. It also discusses designing car controls and displays with symbols and aspects of automotive seat design for driver comfort.
The document discusses various factors that must be considered when designing vehicle seats, including:
1) Extended periods of sitting can cause back problems, numbness, and discomfort due to pressure points, so seat design aims to reduce these issues.
2) Both vehicle suspension and seat cushion design are important for reducing discomfort from whole-body vibration experienced during long rides.
3) Proper ergonomic design of seats is needed to position the driver for clear vision and control access while providing support, ventilation, and safety features. Anthropometric data on body sizes is used to ensure seats fit a wide range of users.
Study and Analysis of Automotive Seating System Riser Design & Development fo...ijsrd.com
Seat is a sub system of automobile or vehicle. It is the main aggregate in a vehicle, which impacts the visibility, comfort, safety for the occupant. H-point plays vital role in seat system design & occupant safety. As a part of vehicle development, requirement raised is to have elevated H-point to have better visibility & control for occupant. Use of carryover seat with minimum part alterations is a challenge. After studying all relative factors, it has been decided to integrate carry over seat with BIW by addition of seat riser member. This paper speaks about design and development of seat riser member for automotive seat.
- 40 drivers participated in a study that tested the comfort of two different auto seat designs (Drive A and Drive B) over 2-hour highway drives.
- The seat tested in Drive B was modified from the production seat used in Drive A based on discomfort findings.
- Measurements of drivers in both drives found that the modified seat in Drive B resulted in drivers adopting a more neutral spinal posture compared to the slumped posture with the original seat.
Objective seating comfort scores for seat design in automobiles are available to replace subjective seating comfort scores. The score is calculated from the optimized math data that defines a seat design and the position of digital human bodies sitting in the seat.
The document outlines the process and considerations for vehicle occupant packaging and ergonomic evaluations. It begins with establishing assumptions about the vehicle type and intended users. Exterior dimensions, seating position, controls layout, and visibility are then evaluated in detail. Tests are conducted to evaluate entry/exit, comfort, reach, visibility and more. The goal is to apply ergonomic principles to optimize the design for human use and performance.
J. D. Power survey reports seats in car are next to last in satisfaction despite historical high in quality. Add-on content to basic seat design does not change satisfaction rank. Since seats are for sitting, drivers must not be able to sit as they prefer. Car seat design guidelines must improve accommodation for variation in sitting postures.
This document discusses parameters for designing car seats, including fit, feel, and support parameters. Fit parameters include cushion width, length, and backrest width and height. Feel parameters involve pressure, shear stress, temperature and humidity. Support parameters focus on lumbar support and body segment angles during seating. A case study evaluated three different car seat designs - one with steep wings for sports cars, one less contoured for luxury cars, and a new BMW design based on human body contour. The study objectively measured seat dimensions and subjectively assessed participant emotions toward the seats using an Emocard method. Results found the BMW design elicited the most positive emotions overall.
Robert A. Mehl has experience in seat engineering, structural analysis, testing, and design. He has performed structural analysis using FEA on automotive seats to evaluate loading conditions. He has also provided litigation support analyzing automotive crash test data. Mehl has experience designing seatbelt systems, ensuring proper strength, routing and accessibility to meet safety standards. Additionally, he led the design of a military gunner turret sling seat, meeting requirements for increased comfort, survivability, and blast performance while reducing costs.
1. The document discusses an air suspension system project completed by three students. It describes the components and workings of an air suspension system, including air springs, control valves, and compressed air storage.
2. The main types of air springs are discussed as well as types of air suspension systems. Diagrams are included to illustrate the components and setup of a typical air suspension system.
3. The key differences between air suspension and rigid suspension systems are compared, and the advantages/disadvantages and applications of air suspension are outlined.
This document evaluates the effectiveness of virtual validation methods like finite element analysis (FEA) for testing automotive seating systems. It discusses the various challenges in seating system design given the need for comfort, safety and health. A variety of physical and analytical validation tests are described, including head restraint performance, seat anchorage strength, and fatigue resistance testing. The document achieves correlations of 87-92% between physical test and FEA simulation results, demonstrating the effectiveness of virtual validation methods for seating system testing.
The document discusses the vehicle body construction. It begins by introducing the objectives of the session which are to understand how vehicle parts form the body and give an aesthetic view to consumers. It then covers various topics related to vehicle body design including the importance of design, types of bodies, body construction components, body materials, and aerodynamics. The document focuses on the components that make up the vehicle body, how the body is constructed, and the purpose of key parts like doors, hood, seats, and other interior and exterior parts.
Presentation of aesthetic and ergonomic in design of any productFaleSh ShaRma
This document discusses the importance of aesthetic and ergonomic considerations in product design. It provides examples of how ergonomics studies the relationship between humans and their work environments, focusing on areas like anatomy, anthropometry, and human-machine interaction. Aesthetics involves how a product appeals to human senses like sight and touch. The document emphasizes that aesthetic and ergonomic factors must be balanced in design to ensure usability, functionality, and attractiveness. It then applies these concepts to examples like bicycle and helmet design, noting how adjustable components and pleasing aesthetics can improve user experience and marketability.
The document discusses vehicle body engineering design considerations and construction. It covers the morphology of vehicle body structural design, including the emancipation of body designers requiring a range of skills. It also discusses early construction methods evolving from horse-drawn carriages to modern unitary construction. Design considerations include task assignment, general layout, artistic design, dummies and models, and material requirements.
Human factors and ergonomics (HF&E), also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them.
The field has seen contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, bio-mechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. The two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially synonymous
This document summarizes the capabilities of seat evaluation simulations including frontal/rear impact, seatbelt anchorage tests, child restraint systems, head restraint strength, and other tests. The simulations use standardized procedures and load cases to evaluate compliance with standards. Comprehensive reports are generated identifying critical areas, displacement/stress outputs, and countermeasures. Correlation with physical test results is also provided.
This document outlines various safety standards for vehicles from different organizations. It includes standards for frontal impact, bumpers, side impact protection, rear impact, headrests, seats, pedestrian protection, steering columns, roof crush resistance, and rollover protection. The standards are from the FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards) in the US, ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) regulations, and AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) assessments.
This document outlines various seating dimensions and specifications for vehicle seats. It specifies minimum requirements for seat spacing, seat base height, seat cushion width and depth, available space per seating position, backrest height, armrest height, torso angle, cushion dimensions, and longitudinal adjustment. Seating is divided into three classes with varying minimum requirements depending on the class.
Vehicle Body Terminology, Visibility & SpaceRajat Seth
This document discusses key terms related to vehicle body engineering including tailfins, center consoles, fascias, and other exterior and interior body parts. It also covers requirements for automobile body design such as strength, stiffness, adequate interior space, minimizing air drag, weather protection, corrosion resistance, and safety in accidents. Finally, it addresses the importance of visibility and methods to improve frontal, downward, and rearward visibility for drivers through strategic window placement and sizing.
Weber Manufacturing Technologies Inc. is a leading manufacturer of precision tooling located in Midland, Ontario, Canada. They have 135 employees and a 135,000 square foot facility. They specialize in tooling for automotive interiors, aerospace, and home/building products using processes like nickel vapor deposition. They have a history dating back to 1962 and certifications like ISO 9001:2008. Their facility includes modern CNC machining centers and equipment for machining, mold manufacturing, nickel plating, and quality assurance. They supply major automotive companies.
This document outlines 3 steps for designing comfortable and safe car seats at the vehicle concept stage. Step 1 is to use driver models and the SAE J826 ("Oscar") guidelines to evaluate ergonomics and comfort. Step 2 is to use the same to ensure safety and comfort compliance with Federal regulations. Step 3 is to optimize the seat design for different driver postures while meeting Oscar guidelines to achieve the best comfort scores. The document emphasizes that ERL's driver models are uniquely validated to design seats accommodating all drivers at the initial concept phase.
Automobile chassis and automobile bodyrudrik joshi
The document discusses the chassis and body of an automobile. It defines the chassis as the frame or main structure of a vehicle, which contains key components like the frame, axles, steering, suspension, engine, and brakes. The chassis is classified based on its control system, where the engine is fitted, and the number/location of wheels and driving wheels. The frame is the main part that supports all chassis components and the body. Different types of frames exist based on the material used and how load is transferred. The document also defines the automobile body and discusses how it attaches to the chassis, as well as different types of bodies.
This document discusses passenger comfort and safety in vehicles. It describes how vehicle safety has improved with advances in technology and regulations. It outlines two types of vehicle safety: active safety features that prevent accidents, and passive safety features that minimize injury if an accident occurs. Examples of active safety features include ABS, traction control, and collision warning systems. Passive safety features discussed include airbags, seatbelts, laminated glass, and collapsible steering columns, which are designed to protect occupants during a crash.
I am Nawaz Ali from Pakistan Sindh currently, i am studying in Mehran university of engineering technology jamshoro. I am final year student of mechanical engineering
any question about my presentation so please asked me
contact +923052643823
The simulation of a vehicles suspension system represents an important part of how the driver experiences ride quality. Without a suspension system, a vehicle acts in a stiff and uncomfortable way. The characteristics of a vehicles performance are dependent on the properties of the suspension. A model of this system would enable a manufacturer to test how certain changes to the properties change the behavior of the vehicle. This way they are able to see how the stiffness of the spring and damper in the suspension system affects the ride experience before building an actual car. This can also reduce the cost of development. The most basic suspension system consists of a spring and shock absorber and also includes the stiffness of the tire being used. More complex suspension systems consist of sensors that take into account and compensate for traction control, engine torque, steering, and braking systems.
This document provides an overview of car terminology and features. It discusses common car components like the front body, rear body, basic terminology, construction types, unibody structure, and features of the front end including the engine hood, cowl assembly, fenders, bumpers, and headlamps. It also describes interior panels, consoles, and various interior trim components. The goal is to introduce basic car construction and parts.
This document discusses whiplash injuries and Volvo's research on whiplash protection. It describes whiplash as a neck injury caused by sudden back-and-forth head movement during rear-end collisions. Volvo developed the WHIPS seat system to reduce whiplash injuries through controlled rearward motion of the seatback in two phases. Testing showed the WHIPS seat reduced neck acceleration compared to conventional seats in rear-end impacts. The WHIPS seat is designed to activate at low to moderate impact speeds where many whiplash injuries occur.
Study on Discomfort in Mobile Crane OperationIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on discomfort experienced by mobile crane operators. The study found that operators experience high rates of musculoskeletal discomfort in the neck, shoulders, and lower back. Operator discomfort was associated with poor cabin ergonomics. Twenty operators from 7 different crane models were observed. Most operators reported neck discomfort from needing to closely observe loads, followed by shoulder and lower back discomfort. Discomfort levels varied by crane model. The study concluded that crane cabins need improvement to reduce musculoskeletal disorders in operators by modifying cabin characteristics to enhance safety and health.
Static analysis of alloy wheel using ansys15.0eSAT Journals
1. A static analysis of an alloy wheel was performed using ANSYS 15.0.
2. The alloy wheel was designed using reverse engineering and modeled in CATIA. It was then imported into ANSYS for analysis.
3. Under a pressure load of 200kPa applied to the rim surface, the maximum equivalent stress was found to be 11.283MPa, below the yield strength of the alloy. The maximum deformation was 0.033mm. The minimum safety factor was 21.
This document discusses parameters for designing car seats, including fit, feel, and support parameters. Fit parameters include cushion width, length, and backrest width and height. Feel parameters involve pressure, shear stress, temperature and humidity. Support parameters focus on lumbar support and body segment angles during seating. A case study evaluated three different car seat designs - one with steep wings for sports cars, one less contoured for luxury cars, and a new BMW design based on human body contour. The study objectively measured seat dimensions and subjectively assessed participant emotions toward the seats using an Emocard method. Results found the BMW design elicited the most positive emotions overall.
Robert A. Mehl has experience in seat engineering, structural analysis, testing, and design. He has performed structural analysis using FEA on automotive seats to evaluate loading conditions. He has also provided litigation support analyzing automotive crash test data. Mehl has experience designing seatbelt systems, ensuring proper strength, routing and accessibility to meet safety standards. Additionally, he led the design of a military gunner turret sling seat, meeting requirements for increased comfort, survivability, and blast performance while reducing costs.
1. The document discusses an air suspension system project completed by three students. It describes the components and workings of an air suspension system, including air springs, control valves, and compressed air storage.
2. The main types of air springs are discussed as well as types of air suspension systems. Diagrams are included to illustrate the components and setup of a typical air suspension system.
3. The key differences between air suspension and rigid suspension systems are compared, and the advantages/disadvantages and applications of air suspension are outlined.
This document evaluates the effectiveness of virtual validation methods like finite element analysis (FEA) for testing automotive seating systems. It discusses the various challenges in seating system design given the need for comfort, safety and health. A variety of physical and analytical validation tests are described, including head restraint performance, seat anchorage strength, and fatigue resistance testing. The document achieves correlations of 87-92% between physical test and FEA simulation results, demonstrating the effectiveness of virtual validation methods for seating system testing.
The document discusses the vehicle body construction. It begins by introducing the objectives of the session which are to understand how vehicle parts form the body and give an aesthetic view to consumers. It then covers various topics related to vehicle body design including the importance of design, types of bodies, body construction components, body materials, and aerodynamics. The document focuses on the components that make up the vehicle body, how the body is constructed, and the purpose of key parts like doors, hood, seats, and other interior and exterior parts.
Presentation of aesthetic and ergonomic in design of any productFaleSh ShaRma
This document discusses the importance of aesthetic and ergonomic considerations in product design. It provides examples of how ergonomics studies the relationship between humans and their work environments, focusing on areas like anatomy, anthropometry, and human-machine interaction. Aesthetics involves how a product appeals to human senses like sight and touch. The document emphasizes that aesthetic and ergonomic factors must be balanced in design to ensure usability, functionality, and attractiveness. It then applies these concepts to examples like bicycle and helmet design, noting how adjustable components and pleasing aesthetics can improve user experience and marketability.
The document discusses vehicle body engineering design considerations and construction. It covers the morphology of vehicle body structural design, including the emancipation of body designers requiring a range of skills. It also discusses early construction methods evolving from horse-drawn carriages to modern unitary construction. Design considerations include task assignment, general layout, artistic design, dummies and models, and material requirements.
Human factors and ergonomics (HF&E), also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them.
The field has seen contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, bio-mechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. The two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially synonymous
This document summarizes the capabilities of seat evaluation simulations including frontal/rear impact, seatbelt anchorage tests, child restraint systems, head restraint strength, and other tests. The simulations use standardized procedures and load cases to evaluate compliance with standards. Comprehensive reports are generated identifying critical areas, displacement/stress outputs, and countermeasures. Correlation with physical test results is also provided.
This document outlines various safety standards for vehicles from different organizations. It includes standards for frontal impact, bumpers, side impact protection, rear impact, headrests, seats, pedestrian protection, steering columns, roof crush resistance, and rollover protection. The standards are from the FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards) in the US, ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) regulations, and AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) assessments.
This document outlines various seating dimensions and specifications for vehicle seats. It specifies minimum requirements for seat spacing, seat base height, seat cushion width and depth, available space per seating position, backrest height, armrest height, torso angle, cushion dimensions, and longitudinal adjustment. Seating is divided into three classes with varying minimum requirements depending on the class.
Vehicle Body Terminology, Visibility & SpaceRajat Seth
This document discusses key terms related to vehicle body engineering including tailfins, center consoles, fascias, and other exterior and interior body parts. It also covers requirements for automobile body design such as strength, stiffness, adequate interior space, minimizing air drag, weather protection, corrosion resistance, and safety in accidents. Finally, it addresses the importance of visibility and methods to improve frontal, downward, and rearward visibility for drivers through strategic window placement and sizing.
Weber Manufacturing Technologies Inc. is a leading manufacturer of precision tooling located in Midland, Ontario, Canada. They have 135 employees and a 135,000 square foot facility. They specialize in tooling for automotive interiors, aerospace, and home/building products using processes like nickel vapor deposition. They have a history dating back to 1962 and certifications like ISO 9001:2008. Their facility includes modern CNC machining centers and equipment for machining, mold manufacturing, nickel plating, and quality assurance. They supply major automotive companies.
This document outlines 3 steps for designing comfortable and safe car seats at the vehicle concept stage. Step 1 is to use driver models and the SAE J826 ("Oscar") guidelines to evaluate ergonomics and comfort. Step 2 is to use the same to ensure safety and comfort compliance with Federal regulations. Step 3 is to optimize the seat design for different driver postures while meeting Oscar guidelines to achieve the best comfort scores. The document emphasizes that ERL's driver models are uniquely validated to design seats accommodating all drivers at the initial concept phase.
Automobile chassis and automobile bodyrudrik joshi
The document discusses the chassis and body of an automobile. It defines the chassis as the frame or main structure of a vehicle, which contains key components like the frame, axles, steering, suspension, engine, and brakes. The chassis is classified based on its control system, where the engine is fitted, and the number/location of wheels and driving wheels. The frame is the main part that supports all chassis components and the body. Different types of frames exist based on the material used and how load is transferred. The document also defines the automobile body and discusses how it attaches to the chassis, as well as different types of bodies.
This document discusses passenger comfort and safety in vehicles. It describes how vehicle safety has improved with advances in technology and regulations. It outlines two types of vehicle safety: active safety features that prevent accidents, and passive safety features that minimize injury if an accident occurs. Examples of active safety features include ABS, traction control, and collision warning systems. Passive safety features discussed include airbags, seatbelts, laminated glass, and collapsible steering columns, which are designed to protect occupants during a crash.
I am Nawaz Ali from Pakistan Sindh currently, i am studying in Mehran university of engineering technology jamshoro. I am final year student of mechanical engineering
any question about my presentation so please asked me
contact +923052643823
The simulation of a vehicles suspension system represents an important part of how the driver experiences ride quality. Without a suspension system, a vehicle acts in a stiff and uncomfortable way. The characteristics of a vehicles performance are dependent on the properties of the suspension. A model of this system would enable a manufacturer to test how certain changes to the properties change the behavior of the vehicle. This way they are able to see how the stiffness of the spring and damper in the suspension system affects the ride experience before building an actual car. This can also reduce the cost of development. The most basic suspension system consists of a spring and shock absorber and also includes the stiffness of the tire being used. More complex suspension systems consist of sensors that take into account and compensate for traction control, engine torque, steering, and braking systems.
This document provides an overview of car terminology and features. It discusses common car components like the front body, rear body, basic terminology, construction types, unibody structure, and features of the front end including the engine hood, cowl assembly, fenders, bumpers, and headlamps. It also describes interior panels, consoles, and various interior trim components. The goal is to introduce basic car construction and parts.
This document discusses whiplash injuries and Volvo's research on whiplash protection. It describes whiplash as a neck injury caused by sudden back-and-forth head movement during rear-end collisions. Volvo developed the WHIPS seat system to reduce whiplash injuries through controlled rearward motion of the seatback in two phases. Testing showed the WHIPS seat reduced neck acceleration compared to conventional seats in rear-end impacts. The WHIPS seat is designed to activate at low to moderate impact speeds where many whiplash injuries occur.
Study on Discomfort in Mobile Crane OperationIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on discomfort experienced by mobile crane operators. The study found that operators experience high rates of musculoskeletal discomfort in the neck, shoulders, and lower back. Operator discomfort was associated with poor cabin ergonomics. Twenty operators from 7 different crane models were observed. Most operators reported neck discomfort from needing to closely observe loads, followed by shoulder and lower back discomfort. Discomfort levels varied by crane model. The study concluded that crane cabins need improvement to reduce musculoskeletal disorders in operators by modifying cabin characteristics to enhance safety and health.
Static analysis of alloy wheel using ansys15.0eSAT Journals
1. A static analysis of an alloy wheel was performed using ANSYS 15.0.
2. The alloy wheel was designed using reverse engineering and modeled in CATIA. It was then imported into ANSYS for analysis.
3. Under a pressure load of 200kPa applied to the rim surface, the maximum equivalent stress was found to be 11.283MPa, below the yield strength of the alloy. The maximum deformation was 0.033mm. The minimum safety factor was 21.
The document describes the design of a lift-up chair that can help lift fallen persons easily with minimal effort. The chair uses a hydraulic cylinder operated by a hand pump to lift the person. It was designed in CATIA V5 software and its stress distribution was analyzed using ANSYS. The lift-up chair has a simple mechanism involving a cylinder, two cylindrical rods, and a horizontal support. When the pump is operated, the cylinder extends and pushes the rods to lift the rear legs of the chair, raising the person seated. The conclusions are that the chair provides an easy way to safely lift fallen people with comfort in a short time period.
This document discusses vehicle aerodynamics and design concepts related to ergonomics. It covers topics like visibility concepts from the driver's perspective, including blind spots, forward visibility factors, and effects of A-pillar angle. It also discusses panoramic and flat windshield designs, blind spot concepts, driver seat design requirements, functions of major seat components like frames and cushions, safety parameters, and the main functions of seats, head rests, seat backs, cushions, seat belts, and airbags. Ergonomic considerations like lumbar and thigh support are also outlined. Requirements for child seat design are mentioned.
Design and Development of Humanscale Wheelchair Cum StretcherIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of a wheelchair that can convert into a stretcher. Three undergraduate students and a professor designed the device using PRO-E software. Their goals were to create a more affordable and adjustable wheelchair that eliminates issues with transferring patients between wheelchairs and stretchers. Key features of the design include easy conversion between the wheelchair and stretcher modes using mechanisms. Analysis in the software focused on strength, weight, and stability. The design was meant to improve patient handling and comfort while reducing space needs and risks of damage during transfers.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MOTORCYCLE SEAT FROM ERGONOMICS POINT OF VIEW WITH ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the design and development of an ergonomic motorcycle seat. The researchers aimed to improve rider comfort by considering anthropometric data and analyzing vibration and discomfort. They designed a new seat with a backrest and extended cushion. Discomfort was assessed using RAMSIS software, showing reductions in various body parts from the original to modified seat. Whole-body vibrations transmitted through the seat affect health, so the researchers addressed factors like ergonomic design and damping to reduce vibration exposure.
IRJET- Design & Fabrication of Chair-Less ChairIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a chair-less chair invention that allows users to sit without needing a physical chair. It is designed as an exoskeleton that fits behind the legs and can be activated to support the user's weight in a sitting position.
2) The chair-less chair uses a variable damper mechanism to engage and hold the user's body weight, relieving stress on leg muscles and joints. It is intended to help those who stand for long hours such as workers, farmers, or surgeons.
3) The device is compact and portable, giving users the ability to sit comfortably in any location without needing space for or access to a physical chair. It aims to provide relief and comfort for those who
Multi Purpose Wheel Chair for Disabled PersonsIRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design of a multipurpose wheelchair for disabled persons that allows for various functions like sleeping, eating, reading, and writing within a single chair design.
2. The chair design features adjustable heights and distances between the front and rear axles to improve accessibility. It can also convert into a bed with the sliding of the backrest area.
3. Additional components like protective boxes, trays, and tables are included to enable tasks like laptop use, eating, and carrying items while maintaining mobility for disabled users.
This document discusses a whiplash protection system designed to reduce injuries from rear-end collisions. It begins with an overview of whiplash injuries, which occur when the head is quickly jerked back and forth during a rear impact. It then describes the Whiplash Protection System (WHIPS) developed by Volvo, which controls the motion of the seat back and head restraint during a collision to limit movement of the head. The system has two phases - an initial sinking motion followed by a controlled rearward motion. It also discusses reactive head restraints that move forward on impact to "catch" the head. In conclusion, the WHIPS and active head restraints effectively reduce whiplash injuries by controlling differential motion between the
IRJET- Design, Fabrication and Analysis of Exoskeleton on Aluminium Alloy 608...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, fabrication, and analysis of an exoskeleton made of aluminum alloy 6082 for lower limb support. It was designed using SolidWorks and fabricated using CNC-VMC and DELCAM PowerMILL software. The exoskeleton is intended to provide seated assistance to workers who must stand for long periods by allowing the user to lock into a sitting position while wearing it. Aluminum alloy 6082 was selected as the material due to its high strength, low density, and other desirable mechanical properties. Finite element analysis was performed to analyze load bearing capability and factor of safety.
This document describes the design, analysis, and performance evaluation of a mechanical gyrator vehicle. A mechanical gyrator is a three-wheeled vehicle with two large outer wheels and an inner frame that can oscillate. The document outlines the subsystems of the gyrator such as the wheels, chassis, transmission, seat, and electrical system. It discusses the material selection, modeling, and analysis done to optimize the design. The goal was to develop an efficient personal transportation vehicle for disabled individuals that is stable, easy to operate, and has a low turning radius.
Design, analysis and performance evaluation of a mechanical gyratorIjrdt Journal
The project focuses on the development of an efficient and safe system for navigation for disabled people. Such a system should enable the user to control with minimum effort and should be stable in all practical situations. A gyrator is neither a motorcycle nor a four wheeler. It is a vehicle made up of an inner frame which is encompassed and supported by two large coaxially aligned wheels. The inner frame is supported by a common axle as a result, is free to oscillate back and forth relative to outer wheels. The inherent instability has limited its potential as a commercially available vehicle. But by reducing this oscillation to an optimum value by incorporating internal braking, we could make a very stable navigation system. In order to achieve motion, a shift in the centre of gravity of the inner frame is required. Two independent electric motors provide the driving torque to gearbox which drives the large outer wheels. This unique design gives the vehicle a clear advantage over conventional 4wheeled and 2wheeled vehicles as it has zero turning radius. Key word:- Inflation Pressure, Pressure switch ,Pressure guage, Solenoid control valve, DC Compressor.
Design & Development of Formula Student ChassisIRJET Journal
The document describes the design process for a Formula Student chassis. It discusses how the team used Solidworks to design a spaceframe chassis with AISI 4130 steel tubes. Key steps included:
1. Defining suspension hardpoints and the vehicle envelope based on driver ergonomics and positioning components.
2. Using software to sketch tubes and ensure proper triangulation at nodes for structural rigidity.
3. Adding tertiary tubes and performing analysis in ANSYS to optimize stiffness.
Ergonomic testing with drivers ensured the optimal seating position for visibility and controls. Manufacturing jigs and fixtures were designed to aid in precise tube notching and welding of the chassis.
This document presents a design for a 3-wheel handicapped cycle. It introduces the need for assistive devices for the disabled, as over 100 million people worldwide need wheelchairs but less than 10% have access to one. The design uses bicycle-style steering, gearing for hills, disc brakes, and other features. It is intended to be lightweight and powered through push-pull motion of the user. Diagrams show components like the steering system, brakes, internal hub gear, and dimensions. The conclusion discusses how hand cycles have evolved into assistive devices for transportation, sports, and rehabilitation.
The document describes the design and development of a seat cushion mold. It discusses the types of seat cushions used in automobiles and their advantages. The main material used is polyethylene foam, which is injected into a mold cavity to form the cushion. The document outlines the phases of the project, including the design phase where Creo software was used to design the mold assembly, and the development phase which involved machining and molding processes.
ergonomics improvement in opertor seat and controls of small tractor by srini...srinivasu gillella
This document implies about the modifications weredone on small tractors having 15hp,35hp,25hp tractors and certain standards were follwed by budhini in order to develop the seating index and control levers of a tractor in order to develop the safe working environment of a driver.
Ergonomic improvement in operator seat and controls of small tractoreSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research conducted on ergonomic improvements made to the operator seat and controls of a 15 HP tractor. The researchers first measured dimensions of existing tractor seats and controls to assess compliance with Indian standards. They also surveyed 25 tractor operators to identify pain points and areas for improvement. Dimensions of the 15 HP tractor seat and controls were then modified based on anthropometric data from the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of Indian populations as well as feedback from the operator survey. Post-modification surveys found the new seat design improved driver comfort, ease of control reachability, and visibility.
ERGONOMIC EVALUATION OF LAWN MOWER OPERATION FOR COMFORT IN RIVERS STATE, NIG...IAEME Publication
In this study a favorable relationship between Lawn mower, environment and the operator’s comfort is examined. An anthropometric survey was conducted to determine the anthropometric data in order to reduce stresses of the lawn mower operators in Rivers State, Nigeria. To achieve this, measurements of randomly selected 10 mower operators within ages of 21 to 45 including students both males and females were taken and the parameters were analyzed. The results of the 5th and 9th percentile were discussed. The average age of operator was 38 years, body weight was 67 kg, functional leg height was 846 mm, Arm reach length was 558 mm and Chest expansion was 380 mm. The average comfort rating from 10 points scales for 5th and 95th percentile were 8.3 and 9.1 respectively for comfortable operations. These values when strictly adhered to by the designer will ensure comfort ability and reduce physical stress of lawn mower operators
This document discusses an ergonomic evaluation of lawn mower operation in Rivers State, Nigeria. Anthropometric measurements were taken of 10 randomly selected lawn mower operators aged 21-45 to determine dimensions like height, weight, arm length, and chest size. The average age was 38 years, weight was 67kg, functional leg height was 846mm, arm reach was 558mm, and chest expansion was 380mm. Comfort ratings were also collected on a 10-point scale, with the 5th and 95th percentile ratings being 8.3 and 9.1, respectively. Adhering to these anthropometric values and comfort ratings in lawn mower design can help ensure operator comfort and reduce physical stress.
Similar to Design parameters of driver seat in an automobile (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 448
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF DRIVER SEAT IN AN AUTOMOBILE
Hanumant N. Kale1
, C. L. Dhamejani2
1
PG Student, Mechanical Engineering Department, JCEI’s Jaihind College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra,
India.
2
Principal, JCEI’s Jaihind College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Driver seat is an important system of any automobile, it is also complicated system consists of so many parts, adjustments as well
as safety systems. A seat adjustment includes height adjustment, fore and aft adjustment, back recline adjustments. Safety systems
include seat belts, air bags and advanced head restraints. Generally professional driver works more than eight hours per day of a
week, therefore driver seat must be designed by considering all the parameters. Also uneven road condition induces the vibration
in a vehicle transmitted to driver body. Poorly designed driver seat affects the driver health and psychological conditions of mind.
Three main objectives of any driver seats are safety, health and comfort of driver. This paper presents all the parameters of driver
seat such as anthropometry of human, ergonomics related parameters, seat materials, safety related parameters, comfort related
parameters as well as weight and aesthetics with classifications and basics of driver seat.
Keywords: Driver Seat, Comfort, Safety, Health, Adjustments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION TO DRIVER SEAT
Driver seat is an inseparable part of any automobile. Its
main function is not only to provide a seating space to driver
but also support, protect and to provide comfortable seating
posture to the occupants. Today driver seat design has been
given very importance because poorly designed seat affect
badly on human health as well as psychological condition of
driver hence increases the chances of accidents. It is evolved
after evolution of first car at the start of nineteenth century.
Following table shows the evolution of driver seats with
period and car where it is used.
Table-1: Evolution of Driver Car Seat [9]
Introduced Item Example
1890-1900 Bench Seats Philion
1900-1910 Deep Bucket Seats Thomas
1910-1915 Fold-forward Backrests Model-T
Ford
1910-1915 Consol Between Seats Wescott
1910-1915 Pedestral Seat Agro Electric
1910-1920 Swivel Seat Cole
1920-1925 Fold- down Armrest Dusenberg
1925-1930 Fore- and –aft Adjustment Viking
1950-1952 Power Seats Packard
1960-1963 Optional Head Restraints All U.S
1968 Integrated Head restraints Volkswagen
1969 Standard Head Restraints All U.S
1997 Pro Active Head Restraint Toyota
1.1 Parts of Driver seat
Driver seat is very complicated, consists of large number of
parts and mechanisms. Main parts of driver seat are frame,
padding, seat pan, head restraints system, reclining
mechanism with lever, trim (seat cover), and suspension
system, air bags, seat belt, fore and aft adjustment, height
adjustment etc.
Fig-1: Cut section of driver seat components and systems
1.2 Function of Major Components of Seat
1.2.1 Seat Frame
It is most important part of any seat over which all other
adjustment systems and components are mounted. It is made
from HSLA (High Strength low alloy steel) tube [1] [2].
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1.2.2 Anchorage
It is nothing but the space at which driver seat is mounted.
1.2.3 Seat Cushion/ Padding
It is that part of seat on which driver sit. It is soft and made
from a resilient material such as PU foam of varying
stiffness. Base and back cushions are used for seat [1] [2].
1.2.4 Seat Back
It is that part of seat which is vertical or somewhat inclined
and supports the driver lumbar, shoulder and head. At the
top of seat back generally a head restraint system is
mounted. Angle of seat back can be adjusted with the help
of back reclining mechanism.
1.2.5 Seat Adjustments
It includes height, fore and aft as well as back reclining
adjustment systems used to adjust height, fore and aft
distance and angle of back respectively.
1.2.6 Head Restraint
It is mounted over the seat back at top, its main function is
to support head also restrict the backward displacement and
protect the cervical vertebrae. There are four types of head
restraints namely integrated, detachable, separate and
proactive head restraints [1] [12]. Proactive is advanced
version of head restraint.
1.2.7 Suspension
Generally at two places suspension is used namely seat base
and seat back. For suspension springs are used. Main
purpose of suspension system is to attenuate the vibrations
from road at driver seat and his body.
1.2.8 Trim
It is nothing but outermost covering of a driver seat, made
from a cloth or leather of good quality. It has pleasant
colour, appearance as well as styling.
2. PARAMETER AFFECTING DRIVER SEAT
DESIGN
Wide varieties of parameters must to be considered while
designing a driver seat in order to fulfill the following four
criteria’s: 1. Driver seat is designed such a way that he can
reach vehicle control with clear vision. 2. Seat is designed in
such a way that accommodates the driver size and shape.
3. For extended period of driving seat should provide
comfort. 4. Seat must guard driver during accident or
collision [2].
Following classification shows parameters affecting on the
design of driver seat (see fig-2). There are main three types
of parameters such as ergonomics related, overall weight of
seat and aesthetic related parameters. These parameters
again classified into sub parameters. We will discuss those
parameters in details.
2.1 Ergonomics Related
Ergonomics is branch of design engineering applied to
driver seat design requires that we take into consideration
how the products we design fit the people that are using
them. When seat fit to the driver it gives more comfort, less
stress and maintains good psychological and health
condition of driver. Ergonomics can be an integral part of
design, manufacturing and use. Knowing how the study of
anthropometry, posture, repetitive motion, and work space
design affects the user is critical to a better understanding of
ergonomics as they relate to end-user needs.
2.1.1 Comfort Related Parameters
Comfort is feelings like relief, encouragement, enjoyment
and stable. Comfort is dependent on pressure distribution
over the seat, thermal comfort, vibration at driver body,
geometric parameters.
2.1.1.1 Pressure Distribution Over Seat
For better comfort and proper maintenance of driver health
uniform pressure distribution along the human body over the
seat is very important parameter. Pressure distribution over a
seat is dependent on the properties of cushion material such
as stiffness, deflection and design of cushion. Also it
depends on nature of loading, seat pan design and backrest
design. A proper seat pan contour distributes a uniform
pressure over seat and avoids concentration of stress in
human buttocks. Properly inclined back rest avoids stresses
at buttocks.
2.1.1.2 Thermal Comfort
It is most important ergonomic parameter on which comfort
as well as health of driver dependent. Generally seat cushion
materials (seat cover, PU foam and coconut fibers) absorb
heat from driver body any acts as heat reservoir, this
phenomenon is good for health in winter season but
responsible for un-comfort in summer season. This problem
can be overcome by using different types of seat covers
depending on seasons.
2.1.1.3 Vibration
Road surface is not uniform everywhere yet it is constructed
properly by advanced technology. Such surface is
responsible for vibrations at driver seats. Human body can
sustain 4-7 Hz frequency vibrations. Some tractor semi-
active hydraulic and active mechanical hydraulic actuators
(i.e. suspension systems) are used to attenuate vibration
transferred to the driver. Driver seat is so designed that very
less vibrations transferred to driver.
2.2 Geometric Parameters
It includes the parameters like lumbar support, backrest
slope angle, seat width, depth and height, seat pan angle.
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2.2.1 Lumbar Support
Driver works extended periods of times therefore proper
lumbar support is very important in order to maintain the
position of vertebrae. Large number of anthropometric data
is required for proper design of seat which provides support
to lumbar. Proper lumbar support can be achieved by
maintaining profile of seat cushions of PU foam material.
Fig-2: Classification of Parameters Affecting Design of Driver Seat
2.2.2 Other Adjustments
It includes other parameters apart from lumbar support.
Seat adjustments totally depend on driver body shape and
size i.e. anthropometry. Therefore seat designer must study
the huge amount of data related to anthropometry before
building a first prototype. Seat angle is also responsible for
pressure distribution over seat. Seat pan can be tilted in
between 0-100
angle depending on driver body shapes and
sizes.
Fig -3: Various adjustments of motor coach driver seat
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2.3 Safety Related Parameters
Accidentals safety to the driver is most important thing
while designing a driver seat. Safety to head, leg and entire
human body is very important. For safety of head air bags
are provided in seat and its compartments. Also active head
restraint is best device for the safety of driver neck.
2.3.1 Pro Active Head Restraint for Neck Safety
Main function of any head restraint is to provide support to
head during collision i.e. to minimize whiplash injury to
neck. This is an advanced head restraint which uses a
mechanism which activate during the rear end collision and
catches driver head. By using such head restraint reduces the
whiplash injury to neck by 10-20%.
Fig-4 Pro active Head Restraint
2.3.2 Head Safety through Air Bags
Fig-5 Position of air bags and seat belt for driver seat
Head is important part of human body, for its safety air bags
are provided at front as well as at window side, which
reduces the injuries to head during front and side collisions.
Seat belt holds the driver body on the seat. To ensure the
safety proper design of seat belt and position of air bags are
very important part of design.
2.4 Health of Driver
Long driving period affects on human body so seat must be
designed for high comfort and safety. Spinal stability is
important while driving a vehicle. A well shaped seat
cushion can support to the lumbar and maintain proper
curvature of lumbar.
2.5 Overall Weight of Seat
Weight of vehicle affects on the fuel consumption of
vehicle. In order to maintain low weight of a vehicle, driver
seat must be light in weight. Designer must study the light
weight materials and by using those materials a light weight
seat can be designed. Life of seat is totally dependent on the
quality of material used.
2.6 Aesthetic Related Parameters
Apart from strength, life, safety and materials used for seat,
physical appearance of seat is most important factor to
attract the customers and to increase the sale. Colour, shape
and size of seat are three important aesthetic parameters of
driver seat.
2.6.1 Colour
Trim is the outermost part of seat. So for better appearance
its colour must be attractive and pleasant to the eyes. Also
material of trim must be better quality and it does not absorb
water as well as does not attract particles of dust, can be
clean just by wiping out.
2.6.2 Shape and Size
Seat should be compact and well shaped so that it look
better and suit to the driver body.
2.7 Cost of Seat
In order to fulfill the need of customer in minimum cost
optimization and mass production of seat is very important
aspect. But some time cost is not issue at that time designer
can use high quality of material and all advanced safety
systems in a driver seat (e.g. Military vehicles, seats of aero
plane pilot etc).
3. CONCLUSIONS
Parameters affecting on driver seat design are very complex
in nature and require detailed study of human
anthropometry, seat dimensions, its mechanisms, materials
of seat components and its functions, safety factors of
driver, advanced systems for safety. Apart from all other
parameters safety and health related parameters are very
important.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I take this opportunity to thank all those who have
contributed in successful completion of this research paper. I
would like to express my sincere thanks to my seminar
guide Prof. H. R Mishra and project guide, Dr. C. L.
Dhamejani, Principal JCEI’s, Jaihind College of
Engineering Kuran , who has encouraged me to work on this
topic and offered valuable guidance wherever required. I am
thankful to my parents to support me while studying over
this topic.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Mr. Hanumant N. Kale is researcher
pursuing his Post Graduate (ME Design)
from Jaihind College of Engineering,
Kuran of Savitribai Phule University,
Maharashtra, India. Also he worked as
Assistant Professor.
hanumantkale10@gmail.com
Dr. C.L. Dhamejani Principal JCEI’s
Jaihind College of Engineering, Kuran.
He worked as Scientist in DRDO and
director at VRDE Ahmednagar. Also
completed doctorate from IIT Bombay in
1988.
chetan_dhamejani@rediffmail.com