This document describes the design, analysis, and performance evaluation of a mechanical gyrator vehicle. A mechanical gyrator is a three-wheeled vehicle with two large outer wheels and an inner frame that can oscillate. The document outlines the subsystems of the gyrator such as the wheels, chassis, transmission, seat, and electrical system. It discusses the material selection, modeling, and analysis done to optimize the design. The goal was to develop an efficient personal transportation vehicle for disabled individuals that is stable, easy to operate, and has a low turning radius.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Chassis for Solar Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and analysis of a chassis for a solar electric vehicle. It begins with an introduction to solar vehicles and then describes the challenges in developing an effective solar car chassis, namely maximizing strength while minimizing weight. It then outlines the various types of chassis frames that were considered for the vehicle, including ladder, backbone, and monocoque frames. The design process is discussed, including considerations for ergonomics, dimensions based on a standardized anthropometric model, and using triangulation to increase torsional stiffness. A CAD model was generated and an analysis was performed using ANSYS software to simulate front, side, rear impacts and torsion. The final designed chassis was optimized for increased stiffness and strength.
Walking E-Bike is a project which focuses on the design and fabrication of a totally new way of moving. The idea is to create economic and ecological exercise machine/transport. The bike responds to walking input on the treadmill belt and powers it. Alternative power is given to the wheel using a motor. The transmission is done using a series of chain drives. The structure is well balanced and strongly built to withstand higher loads. The motor supports the vehicle to move in difficult terrains and steep slopes.
Abstract
Primary goal of the project is to design a coconut tree climbing device for farmers and residents. It is very difficult to climb on coconut tree manually due to the constant cylindrical structure and single stem. In other type of trees there will be branches for holding and to support the climber. A professional climber with proper training only be able to climb coconut tree. Due to the risk involved, nowadays a very few are coming forward to climb on coconut trees. Most of them hesitate. Agricultural workers employed for coconut tree climbing suffer musculoskeletal disorders than any other type of injury or illness. As the educational background of Indian youth is increasing, most of the people may hesitate to come in climbing profession. Considering this scenario, a device which helps the user to climb coconut tree easily will be useful for those having coconut cultivation as well as residents who is having less coconut trees.
In this project, we aim to design a mechanism which is simple and easy to operate. For this we first made a rough sketch considering average diameter of a coconut tree as 30 cm and designed it in Solid Works. Later a static analysis was done using ANSYS to ensure its stability. After that we moved on to the fabrication part. The material used is GI steel. Three linear electrical actuators are used in this mechanism – two for gripping and one for the vertical up and down motions. Each actuator can carry up to 400kg. The analysis done using ANSYS proved the design to be safe and the fabrication was completed successfully.
Keywords: GI Steel, Linear electric actuator.
IRJET- Design Analysis and Optimization of Two-Wheeler Chassis for Weight Red...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design analysis and optimization of a two-wheeler chassis for weight reduction. The project aims to redesign the chassis frame of a Yamaha FZ motorcycle using alternative materials and geometries to reduce weight while maintaining structural stability. The current steel chassis is modeled in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS to understand its structural behavior under various loading conditions. Different materials like aluminum alloys, titanium, and composites will be considered to replace steel and reduce weight. The redesign will be optimized for minimum weight through changes to tube dimensions and shapes using modeling and analysis software.
Now-a-day’s pedal powered grinding machine is used only for grinding purpose. Also, it requires lots of efforts
and limited for single application use. Another problem in existing model is that it consumed more time and also has
lower efficiency. Our aim is to design a human powered grinding machine which can also be used for many purposes
like pumping, grinding, washing, cutting, etc. it can carry water to a height 8 meter and produces 4 ampere of electricity
in most effective way. The system is also useful for the health conscious work out purpose. The purpose of this technical
study is to increase the performance and output capacity of pedal powered grinding machine.
Design and Analysis of Pedal Box with Braking Systemijtsrd
A design process for an automotive pedal box system is presented in this paper. The work begins with a review of research carried out on pedal box system. It is followed by the process of designing a complete pedal box system. Reverse engineering process by using a steel pedal box system by use of MS Plate. The Pedal box design with proper pedal ratio and the use of single brake for both front and rear braking is designed. Md. Hameed | B. Praveen Kumar | B. Rohit | B. Surya Sai | G. Sai Kiran ""Design and Analysis of Pedal Box with Braking System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23413.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23413/design-and-analysis-of-pedal-box-with-braking-system/md-hameed
1) The document describes the design and fabrication of a treadmill bicycle. The treadmill bicycle combines a treadmill and bicycle to allow users to walk or run on a treadmill while the bicycle wheels are propelled forward.
2) The objectives are to design and fabricate the mechanism, test its performance and stability, and reduce emissions from motorized vehicles. It is intended to provide exercise and transportation for short distances while burning more calories than a standard bicycle.
3) The design incorporates a treadmill placed between the front and rear bicycle wheels. As the user walks on the treadmill, the moving belt rotates a roller connected via chain to the rear wheel, propelling the bicycle forward. Additional gears increase
IRJET- Design of an Electric Golf Cart with Batteries & Solar Panel for 6...IRJET Journal
- The document describes the design of an electric golf cart with six seats that is powered by batteries and a solar panel.
- Key aspects of the design covered include the tubular frame chassis, single-speed transmission system using a transaxle and electric motor, braking system, steering geometry, battery calculations to achieve a range of 23 miles, and the addition of solar panels to increase the range by 12 more miles.
- The goal of the design was to create a lightweight yet rigid golf cart that can perform well on grassy and concrete surfaces for use at golf courses and in the hospitality industry.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Chassis for Solar Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and analysis of a chassis for a solar electric vehicle. It begins with an introduction to solar vehicles and then describes the challenges in developing an effective solar car chassis, namely maximizing strength while minimizing weight. It then outlines the various types of chassis frames that were considered for the vehicle, including ladder, backbone, and monocoque frames. The design process is discussed, including considerations for ergonomics, dimensions based on a standardized anthropometric model, and using triangulation to increase torsional stiffness. A CAD model was generated and an analysis was performed using ANSYS software to simulate front, side, rear impacts and torsion. The final designed chassis was optimized for increased stiffness and strength.
Walking E-Bike is a project which focuses on the design and fabrication of a totally new way of moving. The idea is to create economic and ecological exercise machine/transport. The bike responds to walking input on the treadmill belt and powers it. Alternative power is given to the wheel using a motor. The transmission is done using a series of chain drives. The structure is well balanced and strongly built to withstand higher loads. The motor supports the vehicle to move in difficult terrains and steep slopes.
Abstract
Primary goal of the project is to design a coconut tree climbing device for farmers and residents. It is very difficult to climb on coconut tree manually due to the constant cylindrical structure and single stem. In other type of trees there will be branches for holding and to support the climber. A professional climber with proper training only be able to climb coconut tree. Due to the risk involved, nowadays a very few are coming forward to climb on coconut trees. Most of them hesitate. Agricultural workers employed for coconut tree climbing suffer musculoskeletal disorders than any other type of injury or illness. As the educational background of Indian youth is increasing, most of the people may hesitate to come in climbing profession. Considering this scenario, a device which helps the user to climb coconut tree easily will be useful for those having coconut cultivation as well as residents who is having less coconut trees.
In this project, we aim to design a mechanism which is simple and easy to operate. For this we first made a rough sketch considering average diameter of a coconut tree as 30 cm and designed it in Solid Works. Later a static analysis was done using ANSYS to ensure its stability. After that we moved on to the fabrication part. The material used is GI steel. Three linear electrical actuators are used in this mechanism – two for gripping and one for the vertical up and down motions. Each actuator can carry up to 400kg. The analysis done using ANSYS proved the design to be safe and the fabrication was completed successfully.
Keywords: GI Steel, Linear electric actuator.
IRJET- Design Analysis and Optimization of Two-Wheeler Chassis for Weight Red...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design analysis and optimization of a two-wheeler chassis for weight reduction. The project aims to redesign the chassis frame of a Yamaha FZ motorcycle using alternative materials and geometries to reduce weight while maintaining structural stability. The current steel chassis is modeled in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS to understand its structural behavior under various loading conditions. Different materials like aluminum alloys, titanium, and composites will be considered to replace steel and reduce weight. The redesign will be optimized for minimum weight through changes to tube dimensions and shapes using modeling and analysis software.
Now-a-day’s pedal powered grinding machine is used only for grinding purpose. Also, it requires lots of efforts
and limited for single application use. Another problem in existing model is that it consumed more time and also has
lower efficiency. Our aim is to design a human powered grinding machine which can also be used for many purposes
like pumping, grinding, washing, cutting, etc. it can carry water to a height 8 meter and produces 4 ampere of electricity
in most effective way. The system is also useful for the health conscious work out purpose. The purpose of this technical
study is to increase the performance and output capacity of pedal powered grinding machine.
Design and Analysis of Pedal Box with Braking Systemijtsrd
A design process for an automotive pedal box system is presented in this paper. The work begins with a review of research carried out on pedal box system. It is followed by the process of designing a complete pedal box system. Reverse engineering process by using a steel pedal box system by use of MS Plate. The Pedal box design with proper pedal ratio and the use of single brake for both front and rear braking is designed. Md. Hameed | B. Praveen Kumar | B. Rohit | B. Surya Sai | G. Sai Kiran ""Design and Analysis of Pedal Box with Braking System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23413.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23413/design-and-analysis-of-pedal-box-with-braking-system/md-hameed
1) The document describes the design and fabrication of a treadmill bicycle. The treadmill bicycle combines a treadmill and bicycle to allow users to walk or run on a treadmill while the bicycle wheels are propelled forward.
2) The objectives are to design and fabricate the mechanism, test its performance and stability, and reduce emissions from motorized vehicles. It is intended to provide exercise and transportation for short distances while burning more calories than a standard bicycle.
3) The design incorporates a treadmill placed between the front and rear bicycle wheels. As the user walks on the treadmill, the moving belt rotates a roller connected via chain to the rear wheel, propelling the bicycle forward. Additional gears increase
IRJET- Design of an Electric Golf Cart with Batteries & Solar Panel for 6...IRJET Journal
- The document describes the design of an electric golf cart with six seats that is powered by batteries and a solar panel.
- Key aspects of the design covered include the tubular frame chassis, single-speed transmission system using a transaxle and electric motor, braking system, steering geometry, battery calculations to achieve a range of 23 miles, and the addition of solar panels to increase the range by 12 more miles.
- The goal of the design was to create a lightweight yet rigid golf cart that can perform well on grassy and concrete surfaces for use at golf courses and in the hospitality industry.
IRJET- Design and Optimization of LoopwheelIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and optimization of a loop wheel bicycle wheel. The loop wheel aims to provide more comfort than traditional wheels by absorbing more vibrations. It consists of an aluminum hub connected to three carbon fiber loops by triangular aluminum joints. Finite element analysis was conducted to analyze stress and deformation under dynamic loading conditions. The analysis showed the design can withstand loads equivalent to a 100kg person riding at 10m/s while maintaining structural integrity. The goal of the design is to create a more affordable version of an existing loop wheel design using alternative materials.
This document summarizes the design and development of a multi-operation machine capable of performing shaping, cutting, and grinding operations simultaneously. The machine uses a scotch yoke mechanism and belt and pulley system to transmit power from an electric motor to rotating cutting, grinding, and shaping tools. The objectives are to reduce production time and costs for manufacturing industries by enabling multiple machining operations to occur at once. Components of the machine include an electric motor, pulleys, belts, cutting tool, cutting wheel, and grinding wheel. Calculations are provided for the cutting and material removal rates of the different operations.
1. The document discusses a study on modeling and analyzing a disc brake system with dual caliper action using SolidWorks finite element analysis software.
2. It aims to compare the displacement, stresses, and strains of an automobile disc brake system with single versus dual caliper design at different vehicle speeds.
3. The dual caliper design activates a second caliper at higher speeds to increase braking efficiency, with the caliper actions controlled by the vehicle's electronic control unit based on speed.
The goal of the project is to design an electric bike which is suitable for use as a daily commuter. The electric bike is powered by a 2 KW BLDC 48Volts motor with peak rotational speed of 3000 RPM. The rear wheel of the bike is chain driven. By considering factors like power density, weight and cost, Lithium ion batteries of type LiFePO4 Lithium iron phosphate are best suited for electric bike. The position of driver is very crucial as it affects center of gravity, weight distribution and ergonomics of the driver. The sub components of an electric bike are as follows chassis, prime power, propulsion, displays and controls. The modelling software used to develop the frame is Solid works and using solid works various FEA are carried out. The frame structure should be optimized for having a strong and light weight structure by considering load paths, bending moments and stress concentration. B. Praveen Kumar | B. Sushma | Amith.G | Ch. Akhileshwar Reddy | L. Vishal Patel ""Design and Analysis of Electric Bike"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23310.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23310/design-and-analysis-of-electric-bike/b-praveen-kumar
IRJET- Structural and Material Analysis of an Automobile Wheel Rim using ANSYSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a structural and material analysis of an automobile wheel rim using ANSYS software. A 3D model of a standard 17-inch wheel rim was created in SolidWorks and then imported into ANSYS for analysis. The rim was analyzed using four different materials: steel, titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, and aluminum alloy. For each material, the total deformation, equivalent elastic strain, and equivalent stress were calculated when a pressure of 0.34474 MPa was applied to the rim surface. The results showed aluminum alloy experienced the least deformation while steel experienced the least strain and stress. In conclusion, aluminum alloy was determined to be the best material for wheel rims out of the materials analyzed due to its strength properties and cost
Explicit Dynamic Analysis of Automotive Bus Body Structure During Catastrophi...Davalsab M.L
According to the Accidents investigation for buses and Automotive, Accidents involving frontal crash creates a vital portion among all bus accidents. Through this sort accidents, front body of the bus structure gets severely damages and this puts the drivers and crew in more injury risk. And most of the frontal crash accidents ends up in the death of the driver, as a result of this, the protection of each the driver and also the crew ought to be ensured within the case of frontal crash accidents. To providing the driver safety is crucial since bus driver is that the key person for keeping the control of the bus within the event of accidents in order to that safety of the passengers are going to be ensured.
Design and Analysis of Go Kart Chassis for Front, Side and Rear Impactijtsrd
This paper deals with Go kart chassis building with the help of modelling software CATIA V15 and analysis of the same for front, side and rear impact. The cassis has been designed for light weight profile and engine mounting of capacity 135cc. The go kart vehicle is meant for participation in various Go kart event organized all over the India. The preliminary test for these events is checking of 3 D model of the chassis frame and analysis of the same chassis frame under front, side and rear impact. During collision the chassis is under impact loading conditions so it has to be thoroughly analyzed for impact loads. The studies found below shades some light on how the chassis behaves under impact loading conditions. Chassis is made up of a tubular cross section pipe, fabricated assembly of EN8 grade and a few other grades. In this kart, we have used EN8 class tube with 1 inch diameter and 1.5 mm wall thickness. The results obtained for permissible stresses, Factor of safety and deformation are found to be well within range. This makes the chassis suitable for Go kart events. The main criteria that has been focused here is maximum deformation and stress. The stresses should be well within Von mises stress range and so as the Factor of safety. After analysis, both are found to be well within range. Chetan Mahatme | Pratik Lande | Surendra Nagpure | Abhishek Pawar | Nikhil Kharabe ""Design and Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis for Front, Side and Rear Impact"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22973.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/22973/design-and-analysis-of-go-kart-chassis-for-front-side-and-rear-impact/chetan-mahatme
IRJET - Designing and Prototype Building of Self-Balancing ‘Electric Uni-...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, prototype building, and testing of an electric self-balancing unicycle called the Electric Uni-wheeler (EUW). The EUW uses a gyroscope sensor to detect the vehicle's angle and a microcontroller to control the hub motor, allowing it to balance on a single wheel. Key aspects summarized are:
1) The EUW uses a 350W hub motor powered by lead-acid batteries that can reach speeds up to 25 km/h.
2) A gyroscope sensor reports the vehicle's angle to a microcontroller which controls the hub motor speed and direction to maintain balance.
3) CAD software was used to design the frame from chromoly steel and analyze it
Modeling, simulation and optimization analysis of steering knuckle component ...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that modeled, simulated, and optimized the design of a steering knuckle component for a race car. Five initial CAD models of the steering knuckle were created and analyzed using finite element analysis to determine stresses, displacements, and weights. The best design was then optimized using shape optimization software to reduce weight while maintaining strength. The optimized design achieved a 45.8% reduction in mass while still meeting strength requirements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes stress analysis performed on an automobile steering knuckle. It first describes the modeling of the steering knuckle using CAD software and applying loads equivalent to real-world conditions. A finite element analysis is then carried out to determine stress distributions and areas of high stress. The results show maximum stress concentrations that need to be considered in the steering knuckle design to avoid frequent failures and improve reliability.
In the existing automobile market which is growing, the competition for better automobile in climbing up enormously. The racing fans involved will surely know the importance of a good brake system not only for safety but also for staying competitive in every race though Brake is the key factor for safety. Braking is a process which converts the kinetic energy of the automobile into mechanical energy for arresting the rotation of the road wheels which must be dissipated in the form of heat.
An Analysis for Improving Performance of Train Brake Pad by using CAD and CAE...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes improving the performance of train brake pads through computer-aided engineering (CAE) and design (CAD) software. It discusses how train brakes currently use friction between the brake pad and wheel to convert kinetic energy to heat and slow the train. However, existing non-asbestos brake pads face issues like thermal cracks from high stress. The study aims to minimize stress and cracks by modifying pad material and design, such as adding a ceramic coating. It outlines analyzing the current pad design in CAD software and virtually testing new designs using finite element analysis for improved braking efficiency and durability.
Design & Analysis of Composite Shaft of Passenger VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of a composite drive shaft for a passenger vehicle to reduce weight. It begins with an introduction that describes the purpose and functions of a drive shaft. It then reviews previous research on composite drive shafts. The document goes on to discuss the design of a conventional steel drive shaft based on specifications like withstanding a torque of 3,500 Nm and having a natural frequency over 6,500 rpm. Finite element analysis software is then used to analyze and optimize a composite drive shaft made of materials like carbon fiber, glass fiber, and epoxy resin to minimize weight while meeting the design constraints. Results of the composite drive shaft analysis are compared to the steel drive shaft design and previous theoretical results.
IRJET- Model and Structural Analysis of Two-Wheeler (Motorcycle) Rim using AN...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that models and analyzes the structural performance of a motorcycle wheel rim made of different materials using ANSYS software. The researchers first modeled and analyzed an aluminum alloy wheel rim. They then modeled the rim using various composite materials, including polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and PEEK reinforced with glass fibers or carbon fibers. Their analysis found that composite material rims, especially those made of PEEK, experienced less deformation and lower equivalent stresses than the aluminum alloy rim under the same loads. A modified rim design further reduced stresses and deformation. The study concludes that PEEK is the best material to replace aluminum for motorcycle wheel rims as it significantly reduces weight while maintaining sufficient strength.
Structural and Fatigue Analysis of Two Wheeler Lighter Weight Alloy WheelIOSR Journals
Importance of wheel in the automobile is obvious. The vehicle may be towed without the engine but
at the same time even that is also not possible without the wheels, the wheels along the tire has to carry the
vehicle load, provide cushioning effect and cope with the steering control. Generally wheel spokes are the
supports consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim. The most commonly used materials
for making Wheel spokes are with features of excellent lightness, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance,
characteristics of casting, low temperature, high damping property, machine processing and recycling, etc. This
metal main advantage is reduced weight, high accuracy and design choices of the wheel. This metal is useful for
energy conservation because it is possible to re-cycle. Spokes make vehicles look great but at the same time they
require attention in maintenance. To perform their functions best, the spokes must be kept under the right
amount of tension. The two main types of motorcycle rims are solid wheels, in which case the rim and spokes
are all cast as one unit and the other spoke wheels, where the motorcycle rims are laced with spokes. These
types of wheels require unusually high spoke tension, since the load is carried by fewer spokes. If a spoke does
break, the wheel generally becomes instantly unridable also the hub may break. Presently, for motor-cycles
Aluminium alloy wheels are used, currently now replacing by new magnesium alloy due its better properties
than Al-alloy. An important implication of this paper or the problem stated here is to “analyse the stress and the
displacement distribution comparing the results obtained”. In addition, this work extends Proper analysis of the
wheel plays an important role for the safety of the rider. This paper deals with the static &fatigue analysis of the
wheel. The present work attempts to analyse the safe load of the alloy wheel, which will indicate the safe drive is
possible. A typical alloy wheel configuration of Suzuki GS150R commercial vehicle is chosen for study. Finite
element analysis has been carried out to determine the safe stresses and pay loads
IRJET - A Dynamic Model and Analysis of Innovative E-BikeIRJET Journal
This document presents the design and analysis of an innovative e-bike. Key features of the e-bike include a spring shock absorber, MOSFET circuit, and Shimano 7-gear drive system. The frame design incorporates a 4-bar linkage spring mechanism to absorb shock and vibrations. The e-bike can recharge itself during use via a dynamo and MOSFET circuit, reducing dependency on non-renewable fuels. Analyses are presented on motor sizing, shaft stresses, sprocket sizes, chain tensions, and battery charging time. The e-bike aims to provide convenient transportation while reducing traffic, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fatigue or Durability Analysis of Steering Knuckleijsrd.com
This document discusses fatigue or durability analysis of steering knuckles. It explains that structural components like steering knuckles need to withstand constant fluctuating loads over time. Fatigue analysis evaluates failure based on repeated loading rather than just material strength. Steering knuckles experience multiaxial loads from multiple directions from components like the strut mount, lower ball joint, and steering rod. Accurately analyzing fatigue damage requires identifying these multiaxial stresses. The document aims to analyze the random loads acting on a vehicle's steering knuckle under unstable road conditions.
IRJET-Springless Type Magnetic SuspensionIRJET Journal
This document describes a springless magnetic suspension system. Some key points:
- It uses permanent magnets arranged in a repulsion configuration to levitate and support a pipe without physical contact.
- The suspension has two main parts - the magnet assembly and a frame. Links connect the magnet assembly to a lever on the frame.
- Testing showed the suspension's stiffness could be varied from 1.3-2.6 N/mm depending on the applied load, providing cushioning.
- Magnetic suspension offers advantages over traditional springs like less vibration and flexibility to adjust damping for different needs. It provides a smoother, more comfortable ride than other suspension types.
Analysis of turbocharger performance for jet assisted vertical takeoff and la...Ijrdt Journal
This paper gives a brief analysis on the performance parameters of a Turbocharger, by fabricating a separate combustion chamber and mocking the working of a jet engine. Parameters such as variation of specific heat, dimensionless flow parameters, variation of turbulence, conductivity, thrust developed etc are studied using simulation of the model, and compared with the actual working of the prototype. It can be conveniently proposed from the experiment that turbocharger can be used effectively for developing vertical take-off assist.
Improved performance through carbon aware green cloud policyIjrdt Journal
Cloud computing and Green computing are two most emergent areas in information communication technology (ICT) with immense applications in the entire globe. Due to tremendous improvements in computer networks, the people prefer the Network-based computing instead of doing something in an in-house based computing. In any business sectors, daily business and individual computing are now migrating from individual hard drives to internet servers. Therefore more and more companies are investing in building large datacenters to host Cloud services. These datacenters not only consume huge amount of energy but are also very complex in the infrastructure itself. Certain studies propose to make these datacenters energy efficient by using technologies such as virtualization and consolidation. These solutions are mostly cost driven and thus, do not directly address the critical impact on the environmental sustainability in terms of CO2 emissions. Hence, in this work, we propose a user-oriented Cloud architectural framework, i.e. Carbon Aware Green Cloud Architecture, which addresses this environmental problem from the overall usage of Cloud Computing resources.
IRJET- Design and Optimization of LoopwheelIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and optimization of a loop wheel bicycle wheel. The loop wheel aims to provide more comfort than traditional wheels by absorbing more vibrations. It consists of an aluminum hub connected to three carbon fiber loops by triangular aluminum joints. Finite element analysis was conducted to analyze stress and deformation under dynamic loading conditions. The analysis showed the design can withstand loads equivalent to a 100kg person riding at 10m/s while maintaining structural integrity. The goal of the design is to create a more affordable version of an existing loop wheel design using alternative materials.
This document summarizes the design and development of a multi-operation machine capable of performing shaping, cutting, and grinding operations simultaneously. The machine uses a scotch yoke mechanism and belt and pulley system to transmit power from an electric motor to rotating cutting, grinding, and shaping tools. The objectives are to reduce production time and costs for manufacturing industries by enabling multiple machining operations to occur at once. Components of the machine include an electric motor, pulleys, belts, cutting tool, cutting wheel, and grinding wheel. Calculations are provided for the cutting and material removal rates of the different operations.
1. The document discusses a study on modeling and analyzing a disc brake system with dual caliper action using SolidWorks finite element analysis software.
2. It aims to compare the displacement, stresses, and strains of an automobile disc brake system with single versus dual caliper design at different vehicle speeds.
3. The dual caliper design activates a second caliper at higher speeds to increase braking efficiency, with the caliper actions controlled by the vehicle's electronic control unit based on speed.
The goal of the project is to design an electric bike which is suitable for use as a daily commuter. The electric bike is powered by a 2 KW BLDC 48Volts motor with peak rotational speed of 3000 RPM. The rear wheel of the bike is chain driven. By considering factors like power density, weight and cost, Lithium ion batteries of type LiFePO4 Lithium iron phosphate are best suited for electric bike. The position of driver is very crucial as it affects center of gravity, weight distribution and ergonomics of the driver. The sub components of an electric bike are as follows chassis, prime power, propulsion, displays and controls. The modelling software used to develop the frame is Solid works and using solid works various FEA are carried out. The frame structure should be optimized for having a strong and light weight structure by considering load paths, bending moments and stress concentration. B. Praveen Kumar | B. Sushma | Amith.G | Ch. Akhileshwar Reddy | L. Vishal Patel ""Design and Analysis of Electric Bike"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23310.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23310/design-and-analysis-of-electric-bike/b-praveen-kumar
IRJET- Structural and Material Analysis of an Automobile Wheel Rim using ANSYSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a structural and material analysis of an automobile wheel rim using ANSYS software. A 3D model of a standard 17-inch wheel rim was created in SolidWorks and then imported into ANSYS for analysis. The rim was analyzed using four different materials: steel, titanium alloy, magnesium alloy, and aluminum alloy. For each material, the total deformation, equivalent elastic strain, and equivalent stress were calculated when a pressure of 0.34474 MPa was applied to the rim surface. The results showed aluminum alloy experienced the least deformation while steel experienced the least strain and stress. In conclusion, aluminum alloy was determined to be the best material for wheel rims out of the materials analyzed due to its strength properties and cost
Explicit Dynamic Analysis of Automotive Bus Body Structure During Catastrophi...Davalsab M.L
According to the Accidents investigation for buses and Automotive, Accidents involving frontal crash creates a vital portion among all bus accidents. Through this sort accidents, front body of the bus structure gets severely damages and this puts the drivers and crew in more injury risk. And most of the frontal crash accidents ends up in the death of the driver, as a result of this, the protection of each the driver and also the crew ought to be ensured within the case of frontal crash accidents. To providing the driver safety is crucial since bus driver is that the key person for keeping the control of the bus within the event of accidents in order to that safety of the passengers are going to be ensured.
Design and Analysis of Go Kart Chassis for Front, Side and Rear Impactijtsrd
This paper deals with Go kart chassis building with the help of modelling software CATIA V15 and analysis of the same for front, side and rear impact. The cassis has been designed for light weight profile and engine mounting of capacity 135cc. The go kart vehicle is meant for participation in various Go kart event organized all over the India. The preliminary test for these events is checking of 3 D model of the chassis frame and analysis of the same chassis frame under front, side and rear impact. During collision the chassis is under impact loading conditions so it has to be thoroughly analyzed for impact loads. The studies found below shades some light on how the chassis behaves under impact loading conditions. Chassis is made up of a tubular cross section pipe, fabricated assembly of EN8 grade and a few other grades. In this kart, we have used EN8 class tube with 1 inch diameter and 1.5 mm wall thickness. The results obtained for permissible stresses, Factor of safety and deformation are found to be well within range. This makes the chassis suitable for Go kart events. The main criteria that has been focused here is maximum deformation and stress. The stresses should be well within Von mises stress range and so as the Factor of safety. After analysis, both are found to be well within range. Chetan Mahatme | Pratik Lande | Surendra Nagpure | Abhishek Pawar | Nikhil Kharabe ""Design and Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis for Front, Side and Rear Impact"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22973.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/22973/design-and-analysis-of-go-kart-chassis-for-front-side-and-rear-impact/chetan-mahatme
IRJET - Designing and Prototype Building of Self-Balancing ‘Electric Uni-...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, prototype building, and testing of an electric self-balancing unicycle called the Electric Uni-wheeler (EUW). The EUW uses a gyroscope sensor to detect the vehicle's angle and a microcontroller to control the hub motor, allowing it to balance on a single wheel. Key aspects summarized are:
1) The EUW uses a 350W hub motor powered by lead-acid batteries that can reach speeds up to 25 km/h.
2) A gyroscope sensor reports the vehicle's angle to a microcontroller which controls the hub motor speed and direction to maintain balance.
3) CAD software was used to design the frame from chromoly steel and analyze it
Modeling, simulation and optimization analysis of steering knuckle component ...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that modeled, simulated, and optimized the design of a steering knuckle component for a race car. Five initial CAD models of the steering knuckle were created and analyzed using finite element analysis to determine stresses, displacements, and weights. The best design was then optimized using shape optimization software to reduce weight while maintaining strength. The optimized design achieved a 45.8% reduction in mass while still meeting strength requirements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes stress analysis performed on an automobile steering knuckle. It first describes the modeling of the steering knuckle using CAD software and applying loads equivalent to real-world conditions. A finite element analysis is then carried out to determine stress distributions and areas of high stress. The results show maximum stress concentrations that need to be considered in the steering knuckle design to avoid frequent failures and improve reliability.
In the existing automobile market which is growing, the competition for better automobile in climbing up enormously. The racing fans involved will surely know the importance of a good brake system not only for safety but also for staying competitive in every race though Brake is the key factor for safety. Braking is a process which converts the kinetic energy of the automobile into mechanical energy for arresting the rotation of the road wheels which must be dissipated in the form of heat.
An Analysis for Improving Performance of Train Brake Pad by using CAD and CAE...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes improving the performance of train brake pads through computer-aided engineering (CAE) and design (CAD) software. It discusses how train brakes currently use friction between the brake pad and wheel to convert kinetic energy to heat and slow the train. However, existing non-asbestos brake pads face issues like thermal cracks from high stress. The study aims to minimize stress and cracks by modifying pad material and design, such as adding a ceramic coating. It outlines analyzing the current pad design in CAD software and virtually testing new designs using finite element analysis for improved braking efficiency and durability.
Design & Analysis of Composite Shaft of Passenger VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of a composite drive shaft for a passenger vehicle to reduce weight. It begins with an introduction that describes the purpose and functions of a drive shaft. It then reviews previous research on composite drive shafts. The document goes on to discuss the design of a conventional steel drive shaft based on specifications like withstanding a torque of 3,500 Nm and having a natural frequency over 6,500 rpm. Finite element analysis software is then used to analyze and optimize a composite drive shaft made of materials like carbon fiber, glass fiber, and epoxy resin to minimize weight while meeting the design constraints. Results of the composite drive shaft analysis are compared to the steel drive shaft design and previous theoretical results.
IRJET- Model and Structural Analysis of Two-Wheeler (Motorcycle) Rim using AN...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that models and analyzes the structural performance of a motorcycle wheel rim made of different materials using ANSYS software. The researchers first modeled and analyzed an aluminum alloy wheel rim. They then modeled the rim using various composite materials, including polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and PEEK reinforced with glass fibers or carbon fibers. Their analysis found that composite material rims, especially those made of PEEK, experienced less deformation and lower equivalent stresses than the aluminum alloy rim under the same loads. A modified rim design further reduced stresses and deformation. The study concludes that PEEK is the best material to replace aluminum for motorcycle wheel rims as it significantly reduces weight while maintaining sufficient strength.
Structural and Fatigue Analysis of Two Wheeler Lighter Weight Alloy WheelIOSR Journals
Importance of wheel in the automobile is obvious. The vehicle may be towed without the engine but
at the same time even that is also not possible without the wheels, the wheels along the tire has to carry the
vehicle load, provide cushioning effect and cope with the steering control. Generally wheel spokes are the
supports consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim. The most commonly used materials
for making Wheel spokes are with features of excellent lightness, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance,
characteristics of casting, low temperature, high damping property, machine processing and recycling, etc. This
metal main advantage is reduced weight, high accuracy and design choices of the wheel. This metal is useful for
energy conservation because it is possible to re-cycle. Spokes make vehicles look great but at the same time they
require attention in maintenance. To perform their functions best, the spokes must be kept under the right
amount of tension. The two main types of motorcycle rims are solid wheels, in which case the rim and spokes
are all cast as one unit and the other spoke wheels, where the motorcycle rims are laced with spokes. These
types of wheels require unusually high spoke tension, since the load is carried by fewer spokes. If a spoke does
break, the wheel generally becomes instantly unridable also the hub may break. Presently, for motor-cycles
Aluminium alloy wheels are used, currently now replacing by new magnesium alloy due its better properties
than Al-alloy. An important implication of this paper or the problem stated here is to “analyse the stress and the
displacement distribution comparing the results obtained”. In addition, this work extends Proper analysis of the
wheel plays an important role for the safety of the rider. This paper deals with the static &fatigue analysis of the
wheel. The present work attempts to analyse the safe load of the alloy wheel, which will indicate the safe drive is
possible. A typical alloy wheel configuration of Suzuki GS150R commercial vehicle is chosen for study. Finite
element analysis has been carried out to determine the safe stresses and pay loads
IRJET - A Dynamic Model and Analysis of Innovative E-BikeIRJET Journal
This document presents the design and analysis of an innovative e-bike. Key features of the e-bike include a spring shock absorber, MOSFET circuit, and Shimano 7-gear drive system. The frame design incorporates a 4-bar linkage spring mechanism to absorb shock and vibrations. The e-bike can recharge itself during use via a dynamo and MOSFET circuit, reducing dependency on non-renewable fuels. Analyses are presented on motor sizing, shaft stresses, sprocket sizes, chain tensions, and battery charging time. The e-bike aims to provide convenient transportation while reducing traffic, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fatigue or Durability Analysis of Steering Knuckleijsrd.com
This document discusses fatigue or durability analysis of steering knuckles. It explains that structural components like steering knuckles need to withstand constant fluctuating loads over time. Fatigue analysis evaluates failure based on repeated loading rather than just material strength. Steering knuckles experience multiaxial loads from multiple directions from components like the strut mount, lower ball joint, and steering rod. Accurately analyzing fatigue damage requires identifying these multiaxial stresses. The document aims to analyze the random loads acting on a vehicle's steering knuckle under unstable road conditions.
IRJET-Springless Type Magnetic SuspensionIRJET Journal
This document describes a springless magnetic suspension system. Some key points:
- It uses permanent magnets arranged in a repulsion configuration to levitate and support a pipe without physical contact.
- The suspension has two main parts - the magnet assembly and a frame. Links connect the magnet assembly to a lever on the frame.
- Testing showed the suspension's stiffness could be varied from 1.3-2.6 N/mm depending on the applied load, providing cushioning.
- Magnetic suspension offers advantages over traditional springs like less vibration and flexibility to adjust damping for different needs. It provides a smoother, more comfortable ride than other suspension types.
Analysis of turbocharger performance for jet assisted vertical takeoff and la...Ijrdt Journal
This paper gives a brief analysis on the performance parameters of a Turbocharger, by fabricating a separate combustion chamber and mocking the working of a jet engine. Parameters such as variation of specific heat, dimensionless flow parameters, variation of turbulence, conductivity, thrust developed etc are studied using simulation of the model, and compared with the actual working of the prototype. It can be conveniently proposed from the experiment that turbocharger can be used effectively for developing vertical take-off assist.
Improved performance through carbon aware green cloud policyIjrdt Journal
Cloud computing and Green computing are two most emergent areas in information communication technology (ICT) with immense applications in the entire globe. Due to tremendous improvements in computer networks, the people prefer the Network-based computing instead of doing something in an in-house based computing. In any business sectors, daily business and individual computing are now migrating from individual hard drives to internet servers. Therefore more and more companies are investing in building large datacenters to host Cloud services. These datacenters not only consume huge amount of energy but are also very complex in the infrastructure itself. Certain studies propose to make these datacenters energy efficient by using technologies such as virtualization and consolidation. These solutions are mostly cost driven and thus, do not directly address the critical impact on the environmental sustainability in terms of CO2 emissions. Hence, in this work, we propose a user-oriented Cloud architectural framework, i.e. Carbon Aware Green Cloud Architecture, which addresses this environmental problem from the overall usage of Cloud Computing resources.
This document summarizes a research study that tested different materials as potential oil spill absorbents. Coconut husk, unground corn cobs, and ground corn cobs were tested to see which absorbed the most oil from a water-oil mixture. The coconut husk absorbed the most oil due to its fibrous nature. While all absorbents removed only a small amount of water as expected, coconut husk was the most effective at oil removal and is therefore recommended for use in oil spill cleanup devices.
Vacuum Assisted Altitude Scaling Device (VAASD) defines a new way in scaling vertical surfaces which is mainly limited to ladders, ropes, robots etc. The main problems associated with the existing methods of scaling are it requires an external help and is constrained to move in specified directions. Vacuum Assisted Scaling Device (VAASD) mainly consists of Suction Pads, Suction Lines, and Vacuum Backpack with Vacuum Generator, Harness Belt (for body support) and Leg Support (with chain). Vacuum pressure is created in the Vacuum Generator with the help of vacuum pumps and reaches Suction Pads through Suction Lines. The mechanism uses the pressure gradient between vacuum pressure and atmospheric pressure as the source of force. The mechanism was able to carry a load of 250 kg (at normal conditions). It could hold a single average human’s weight and allow vertical movement on the wall. The mechanism can also be operated to a height of 2300 meters above the sea level. This mechanism enables users to climb up walls and remain suspended with no handholds. A prototype mechanism has been fabricated for testing and visualization purposes utilizing a few basic calculations and rules of thumb
Development of microclimate personal cooling system based on thermoelectric e...Ijrdt Journal
This document describes the development of a personal cooling system using thermoelectric cooling. It aims to maintain a stable core body temperature for workers in high heat environments. The system involves a cooling vest with water circulating tubes to remove a calculated heat load of 206W and keep skin temperature at 35°C. Heat transfer calculations are shown to determine the load from environmental, metabolic, and evaporative sources. Copper tubing is considered for its high thermal conductivity, with alternatives like PPS and LCP also evaluated. The low-cost, lightweight thermoelectric cooling vest could maintain core temperatures in situations where air conditioning is not possible.
This document summarizes the design, development, and cost analysis of four different liquid flow controllers used in food industries: float switch, bistable multivibrator with reed switch, limit switch, and programmable logic controller (PLC). It was found that the bistable multivibrator circuit using an IC 555 chip and reed switch was the most cost-effective solution and provided reliable automatic control of liquid pumps without user interaction. The document describes the components, circuit designs, and costs for each of the four liquid flow controller methods.
This document summarizes a research paper on an automatic tire pressure inflation system. It discusses how underinflated tires can negatively impact fuel efficiency, braking distance, handling, and tire life. It then describes the key components of the proposed automatic system, including a compressor, storage tank, pressure switch, battery, and solenoid valve. The system would monitor tire pressure and automatically inflate tires using compressed air from the tank when pressure drops below the recommended level. The document provides background on the importance of proper tire inflation and the impacts of underinflation.
The project deals with a machine that simplifies the effort of chefs. It is basically an ingredient selector that is calibrated to provide correct amounts of powdered ingredients. The manual selection procedure done as of now can be avoided. This project was initially based on the principle of the screw conveyor mechanism employed in coffee makers. This was then modified to a better design wherein the volume of powder falling could be predetermined. The design consisted of various slotted discs which were subsequently arranged so that the required amount of powdered substance could fall. The basic components included in this would be: input panel, a screw extruder, motors (in order to rotate the system), reservoirs (to hold different powders), and microcontrollers (programmed to analyze the input and hence control rotation). The working of this apparatus is essentially guided by a control circuit. The dimensions of the discs and the slots were determined based on basic dimensions by finding out the corresponding volume for a unit tablespoon of powders. This rotation is provided from a motor and if necessary appropriate gear reduction systems are adopted. The system can be designed to hold as many types of powders as required within appropriate reservoirs. Each of the ingredients can be selected by a selector switch. The input panel consists of an LED display along with switches. Other function keys may also be included. Further modifications to this apparatus may be provided such as mixing of ingredients and also saving quantity of suitable ingredients for a particular recipe can be done.
This document summarizes a training program conducted by the BCT Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) in Visakhapatnam, India to provide unemployed tribal youth skills in nursery raising of agricultural and horticultural crops. The 6-month residential training program taught youth skills like seedling production using pro-trays, nursery maintenance, and landscaping to help generate livelihoods. An evaluation found the training increased participants' knowledge and work efficiency by 58.55%, allowing many to start their own nursery businesses. The program aimed to reduce unemployment and stabilize the socio-economic status of tribal communities through imparting practical skills.
Design, analysis and performance evaluation of a mechanical gyratorIjrdt Journal
The project focuses on the development of an efficient and safe system for navigation for disabled people. Such a system should enable the user to control with minimum effort and should be stable in all practical situations. A gyrator is neither a motorcycle nor a four wheeler. It is a vehicle made up of an inner frame which is encompassed and supported by two large coaxially aligned wheels. The inner frame is supported by a common axle as a result, is free to oscillate back and forth relative to outer wheels. The inherent instability has limited its potential as a commercially available vehicle. But by reducing this oscillation to an optimum value by incorporating internal braking, we could make a very stable navigation system. In order to achieve motion, a shift in the centre of gravity of the inner frame is required. Two independent electric motors provide the driving torque to gearbox which drives the large outer wheels. This unique design gives the vehicle a clear advantage over conventional 4wheeled and 2wheeled vehicles as it has zero turning radius. Key word:- Inflation Pressure, Pressure switch ,Pressure guage, Solenoid control valve, DC Compressor.
Design and implementation of uart on socIjrdt Journal
Security is primary concern in our day-to-day life. Everyone wants to be as much as secure as possible. The UART (universal asynchronous receiver and transmitter) module provides asynchronous serial communication with external devices such as modems and other computers. The UART can be used to control the process of breaking parallel data from the PC down into serial data that can be transmitted and vice versa for receiving data. The UART allows the devices to communicate without the need to be synchronized. UART is a popular method of serial asynchronous communication. Typically, the UART is connected between a processor and a peripheral. To the processor, the UART appears as an 8-bit read-write parallel port that performs serial-to-parallel conversions for the processor, and vice versa for the peripheral. With the implementation of UART the serial communication is done in high data rate and no interrupts. Baud rate generator provides high data rate and interrupt controller handles all the interrupts. The UART serial communication interface device receives data and converts data from serial to parallel, where as the transmitter performs parallel to serial conversion.
Agriculture and allied sectors are the most crucial sectors of the Kerala Economy. In that paddy cultivation plays an important role, being the staple food of Kerala. With the drop in production of paddy due to various reasons, the state of Kerala has to depend heavily on the neighbouring states for the same. Reduction in cultivated land, labour shortage, unscientific and out-dated methods is some of the causes for this situation in paddy cultivation. Based on the interaction with farmers, various agricultural officers and NGOs, it was identified that the farmers are facing a huge problem of labour scarcity. One key area which results in huge losses in terms of money and paddy seeds is sowing. Hence a remote controlled device was developed, which can do the sowing of seeds with correct spacing (thus avoiding transplanting), weeding and spraying fertilizers while being controlled by a single person. Thereby no additional workers are required to perform these tasks. By changing the type of container used, or by using a weeding attachment, the device can be used for sowing, weeding and spraying fertilizers, thereby greatly reducing the time taken and the cost involved in paddy field cultivation.
The aim of this project is to design a positive displacement rotary pump for small scale applications. The design is in such a way that it combines the advantages of both rotodynamic and positive displacement pumps. Currently available centrifugal pumps cannot attain high heads, and reciprocating pumps are less efficient and requires much space. When centrifugal pump is used as a jet pump, it delivers fluids at a high head, but in the expense of efficiency.
To overcome these negatives of currently available pumps, a new design of a rotary type positive displacement pump is developed. This design imitates the working of a normal reciprocating pump, but in a rotary action. This consumes less space compared to a reciprocating pump of same capacity. The main part of the pump is a cam which is mounted on a rotating shaft that rotates in a cylindrical casing. The cam is designed in such a way that it always maintains contact with the walls of the casing as it rotates. A spring loaded blade acts as the cam follower and moves in an accurately machined slot in the casing. The blade and the slot are of rectangular cross section. This blade separates suction and delivery sides of the pump. Inlet and outlet ports are placed on either sides of this blade. This pump does not require inlet and outlet valves. The discharge from the pump is continuous. It also eliminates the crank and connecting-rod mechanisms and delivers a smooth operation.
Improvement of signal coverage using wcdma signal repeater for 3 g systemsIjrdt Journal
Wireless communication has become an indispensable technology for the society. In broadband wireless data transmission technique, 3G cellular systems are expected to provide high data rate and less probability of error. This repeater finds application in areas of poor signal coverage and connectivity. The repeater consists of a patch panel antenna for receiving WCDMA signals from the base station and amplifying the signals using a wideband RF amplifier. The signals are then retransmitted to the weak coverage area using a directional Yagi-Uda antenna. The antenna characteristics such as return loss and VSWR are measured using a Network analyzer. The component of the repeater are mounted in a stand and the performance of the entire unit was evaluated using a WCDMA generator, act as a base station, transmitting at 869 MHz and 5dBm output power. A spectrum analyzer with WCDMA analyzer is used as a receiver, the RF signal level and constellation plots with error vector magnitude are determined
This document describes the construction and analysis of a mini portable boiler. The boiler is designed to be transportable with no individual part weighing more than 50kg. It consists of three drums connected by pipes, with water preheated in the top drum before entering the lower drums. The lower drum generates steam which is then superheated in the middle drum. Safety devices like a pressure gauge and safety valve are included. Finite element analysis was conducted to ensure safety. The boiler is intended for temporary steam applications like catering or medical sterilization.
This document presents a methodology for improved groundwater monitoring and management in Saudi Arabia. The methodology involves:
1. Frequently monitoring groundwater wells to determine optimal sampling frequencies for different water quality parameters.
2. Analyzing parameter changes using geostatistics techniques to generate predictive 3D models and contour maps.
3. Developing a virtual instrument using data fusion techniques to predict levels of sensitive parameters and future variations.
4. Proposing a nanotechnology treatment using titanium photocatalysis to degrade toxic contaminants and heavy metals in groundwater.
The goal is to develop an advanced monitoring program that implements new modeling techniques to better monitor, analyze, predict, and treat groundwater resources in the
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the impact of various human resource management (HRM) practices on employee retention in the banking sector in India. It first defines key HRM practices like human resource planning, recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal, career planning, welfare activities, and promotions/transfers. It then discusses factors that influence employee retention such as organizational climate, job satisfaction, employer reputation, and commitment. The document aims to explore how implementing effective HRM practices can help banks better retain talented employees in a competitive environment.
Multi turbine micro hydro power generationIjrdt Journal
Increase in human population has increased the demand for energy. Fossil fuels are the major source to meet the world energy requirements, but its rapidly dwindling supply and its adverse effects on our ecological system are of major concern. In India over 70 % of the electricity generated is from coal based power plants. Other renewable such as wind, geothermal, solar, and hydroelectricity represent a 2% share of the Indian fuel mix. Fossil fuels (coal) are a major source of power production in India. Our concept features the run of river active setup of micro hydro power generation using simple gear mechanism. This concept is based on the collection of mechanical energy from two rotors spinning by the effect of higher river velocity and transmission of power from the rotors to a small pinion gear which runs the generator shaft, through two large driver gears attached to the shafts of two rotors. This method of power production is comparatively simpler than others. The objectives of our project include low cost, higher output, environment friendly power production, multiple setups in one row, and decrease the power shortage in India.
Heat Recovery System in Domestic RefrigeratorIjrdt Journal
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one location to another. Refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in last century from ice harvesting to temperature controlled rail cars. Most widely used current application of refrigeration is for air-conditioning of homes and public buildings. During refrigeration, heat from the refrigerant is dissipated for the successful completion of a refrigeration cycle. In normal household refrigerators, the heat from the refrigerant is removed using a condenser where the refrigerant cools and the air surrounding the condenser heats up. The strategy of how to recover the dissipated heat to develop a waste heat recovery system is relevant. The energy lost in waste heat cannot be fully recovered. However, much of the heat can be recovered and the loss can be minimized by adopting different measures. Hot air can be used for space heating, industrial drying, preheating aspirated air for oil burners, or any other application requiring warm air. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a heat recovery system to recover waste heat from the condenser in the refrigerator and to reuse it for heating application.
The document discusses the development of a composite accelerator pedal for automobiles to reduce weight. It begins with an introduction to composite materials and their properties that make them suitable for interior automotive components. It then discusses the development process using concurrent engineering approaches including design concept generation, material selection, and analysis. The literature review covers past research on using composites for other automotive applications like bumpers and leaf springs. The aim of the project is to use different design concepts and materials for the accelerator pedal and select the best one based on finite element analysis of factors like stress, displacement, and weight.
Design of Efficycle- Human Powered Light Weight Hybrid Tricycle with Inbuilt ...ABHAY TIWARI
Any innovation or technology cannot be possible until and unless the work is not done by a team. In such a manner members
of Team GARUD (participants of SAE-NIS 2015), who are highly motivated individuals are recklessly working towards the
realization of this goal since its very inception. This paper provides in detail, about the design considerations, and methodology
used in designing and developing it. The designing of the vehicle has done on SOLID-WORKS 2014 while the design analysis
has done on ANSYS-2014. Various lightweight approaches like a lightweight seat, wheel, steering have also adopted. The
innovations include the use of rear wheel steering instead of conventional front wheel steering that meets the need of the
market and can be produced by a fictitious firm effectively so, Human powered hybrid vehicle presents the new milestone in
the realm of “Green technology”.
Design and Analysis of a Hybrid Tricycle for Different Frame MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document describes research on designing and analyzing a hybrid tricycle frame made of different materials. The researchers modeled a tricycle frame in SolidWorks and analyzed four materials - AISI 1080, AISI 304, AISI 4130, and ASTM A36 steel - for the frame using finite element analysis in ANSYS. They meshed the frame model and simulated frontal, side, and rollover impacts to determine the best material based on deformation, stress, strain, and safety factor. The analysis found that AISI 4130 steel performed the best, with better results for deformation, stress, strain, and safety while also being lightweight and moderately priced.
Compound Chain Drive Transmission System for Automotive VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on designing a compound chain drive transmission system for an all-terrain vehicle. The system uses a compound arrangement of sprockets and chains to achieve a higher overall gear ratio of 4.57 within the space constraints. Finite element analysis was conducted on the aluminum alloy compound hubs to validate stresses remained below yield levels under maximum torque loads. The compound drive design improved the vehicle's torque, speed, and efficiency while meeting the objectives of reduced weight and safer design.
IRJET-Design & Fabrication of Rear Outboard Wheel Assembly for an ATVIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a rear outboard wheel assembly for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV). It discusses the design of key components like the wheel hub, upright, and caliper mounting plate. Finite element analysis was performed to optimize the design of each component for strength and weight reduction. The wheel hub was designed from EN8 steel to withstand forces up to 6000N. The upright was designed from aluminum 6061 to be lightweight while sustaining loads of 6000N. Mild steel was used for the caliper mounting plate. Prototypes of each component were manufactured using various processes like CNC machining and tested on the ATV, validating the design.
In the modern day and age where automobiles are an essential part of our day to day life, the requirements of each are different. Some demand for a high-performance machine whereas others require a comfortable ride. The modern engineering helps in achieving all the aspects of a safe, reliable and fast vehicle. With the change in time, the need for an all-terrain vehicle has gradually increased. The research paper includes the optimisation of wheel assembly for better stability, comfort ride along with better handling. The analysis and simulation are done to obtain a better wheel assembly which can provide the best in class arrangements for the customer. The research mainly focused on the wheel hub, wishbones and knuckle. The designs provide the sturdiness and durability which is the primary requirement for an all-terrain vehicle. The key focus is given to material selection which provides durability and comfort. The material is inexpensive which presents an edge for the market competition as well as is value for money for the customer point of view. The Static load on wheel hub is calculated and analysed for elucidating the characteristics. The material EN-24 provides better machinability and welding applications making it more suitable for mass production.
Design and analysis of an electric karteSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the design and analysis of an electric motor powered kart. The main aim of this paper is to reduce the usage of organic fuel powered vehicles and to design a vehicle which works efficiently in the emerging electric vehicle sector. In order to maintain the speed levels of the kart, seamless decision was made in motor selection. Alternate materials have been applied in the kart to reduce both static and dynamic forces in pursuance of improving the efficiency and performance of the kart. Detailed design of subsystems like chassis frame, steering system, electrical power train and braking mechanism has been done effectively. The main focus of the frame design was on the stability of the kart and safety of the driver. The CAD model of the kart was done in CREO 2.0. Aluminium alloy 6063 has been employed for the frame to reduce the overall weight. To check the feasibility of the frame design, finite element analysis has been done using ANSYS 14.5. The results obtained showed that the frame design was safe under maximal impact load conditions. Weight reduction was a major concern and hence linkage type steering was selected for the kart. Motor, the heart of the electric vehicle was selected and installed in such a way that it can perform well for an extended run time. PMDC motor was selected in this case. Speed control of the kart was done using a voltage controller. The kart is provided with a timing belt drive to achieve maximum efficiency in transmission of power from the motor to the wheels. Hydraulic disc brakes were provided for smooth and effective braking under both dry and wet conditions. Slick tires are used to provide more traction. Design calculations were carried out and optimum results were obtained. An extensive market survey was also done on frame material, brakes, motor, transmission system for cost and availability. International standards were followed throughout the design process. Keywords: Stability, Frame, Finite Element Analysis, PMDC Motor, Timing belt
Static analysis of alloy wheel using ansys15.0eSAT Journals
1. A static analysis of an alloy wheel was performed using ANSYS 15.0.
2. The alloy wheel was designed using reverse engineering and modeled in CATIA. It was then imported into ANSYS for analysis.
3. Under a pressure load of 200kPa applied to the rim surface, the maximum equivalent stress was found to be 11.283MPa, below the yield strength of the alloy. The maximum deformation was 0.033mm. The minimum safety factor was 21.
Analysis of a Drive Shaft for Automobile ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This study deals with optimization of drive shaft using the ANSYS. Substitution of Titanium drive shafts over the conventional steel material for drive shaft has increasing the advantages of design due to its high specific stiffness, strength and low weight. Drive shaft is the main component of drive system of an automobile. Use of conventional steel for manufacturing of drive shaft has many disadvantages such as low specific stiffness and strength. Many methods are available at present for the design optimization of structural systems. This paper discusses the past work done on drive shafts using ANSYS and design and modal analysis of shafts made of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb).
Irjet v4 i73Design, Development & Optimization of a Quad-Copter for Agricultu...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, development, and optimization of a quadcopter for agricultural applications. A quadcopter was designed with lightweight aluminum arms, propellers tilted in opposing directions for stability, a removable and washable pesticide sprayer, a pesticide container, piping system, mounting plates, and a stand. Brushless motors were selected for their efficiency. The quadcopter's components were optimized to minimize spraying time and weight through simulations varying nozzle diameter size and quadcopter weight. The optimized design was determined to have a 2.405mm nozzle, 1000g weight, 0.62m/s velocity, and 13.975 second spraying time. The quadcopter is intended to help address labor short
This document provides a summary of a minor project presentation on the fabrication of an all-terrain vehicle. It includes sections on the project objective, introduction, components like the roll cage, steering, suspension, engine, braking, and transmission. The roll cage section describes the materials used and welding samples. The presentation was given by three 7th semester students and guided by an assistant professor. It aims to fabricate a single-seater ATV based on SAE BAJA 2021 rules for competitions. Various analyses were conducted to test impacts and loads on the vehicle. The objective is to fabricate a high-performance and safe off-road vehicle.
The document summarizes the random vibration and transient bump analysis of an automotive heavy vehicle leveling frame. It describes the modeling, optimization, and structural analysis of the existing leveling frame to reduce its weight. The leveling frame of a TATA 715 vehicle is modeled in SOLIDWORKS and analyzed in ANSYS to validate the optimized design. Various loads acting on the frame are considered and the design is evaluated based on stresses and deformations. The results are studied to validate the weight-reduced leveling frame.
IRJET- Dynamic Analysis of the Front and Rear Suspension System of an All...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of the front and rear suspension systems for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV). It discusses using a double wishbone suspension in the front for steering control and an H-arm suspension in the rear for load bearing capacity and control of camber and toe. The design process considers factors like geometry, material selection, force analysis, and damper and spring selection and tuning. The goals of the suspension design are to provide maximum traction, control, comfort, and stability over rough terrain.
Design and analysis of a tubular space frame chassis of a high performance ra...eSAT Journals
Abstract Formula Student Racing competitions are held at various Formula SAE circuits globally. Students from different colleges worldwide thrive to build a Formula style race car to compete at these events. In lieu to the competition rules and regulations it is important to design the chassis of the car with utmost priority. The major challenge posed is to design and fabricate a light weight car without compromising on the safety of the driver. The car has to be rigidly fabricated at minimal expense. The work in this paper is based on the team NITK Racing’s Car; the DICV NR XIV. This paper showcases various methods of material selection, design optimization techniques and Finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS. The basic design is based on the anthropological data of the specified human (95th percentile male) allowing fast ingress and egress from the car. Following the final design selection the static structural analysis of the car was done and the consequent results have been plotted. The entire design and analysis process is based on FSAE 2013 rule book and knowledge of designing and manufacturing yesteryear’s car. Keywords: ergonomics, finite element analysis, roll cage, torsional rigidity, tubular space frame chassis, and validation test setup
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Structural Analysis of Go-kart Chassis using different materials to find the ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the structural performance of a go-kart chassis made from different materials under various impact conditions using finite element analysis. The chassis was designed in CAD software and then simulated in ANSYS for front, side, and rear impacts using four steel materials: AISI 1018, AISI 1026, AISI 4130, and AISI 1020. The simulations calculated stress levels and deformations. Results showed the factor of safety for each material and impact scenario, identifying designs that were safe or at risk of failure based on exceeding the material's yield strength. AISI 4130 generally had the highest factors of safety, suggesting it could best withstand the forces experienced during impacts
IRJET- A Study on Energy Conversion with Replacing the Composite Shaft for Sh...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that aimed to reduce the weight of bicycle components through replacing steel shafts with composite materials. A composite shaft was designed and fabricated for testing. Finite element analysis was conducted to compare the performance of the composite shaft to a steel shaft under different loads. The composite shaft showed improved dynamic performance with lower deformation and stress. Additionally, an Internet of Things system was implemented using sensors to monitor bicycle parameters in real-time to prevent failures and inform the rider of any issues. The results indicate the composite shaft design reduced weight by 500-600g compared to steel while maintaining structural integrity under various loads.
Optimization study on trailer arm chassis by finite element methodeSAT Journals
Abstract: Chassis is the important part of an automobile. It supports the body and different parts of an automobile. Chassis consists of engine, brakes, power train, steering system and wheels mounted on a frame. Ƭhe frame is the main part of the chassis on which remaining parts of chassis are placed. Ƭhe chassis should be rigid enough to withstand the twist, shock, stresses, vibrations and bending moments to which it is subjected while vehicle is moving on road. Ƭhe trailer arm chassis frame has to carry and sustain the heavy loads which are applied on it. Hence it is very important to design and analysis of the trailer arm chassis frame. Ƭhe design of trailer arm chassis is carried out by taking the base model structure of chassis as a standard. The optimization technique to redesign Chassis (Frame) of a trailer is carried out here. The trailer had dimensional limits and must be able to reduce the overall size and shape and still lift the same amount of load. Different load cases with given boundary conditions & loadings are used. Ƭo improve the performance of the chassis finite element analysis is carried for various alternatives. Ƭhe analysis is performed by varying the thickness, shape and material to get the best possible design of the chassis. Static analysis is carried out for both basic and modified designs to determine the high stress regions, maximum displacement, and normal stress at critical positions of the chassis. Normal modal analysis for base model is carried out to find the first natural frequency. Normal modal analysis is carried out for all modified designs to improve the first natural frequency of the chassis in order to avoid the resonance. The whole challenging task, starting with pre processing, analysis and post processing is completed using Altair’s HyperMesh, Abaqus and HyperView FE package. Key Words: Trailer arm chassis, Static analysis and Modal analysis.
INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITE TORSION SHAFT USING MATERIAL MATRIX IN FEAIjripublishers Ijri
have found application in many areas of daily life for quite some time. Often it is not realized that the application makes
use of composite materials.
This research attempt is made to evaluate the sustainability of composite material such as FRP (fiber rein forced polymer)
and CRFP (carbon reinforced fiber polymer) epoxy/glass for the purpose of automotive transmission application
using finite element method in Ansys.
Initially literature review will be done to understand the approach.
3D model will be prepared to carryout analysis on model.
Structural and vibrational analysis will be done by implementing different layer orientations on FRP & CRFP’S.
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3. While the absorbers removed only small amounts of water as expected, coconut husk achieved the highest ratio of remaining water to remaining oil. Given its effectiveness and low cost, the study recommends coconut husk be used in devices for offshore oil spill
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SEASONAL VARIATION IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUND...Ijrdt Journal
The present study is carried out to assess the water quality parameters of both surface water and ground water of Singanallur lake region a rivulet from river Noyyal. Parameters like pH, FC, DO, BOD, Turbidity, Total phosphates, Nitrates and Total dissolved solids are measured and compared for both summer and rainy season. Results revealed parameters varied to greater extent for surface water compared to ground water. So the surface water of Singanallur region is highly polluted due to runoff from industries, domestic waste and agricultural
Numerical modeling and analysis of slabsIjrdt Journal
This paper presents numerical modelling of slabs, linear modelling and analyzing of two way slab in a finite element based programming software ATENA and comparing with SAP for accuracy, The difference in result came to 14.3% hence, tolerable. Considering this, further nonlinear modelling and analysis is done in ATENA for one way and two way rectangular slabs, which includes both material and geometric modelling.Flexural load is applied for analysis of one way and two way slab. The displacement contour and crack pattern of slabs is presented which shows the appropriate behavior of slabs.
Literature review on need of composite additives for s.i engineIjrdt Journal
One of the major drawbacks of IC engines is low efficiency and pollution resulting from incomplete combustion. In order to improve the emission properties and performance an additive is blended with gasoline. The main objective of this paper was preparation of premium gasoline. The paper do literature study on effect of different additive on engine performance and emission. Through the study of literature survey, effect of different additives has been studied, it is found that different additive had some negative effect when used individually which conclude that there is need for new composite additives having better performance in respect of engine performance and emission control.
A mobile agent based approach for data management to support 3 d emergency pr...Ijrdt Journal
This document proposes a mobile agent-based approach for data management to support 3D emergency preparedness scenarios over ad-hoc networks. It aims to address the challenges of managing large amounts of data for virtual scenes on mobile devices with limited resources. The approach uses multiple mobile agents that can autonomously make decisions about data computation and node state. The agents work to gather critical data from avatars and supply it to stable neighbor nodes when nodes leave suddenly, to help maintain a persistent virtual environment. The approach is intended to limit disruption to applications and provide a realistic experience even as nodes enter and exit the network dynamically.
Segmentation of medical images using metric topology – a region growing approachIjrdt Journal
A metric topological approach to the region growing based segmentation is presented in this article. Region based growing techniques has gained a significant importance in the medical image processing field for finest of segregation of tumor detected part in the image. Conventional algorithms were concentrated on segmentation at the coarser level which failed to produce enough evidence for the validity of the algorithm. In this article a novel technique is proposed based on metric topological neighbourhood also with the introduction of new objective measure entropy, apart from the traditional validity measures of Accuracy, PSNR and MSE. This measure is introduced to prove the amount of information lost after segmentation is reduced to greater extent which elucidates the effectiveness of the algorithm. This algorithm is tested on the well known benchmarking of testing in ground truth images in par with the proposed region based growing segmented images. The results validated show the validation of effectiveness of the algorithm.
Large scale grid amalgamation of renewable energy sources in indian power systemIjrdt Journal
This document discusses the challenges and solutions related to large-scale integration of renewable energy sources into India's power grid. The key points are:
1. Integrating renewable energy is challenging due to its intermittent nature and geographical distribution far from load centers. This requires improved transmission infrastructure and balancing across regions.
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3. Potential solutions discussed are energy storage, power electronics to enable grid integration, distributing renewable generation over large areas, and using solar power for irrigation to match generation with load.
Thickener waste management in mineral processing to prevent environmental pol...Ijrdt Journal
Water plays a vital role in mineral processing and about 2-3 tons of water is used for the treatment of one ton of ore. The objective of water recovery in thickener is to increase the solids concentration at the underflow to obtain clear water at the overflow. The particle size distribution, that follows the Rosin- Rammler equation, is considered as the most important factors affecting thickener choosing and waste water treatment. If solids below 200mesh include 8% or more of weight of feed, flocculant should be used to increase the sedimentation rate and the water clarity. Increasing the concentration of solids in the feed (up to 25 wt %) reduces the size and cost of the equipments required for separating. If a high concentration of solids in the feed is used with flocculant, thickener overflow can dilute feed and can increase sedimentation rate and clarity. An extra depth should be added to thickener depth due to the space lost by the turbulence of the fluid resistance force.
Enhancement of heat transfer in tube in-tube heat exchangers using twisted in...Ijrdt Journal
Heat exchangers have several industrial and engineering applications. There are different methods to enhance heat transfer in heat exchangers. Passive technique of heat transfer is the most economical and best suited one. The role of inserts in internal forced convection has been widely acknowledged as a passive device in the heat transfer enhancement. One of such technique is introduction of twisted inserts which enhances the heat transfer coefficient. Twisted aluminium inserts when placed in the path of the fluid flow, creates a high degree of turbulence resulting in an increase in the heat transfer rate. By placing inserts, it is expected that the benefits due to the increased heat transfer coefficient overcome the higher cost involved because of the increased frictional losses. The work mainly focuses on increasing the heat transfer of tube-in-tube heat exchangers by using twisted aluminium inserts. The results obtained from the tube with twisted aluminium insert are compared with those without twisted insert using standard properties of heat transfer (LMTD & Effectiveness). The relations based on the data gathered during this work for predicting the heat transfer coefficient of the horizontal pipe with twisted taped insert are proposed. According to the results, in order to obtain maximum heat transfer, the twist ratio must be at the lowest level.
The growing population and their changing consumption patterns have made Solid Waste Management a serious environmental and social problem. This situation has further become complex as domestic waste, market waste, industrial waste, agricultural and hazardous waste and other types of waste including both degradable and non-degradable particles get mixed in the mainstream of the municipal solid waste. Failure to segregate waste at the source has created the need for alternate methods. Drum–Sieve segregator is one such alternative for segregation, which similar to conventional processes segregate the non-decomposable from the decomposed particles through a sieve. The Drum-Sieve segregator is an approach to provide the segregation at lower power requirements, unlike conventional processes which are bulky and require larger space and power for operation. The Drum-sieve segregator is aimed to be used in cities where space for huge plants for operation is scarce. And hence it is designed to be compact and efficient. Drum-Sieve segregator is primarily aimed for segregating plastic from Organic waste, which is the final separated product obtained that can used a natural fertilizers. Unlike traditional segregating systems, the proposed model is smaller, easy to maintain and absorbs less power. It is mobile, and eliminates the need for manual feeding and cleaning of impurities.
Lan based intelligent traffic light system with emergency service identificationIjrdt Journal
In this paper we implemented a traffic lights control system using LAN technology which has the capability of mimicking human intelligence for controlling traffic lights. It aims to do analysis, design, develop and deploy monitoring and information system jointly with the help of state of the art traffic equipment, to enable the safe and efficient and effective movement of traffic for all road users. In this work we implemented the first based on LAN networking. The aim of this paper is to design and implement the network based car traffic control system. This system mainly comprises of signalized junctions and central computer (sever) that is connected to every traffic signal junction (clients). Its main task is to adjust, in real times, signal timings in response to variation in traffic demand and system capacity. Real time data from traffic controls are collected and transported to a central computer (server) for analysis. The results of this work are reduction in normal recurring, significantly enhanced operational tools congestion to effectively manage traffic incidents, reduced pollution, faster response to reports of faults, improved public transport service, reduction in emergency response times and safer travel and less congestion during road works.
Instant elelectrocardiogram monitoring in android smart phonesIjrdt Journal
ECG (electrocardiogram) is very essential component for the doctors to diagnose the state of patient’s cardiovascular system. In critical situations doctors may need to examine ECG of patient instantly to take a firm and better decision in their absence near patient. In this paper a better way of instant ECG datatransfer, processing and display is demonstrated. Here ECG is acquired using simple 3 electrode single lead configuration then it is digitized and transmitted to Android smart phone in SMS message format. This SMS data is a bundle of values representing digital ECG. Acquired SMS data is fetched from inbox of the phone and processed for calculation of heart rate and detection of arrhythmia by Android application software. Then ECG is displayed on phone screen along with conclusion of heart rate and arrhythmia (if any).
History and development of permanent magnetsIjrdt Journal
- The document discusses the history and development of permanent magnets. It begins with the earliest known permanent magnet, lodestone, and then outlines the major developments in magnetic materials over time.
- Early developments included magnetic steels in the 18th century and Alnico alloys in the 1930s, which saw improved through the use of heat treatments and magnetic alignment processes. Ceramic ferrite magnets were also developed starting in the 1950s.
- Rare earth magnets based on samarium cobalt emerged in the 1960s and saw rapid improvements through the 1970s with developments in processing and alloying, reaching energy products over 200 kJ/m3. Neodymium iron boron magnets were discovered in
An approach to parallel parking and zero turning radius in automobilesIjrdt Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on an approach to parallel parking and zero turning radius steering in automobiles. The paper proposes a four-wheel steering system that allows a vehicle to turn 360 degrees in place, eliminating the need for multi-point turns when parking or maneuvering in tight spaces. Key points:
- A prototype vehicle was designed and built with independent front and rear wheel steering to demonstrate zero turning radius capability.
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KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
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Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
Ijrdt 140001
1. International Journal For Research & Development in Technology
Volume: 1, Issue: 2, JUNE-2014 ISSN (Online):- 2349-3585
6 Copyright 2014- IJRDT www.ijrdt.org
DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION OF A MECHANICAL
GYRATOR
Abhilash P1
, Allen Varghese Abraham2
, Jibin Sam Jo3
,
Jobin Joseph4
, Arun K Varghese5
.
1234
U. G. Student, 5
Assistant Professor.
12345
Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kottayam,Kerala.
E-Mail:1
abhilash.p.nair0001@gmail.com, 2
allenabraham477@gmail.com, 3
jibinsamjo@gmail.com,
4
jobin2020@gmail.com, 5
varghese_akv@yahoo.com.
Abstract-The project focuses on the development of an
efficient and safe system for navigation for disabled people.
Such a system should enable the user to control with
minimum effort and should be stable in all practical
situations. A gyrator is neither a motorcycle nor a four
wheeler. It is a vehicle made up of an inner frame which is
encompassed and supported by two large coaxially aligned
wheels. The inner frame is supported by a common axle as a
result, is free to oscillate back and forth relative to outer
wheels. The inherent instability has limited its potential as a
commercially available vehicle. But by reducing this
oscillation to an optimum value by incorporating internal
braking, we could make a very stable navigation system. In
order to achieve motion, a shift in the centre of gravity of the
inner frame is required. Two independent electric motors
provide the driving torque to gearbox which drives the large
outer wheels. This unique design gives the vehicle a clear
advantage over conventional 4wheeled and 2wheeled
vehicles as it has zero turning radius. Key word:- Inflation
Pressure, Pressure switch ,Pressure guage, Solenoid control
valve, DC Compressor.
Keyword:-Mechanical gyrator
I.INTRODUCTION
The Mechanical Gyrator’s distinctive design makes it a novel
alternative form of transport. One of the first recorded designs
was by Mr Otto in 1870. The gyrator allows the driver to sit in
a frame which is rigidly connected to the shaft surrounded by
two large wheels. These two wheels cause the entire system to
move when rotated. The independent control over each wheel
allows the gyrator to rotate on the spot. The Gyrator is
comprised of many typical subsystems. These subsystems
must be integrated to provide an energy efficient system and
all mechanical systems need to comply with relevant safety
expectations. The main subsystems of the mechanical gyrator
include two large outer wheels surrounded with tyre and tube,
a drive system, brakes and a method for steering. The large
outer wheels provide the motion of the gyrator. Since the
wheels are quite large they require high
torques to start moving. The materials used for the shaft
should possess good wear resistive properties. The drive
system provides the motion and is commonly powered by a
motor which provides the torque required to move the
Gyrator. Once in motion it must be stopped by a brake, which
can be implemented electronically using the motors and
mechanically using any common mechanical brake. One of
the most important features requisite of a stable design is the
internal braking. For controlling the yawing motion of the
gyrator due to inertia, a good internal braking with suspension
system should be provided between the outer wheels and inner
frame. An energy efficient drive system is one that has
minimal losses due to heat production and noise. Efficiency
may be improved by using an electrical drive system. This
system also has the potential to use regenerative braking to
collect excess energy. This is when an electrical- motor is
used as a generator and the back EMF is feedback into the
battery. These motors need to be able to produce a significant
amount of torque to be able to rotate the large wheels. In order
to produce this torque the batteries need to be able to supply
the motor with large currents. The incorporation of 120
degrees space positioning seat shifting mechanism and
convertible seat-cum-bed increases the potential of the
mechanical gyrator among people. The main objective of the
project is to develop a user friendly and green vehicle with
effortless driving. The project also focuses on convertible
seat-cum-bed mechanism with 120 degrees space positioning
seat shifting. The mechanical gyrator incorporating these
facilities will serve as a good vehicle for physically
challenged, partially blind and for aged. Another objective of
the project is to fabricate a self-stabilizing vehicle with
improved balancing techniques. This project continues its
2. International Journal For Research & Development in Technology
Volume: 1, Issue: 2, JUNE-2014 ISSN (Online):- 2349-3585
7 Copyright 2014- IJRDT www.ijrdt.org
Material Yield
strength
( N/m2
)
Modulus
of
elasticity
(N/m2
)
Elongation at
yield point
(% )
AISI
1018
37705530.4 2.05e+011 15
AISI
4130
460000000 2.05e+011 25.5
AISI
1020
350000000 2.05e+011 36
scope for providing a method for using the seat even from the
ground level.
The methodology is adopted confining to the primary
objectives. Initially, the design of the vehicle has been made
using hand sketches and CAD softwares like SolidWorks and
CATIA. Our approach for this project was to bring out a
successful vehicle with new innovations. Before beginning the
design we must know the targets required for the gyrator. The
figure 1 shows the final design of the mechanical gyrator
Fig. 1 Mechanical Gyrator
Main parts of the gyrator include:
1. Chassis
2. Wheels and tires
3. Transmission system
4. Seat
5. Shaft and Bearings
6. Electrical system
A. CHASSIS
Material Selection
Material selection was one of the most difficult part of
the design process. There is a huge list of variety of
different materials available for s election. Hence s ome
major criteria’s were s hortlisted for the selection of
materials . This includes:
Strength
Strength is one of the major influencing parameter in
material selection as far as any project related to
automobile is considered. For getting the required s
trength the weight parameter may be compromis ed. Dens
ity
The dens ity of the material s hould be low as pos s ible to
reduce overall weight of the vehicle. The reduction in
weight improves the trans mis sion efficiency and
improves the stability.
Cost
As the maximum budget for the project was very
limited, from the very beginning, the taste of lack of
finance was felt with both in terms of material cos t and
other expenditure and for the research and analysis.
The lack of finance demanded that the cost is put down
to the lowest possible value so that the project is
successfully completed with-in the stipulated time
period.
Ease of Availability
As students requiring very less amount of materials for
the work, it was difficult to find the materials in the
market. Materials like carbon Fibre used for light weight
vehicles were unavailable for the commercial access,
which really restricted the material selection.
Ease of working
The lack of advanced facilities in college forced the
project to select materials which can be worked with the
machine shop facilities . DC and AC arc welding were
available in the college so materials were chosen
according to this.
The table 1 gives the mechanical properties of possible
chassis materials .
Table 1 Comparis on of materials
AISI 1020 have better properties as compared to other
materials . Thus it was chosen as the chassis material.
The dimensions of the chassis were taken for the tallest
man in the group, criterions like driver comfort,
minimum clearance required etc. are also considered.
The minimum clearance provided is 5cm. After taking
the required dimensions hollow shafts were welded. DC
arc welding was used for this purpose. Figure 2 shows
the CAD model of the chassis.
Fig. 2 Chassis
Sheet metal (thicknes s 3mm) was provided to avoid
body contact with moving parts.
3. International Journal For Research & Development in Technology
Volume: 1, Issue: 2, JUNE-2014 ISSN (Online):- 2349-3585
8 Copyright 2014- IJRDT www.ijrdt.org
Roll Cage Material : AISI 1020 30mm hollow s haft.
Welding method : DC arc welding
Electrode : Best Arc E3147
B. WHEEL AND TIRE
The wheel and tire are the mos t important components
of a gyrator. Unlike other vehicles wheel-tire as s embly
act as a crash guard for a mechanical gyrator. The
as s embly s hould be capable of withs tanding the vehicle
weight. The wheel is chos en in such a way that the
overall centre of gravity of the system is as far as
pos s ible from the wheel centre and clos er to the ground.
Dimens ions of the wheels are taken in s uch a way that
the wheel should inscribe the entire chassis. A safe
clearance is also provided to avoid accidents .
The material of the wheel is taken by considering the
criterions like mechanical s trength, cas t ability, dens ity
etc. The wheel s hould withs tand high compres s ive loads
and the un-sprung mass should be kept minimized to
ens ure perfect damping of the s ys tem. Strength and cas t
ability s hould be high and the dens ity s hould be low as
much as possible.
The wheel may not have enough compressive strength to
avoid bending, for providing this either s pokes or cros s
members (as in the cas e of alloy wheels ) are provided.
Wheels with cross members have high impact and
fatigue strength so that they can stand vibrations and s
hock loading better. The heat dissipation is also better. So
cross members were chosen instead of spokes.
Diameter : 700mm
Material : cast alloy steel
Max width : 35 mm
The tire was chos en according to the rim offs et.
For providing better steer ability thin tires are used.
Wide tires may impart exces s friction while cornering; it
may reduce the s teer ability. Tire material and type were
chosen according to friction coefficient. Minimum
friction coefficient for treaded SBR tire of the required
dimension is 0.3(for loose sand).
Type : treaded
Material : SBR
Tire pressure : 4 bar
Tire max width : 35 mm
The assembly was simple except centering.
Centering gauges were not available in the lab. So
according to the requirement we deve loped centering
gauges. The centering gauge was made of hollow
aluminium bar.
The centers of the wheels are obtained using the
centering gauge as s hown in figure 3.4 and the two cros s
members were welded together to form the rim. And the
tires and tubes were assembled according to the design.
C. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The vehicle is electrically driven. Two DC
geared motors are the prime movers. Geared motor
provides high torque as compared t o other DC motors
which is sufficient to drive the mechanical gyrator.
Along with gear motor, a reduction gear is als o us ed to
improve the torque. The motor gives an output of
1200rpm, the integrated gear box reduces the speed to
40rpm and finally the output from the reduction gear
was 13.33rpm.
The motor used was geared DC motor of the following s
pecification 24V 14A. Two geared motor are capable of
driving the gyrator. Integrated gear box provides a
reduction ratio of 30. The output of the motor was not
capable for driving gyrator; the integrated gear box
increases the torque by reducing the rpm. For further
increas e of the torque the reduction gears were provided.
And it provides a reduction ratio of 2.91. The material of
the gear was AISI 4130 annealed at 1138K the material
has high hardness and wear resistant properties .
D. SEAT
An adjus table s eat mechanis m was us ed and it
cons ists of 4 DC geared motors (24V, 4A 30 rpm). It
enables the user to enter the vehicle from the ground
level. The seat can be adjusted to any position in a 120o
from conventional seating position by controlling the
four motors. The seat cons ists of 3 parts as s hown in
figure; upper, middle and lower parts each part can be
adjusted by driving the motor. Thus the seat can be
converted into a bed.
Fig. 3 Seat
E. ELECRICAL SYSTEM
The electrical system consists of Battery, Two way s
witches &Wiring system.
Two 24V, 14Ah battery powers the entire system. The
figure 3.1 shows the circuit diagram of the electrical s
ystem used, to control the motor. A set of two, 2 way s
witches were used to control the motors. Stand by use:
13.6-13.8V, Cycle use: 14.1-14.4V, Maximum initial
current: 1.4A
4. International Journal For Research & Development in Technology
Volume: 1, Issue: 2, JUNE-2014 ISSN (Online):- 2349-3585
9 Copyright 2014- IJRDT www.ijrdt.org
F. FINAL MODEL
Bas ed on the calculations , the final model was
arrived at and was des igned in CAD. There were one
main change during the development of CAD model and
then later during the working. Thes e changes were
incorporated for the proper working of the prototype.
G. Preliminary Model
After finding out the difficulties , the model was iterated
many times. The first sketch created is shown in figure
4.
Load trans fer res ulting from acceleration or braking
cause exces sive oscillation for the chas s is. This model
has a delta s us pens ion s ys tem to damp the os cillation of
the chassis.
Fig. 4 Mechanical gyrator concept drawing
The major dis advantage of this s ys tem was , the chas s is
cons is ts of a lot of redundant members . Thes e members
increase weight of the system there by reducing the s
tability. The s eating pos ition was awkward which
affects ergonomics . The wheels were wide, and it
imparts large friction while cornering and the s teer
ability may be affected. The motor was ins ide the cabin
which cons umes large volume of boot s pace, it als o
reduces the s afety of driver. That CAD model of the
mechanical gyrator is shown in figure 5
Fig. 5 Mechanical gyrator concept
CAD H. Final Model
Incorporating changes suggested from the first
model, a second alternative was prepared as shown
below. These designs have two major differences .
Firstly the chassis was modified so that it consumes less s
pace. The s hape of the chas s is was trans formed to
triangular pris m. The vehicle s ize was reduced s o that
the tires just inscribe the chassis. By making the design s
imple the total weight of the vehicle was reduced. The
performance of the final des ign was bes t as compared to
all the earlier models . The final CAD model is s hown in
figure 6.
A separate cabin is provided for keeping the
auxiliary equipment, like battery. The s liding roof made
of fibre gives more comfort for the driver, it also
protects the driver from the moving parts.
The final design was then optimised by
software analysis. This was explained in the next
chapter.
Fig. 6 Final CAD model
III.ANALYSIS
In order optimis e the des ign structural analys is was
done. Material s election and optimis ation of different
dimens ions were done by structural analys is of the
des ign. For modelling and analys is Solidworks 2011
was used.
Individual analysis of each component was
done to minimis e the probability of failure. For static
analysis first components were modelled in Solidworks
2011. And the forces acting in each member was
calculated. The weight of the vehicle was calculated
from Solidworks its elf. Actual weight of the vehicle was
approximately equal to the weight calculated using
Solidworks . The weight of the vehicle was found to be
250kg.
A. Gear
The external gear drives the wheels . Thes e gears are
welded to each wheels .s o the load acting on each wheel
can be taken as the half of the total weight of the vehicle,
which was 125kg. A factor of safety of 2 was taken for
accounting the unexpect ed loads . One s ide of the gear is
fixed and radial load was applied on the gear which was
trans mitted by the s haft. The radial load applied was
5000N, which was assumed to be distributed on the
entire gear hole.
5. International Journal For Research & Development in Technology
Volume: 1, Issue: 2, JUNE-2014 ISSN (Online):- 2349-3585
10 Copyright 2014- IJRDT www.ijrdt.org
Stres s , dis placement, s train and dis placeme nt
diagrams were plotted and the point of maximum s tres s
was obtained.. The des igned gears were capable for
withs tanding the s tatic loads with a factor of s afety of 70
which was much greater than the expected value.
Availability of the gear readily in the market made us to
choose the same gear which is not suitable for mas s
production because of resource wastage.
The material of the gear was AISI 4130
annealed steel at 1138K.
Fig. 7 Von Mises stress distribution in gear
The yield strength of the gear material was 460MPa.
The maximum value of s tress occurring in the gear
during analys is was 6.485MPa, which was far les s than
the allowable value of stress.
Fig. 8 Static displacement in gear
Static dis placement in gear while applying a
load of 5000N is s hown in the figure 4.2. The maximum
dis placement was found to be 0.000331mm. It occurs in
the inner s urface of the gear. And the minimum value
was found at the outer surface.
Fig. 9 Static strain in gear
Static s train in gear is s hown in the figure 4.3.
The maximum strain was found to be 2.4e-005. It occurs in
the inner surface of the gear. And the minimum value,
1.67e-009 was found at the outer surface.
Fig. 10 Factor of safety distribution in the gear
The maximum factor of safety was 783776.56 and the
minimum value was 70.93.
B. Shaft
The s haft connects the chas s is with the gears
through bearing. The load acting on the chas s is was
tors ion and linear force due to s tatic load of gyrator. It
was made of cas t alloy s teel having high machinability.
The s haft was analys ed for the combination of torque
and linear force. A s tatic radial inward load of 5000N
along with 15Nm torque was applied on the shaft.
The shaft was found to withstand all the load and
torque acting on it. The maximum s tres s obta ined during
analys is is 81.233MPa which is much less than the yield s
trength of the material (248.168MPa ).
Fig. 11 Von Mises stress distribution in shaft
Von Mises stress distribution in the shaft is shown in
figure 4.5. The yield strength of the shaft material was
248MPa. The maximum value of stress occurring in the s
haft during analysis was 81.233MPa, which was far les
s than the allowable value of stress.
6. International Journal For Research & Development in Technology
Volume: 1, Issue: 2, JUNE-2014 ISSN (Online):- 2349-3585
11 Copyright 2014- IJRDT www.ijrdt.org
Fig. 12 Static displacement in shaft
Static displacement in shaft while applying a load of
5000N is shown in the figure 4.6. The maximum
dis placement was found to be 0.028mm. It occurs at the
tip of the s haft. And the minimum value was found at
the outer surface.
Fig.13Static strain in shaft
Static s train in s haft is s hown in the figure 4.7.
The maximum strain was found to be 3.57e-004. It
occurs at the neck of the shaft. And the minimum value,
7.35-e007 was found at the outer surface
Fig. 14 Factor of safety distribution in shaft
The maximum factor of s afety was found to be 1484.35
and the minimum value was 3.06.
C. Cross members
The cross members provide the bending s
trength for the wheels.
The material of the cros s members were cas t
alloy s teel. The material withs tands all the trans fers load
with a minimum factor of safety of 80.45. The
maximum stress obtained is 3.085Mpa which is much less
than the ultimate yield strength of 248MPa.The maximum
deformation was found to be 0.0001mm which was far
less than the allowable deformation.
Fig. 15 Von Mises stress distribution in cross member
The yield strength of the cross member material was
248MPa. The maximum value of s tres s occurring in the
cross member during analysis was found to be
3.085MPa, which was far les s than the allowable value
of stress.
Fig. 16 Static displacement in cross member
While applying a load of 500N, the maximum dis
placement was found to be 0.0078mm. It occurs at the
point of application of load. And the minimum value was
found at the support.
Fig. 17 Static strain in cross member
The maximum strain was found to be 1.357e-005. It
occurs at the support. And the minimum value,
5.022-e006 was also found at the support.
7. International Journal For Research & Development in Technology
Volume: 1, Issue: 2, JUNE-2014 ISSN (Online):- 2349-3585
12 Copyright 2014- IJRDT www.ijrdt.org
Fig. 18 Factor of safety distribution in cross member
The maximum factor of s afety was found to be 217.4
and the minimum value was 80.45.
IV.WORKING OF THE PROTOYPE
The gyrator was tested by running the vehicle in
different terrains. And the was design was found to be s
uccessful.
The main parameters affecting the performance follows.
Track width improves the roll stability of the vehicle.
Maximum pos s ible track width of 140cm was provided
to improve the s tability of the vehicle. Further increas e
in track width reduces manoeuvrability.
Height of the vehicle also affects the roll and pitch
s tability of the vehicle. The maximum height that can be
provided is limited. The height of 140cm was chosen s
uch that the vehicle just accommodates the drives with a s
afe clearance.
The design is done in such a way that the lateral position
of the centre gravity is at a dis tance of 70cm from the
front. The vertical dis tance from the ground to the centre
of gravity was 40cm. the centre of gravity was kept low
as possible to improve the roll stability.
A ground clearance of 150mm was provided to avoid
the obs tacles. Further increase in the ride height may
lead to increas e in the height of centre of gravity which
reduces the overall stability of the vehicle.
The maximum torque and speed depend on the motor
and trans mis sion system used the given gear motor
combination can provide a torque of 64.19Nm. The
torque was increas ed to 186.8Nm by providing a proper
reduction gear having gear ratio of 2.91.
V. CONCLUSION
A s elf-s tabilizing vehicle with two wheels was des igned
and fabricated. The s tructural analys is of the des ign was
done using Solidworks . The static displacement, Von
Mises stress distribution, static strain and factor of s
afety dis tribution of various components were obtained.
All the values were found to be within the s afety limit. It
was found that the des ign was intact in all the pos s ible
loading conditions .
The dynamic stability of the vehicle was achieved by
lowering the centre of gravity and adjusting the lateral pos
ition. Narrow wheels were adopted to reduce the frictional
resistance and the energy consumption was found to be les
s. Zero turning radius was achieved by rotating the wheels
in oppos ite direction. The abs ence of longitudinal load
transfer improves the comfort of the vehicle.
REFERENCES
[1] Control of an electric diwheel, B. Cazzolato, J. Harvey, C.
Dyer, K. Fulton, E. Schumann, T. Zhu and Z. P rime,
Universit y of Adelaide, Australia.
[2] Electric Diwheel With Automatic Rotation Damping,
Technical report, Francou, L, Parsons, J, Wright, B & Zhu, B
2010, T heUniversit y of Adelaide.
[3] Fully coupled dynamics of an elect ric diwheel,
Academic Paper, Parsons, J, Cazzolat o, B, Francou, L & P
rime, Z 2010, The Universit y of Adelaide, Australia)