One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG, FOOD WASTE AND ORGANIC ...IAEME Publication
Anaerobic digestion is one of the ecofriendly methods to treat and dispose the biodegradable wastes and has more advantages when compared to any other waste treatment methods. Biogas production and composting of slurry from the biogas plant is one of the methods to reduce volume of waste (zero waste discharge) and maximum energy recovery from the organic wastes is possible.
In this study the production potential of biogas from bio degradable organic wastes such as food waste, cow dung and fresh organic wastes under the same operating condition of room temperature between 28ºC to 32ºCare compared. A pilot plant of 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity is used as digester.
Mitigating Global Warming Through Alternative Disposal of Used Mushroom Subst...ESD UNU-IAS
Mitigating Global Warming Through Alternative Disposal of Used Mushroom Substrates
Case Study Session
Prof Etela Ibisime, RCE Port Harcourt
9th African Regional RCE Meeting
5-7 August, 2019, Luyengo, Eswatini
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG, FOOD WASTE AND ORGANIC ...IAEME Publication
Anaerobic digestion is one of the ecofriendly methods to treat and dispose the biodegradable wastes and has more advantages when compared to any other waste treatment methods. Biogas production and composting of slurry from the biogas plant is one of the methods to reduce volume of waste (zero waste discharge) and maximum energy recovery from the organic wastes is possible.
In this study the production potential of biogas from bio degradable organic wastes such as food waste, cow dung and fresh organic wastes under the same operating condition of room temperature between 28ºC to 32ºCare compared. A pilot plant of 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity is used as digester.
Mitigating Global Warming Through Alternative Disposal of Used Mushroom Subst...ESD UNU-IAS
Mitigating Global Warming Through Alternative Disposal of Used Mushroom Substrates
Case Study Session
Prof Etela Ibisime, RCE Port Harcourt
9th African Regional RCE Meeting
5-7 August, 2019, Luyengo, Eswatini
Bio Gas Generation from Biodegradable Kitchen WasteIJEAB
Generation of Solid wastes in general and biodegradable waste in particular is increasing at house hold level over the last two decades. Per capita generation of the waste has been increasing steadily due to population growth and changing socio-economic characteristics and cultural habits and varies from 250g to 600g. Any material which can be decomposable by the action of microorganisms in a short period of time is called biodegradable Mostly food waste; vegetable peels and fruit pulp are biodegradable. These materials readily mix with the soil by the action of bacteria. During decomposition, these materials release carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide into the environment thereby contributes to air pollution and odour pollution. The gases that are released during the decay of biodegradable wastes can be captured for the economic utility and as well as to save the environment. An attempt is being made in this technical research paper to demonstrate the possibilities energy recovery from biodegradable kitchen waste that is collected from residential societies which can be utilized for the benefits of the society. Kitchen and food waste collected from a high end residential community of 300 families in Mumbai city suburbs is analyzed for the quantification of bio gas. Bio gas is captured through a fabricated anaerobic digester. Experimentation and results are discussed. The results are encouraging.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract:Biodiversity is one of the earth’s greatest treasures. Compared to plants and animals, microbes are least explored since they are mostly considered as pathogens and very little is known about their beneficial potentiality. Hence, there arises an urgent need to raise the public awareness about its economic value by taking effective measures in exploiting and conserving the microbial diversity. An attempt has been made to discuss about the strategy of microbial screening and its applications along with future innovative practices that has to be undertaken in order to conserve its diversity. Microbiologists have just begun to isolate and study microbial life for a better understanding of its role in ecology. Only <1% of microbes in the world have been explored. Proper strategy has to be followed to study the microbial diversity which includes habitat selection, microbial isolation methods, polyphasic taxonomy studies and its application in varied fields. Apart from ex situ and in situ conservation, several innovative initiatives such as new long-term infrastructure funding mechanisms to foster multidisciplinary involvement of microbial biodiversity research centers in collaboration with collections, education and training programmes on taxonomic studies in schools and colleges, creation of repository for cultivated collections and a reference library creation of integrated center for data management and analysis, ultimately leading to national microbial diversity management policy creation.
Keyword: application, innovative initiatives. polyphasic taxonomy, screening, strategy, management policy.
1 ijreh dec-2017-3-environmental and socio-economicAI Publications
The benefits of the use of biochar in improvement of soil properties and crop growth have been dominating scientific debates in efforts to include biochar in policy and regulatory frameworks. The study incorporated a semi participatory methodology involving farmers to gain anon-farm-view assessment of the challenges, environmental feasibility, economic profitability and socio-cultural soundness of biochar production and use. Biochar produced from cassava stems, ricehuskand corncobs using an Elsa pyrolyser were applied at 16kg/plot on 8m2 experimental plots during the 2016/2017 cropping season in Nkolbisson, Cameroon following a complete randomised design with three replications. Cassava plant growth parameters were measured at 3, 6 and 9 months after planting while yields were obtained at harvest. Cost benefit analysis was used to evaluate the total costs and revenue returns.Fifteen farmers participated in the trialand semi-structured questionnaires and interviews were used to elucidate farmer’s assessment of biochar. Results showed that, farmers using ricehusk biochar encured more profits with net benefits of 1.44 million fCFA andmarginal rate of return (33.06%) compared to thecontrol (583267fCFA) with MRR of 12.33% and corncob biochar (353436 fCFA) with MRR of 7.80%. Additional revenue (34.95%)was gained from the use of ricehusk biochar market price for CO2 offset at ($60).The use of ricehusk biochar was found to be socio-economically and environmentally feasible. However, national sensitization on biochar production could helpcreate awareness, generate a huge leap in livelihoods as well as get the attention of the government for policy drive.
Enhancing ecosystem services and indicatorsExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Presentation of Etienne Hainzelin, from CIRAD, on enhancing ecosystem services and indicators to measure ecosystem services. Examples are given from Brazil and the Sahel. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
Island financial resource impacts from microbial ecosystem fermentation Johnny Rodrigues
Managed Ecosystem Fermentations (MEF) can bring business, financial and environmental benefits to island economies by generating multiple revenue streams from organic waste that currently requires expensive disposal. MEF systems do not require sterile feedstocks and are
capable of multiple concurrent products, offering a ten-fold increase in revenue compared to stand-alone biogas using the organic waste feedstock and reducing disposal volumes by 90%. MEF consumes many organic waste materials including feed grade (FG) fruit and vegetable waste, municipal solid wastes (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS). Different feedstocks make different products, increasing local economic diversity. Carbohydrates and cellulose in FG materials are converted to High Protein Animal Feed (HPAF), displacing soybean meal imports. MSW and SS can be used to produce enzymes, proteins and amino acids for use in other industrial processes providing export revenue. All of the MEF systems can produce
enough byproduct bio-methane to self-power their process with a potential surplus thereby reducing fuel imports.
Growth Assessment of Microorganisms in Vermicomposting of Municipal Wastes Ma...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In India over population, migrate village to town, various industries development, agricultural and municipal wastes have release to dumping of waste materials caused a serious causes to the environment. India enormous quantities of disposable organic wastes materials like municipal solid waste (MSW) rich in plant nutrients were presented.
The macro and micro nutrients are available more in MSW, it is not properly decomposed (or) vermicomposting. MSW can’t be eaten directly by earthworms due to it bad smell, heavy metals, insects; water leachate to organic wastes etc. So the organic wastes such as dairy farm waste – cowdung (CD) and sugar industrial waste - pressmud (PM) with clay soil high nutritive content were mixed in equal ratio and used as bedding material (BM). The experimental bedding materials were prepared on dry weight basis by mixing the MSW + BM in the following percentage: T1 – 20% BM + 80% MSW, T2 – 40% BM + 60% MSW, T3 – 60% BM + 40% MSW, T4 – 80% BM + 20% MSW, C1 Control (BM alone) were also maintained separately. The microbial populations (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) were enumerated in the samples of 0 (Initial day), 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. The quantity of microbial population in the worm worked compost (vermicomposts) has significantly increased than worm unworked mixture. Microbial population was observed more in the vermicomposts of E. eugeniae than the L. mauritii. It could be due to the higher feeding rate, prolific breeding ability, suitable environment and multiplication of microbes while passing through the gut of worms and optimal moisture and activity of microbes.
Paludiculture to support peatland restoration in IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Agustinus Tampubolon, Research Scientist, FOERDIA, at "Online Workshop Series:Exploring Criteria and Indicators for Tropical Peatland Restoration", on 2 Sep 2020.
This presentation emphasized on the potential of paludiculture as a means to improve degraded peatland ecosystem while simultaneously generating economic benefits to the local community.
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
To make a biogas energy from different sources & creating awareness between h...IJMER
Biogas from biomass appears as an alternative source of energy, which is potentially enriched in biomass resources. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas. Different types of wastes are used for production of biogas .these wastes are found very easy and an every palace. This article helps to make biogas form different wastes. From this study, it can be concluded that this method not only contributed to renewable biogas production but also improved the effluent quality
Bio Gas Generation from Biodegradable Kitchen WasteIJEAB
Generation of Solid wastes in general and biodegradable waste in particular is increasing at house hold level over the last two decades. Per capita generation of the waste has been increasing steadily due to population growth and changing socio-economic characteristics and cultural habits and varies from 250g to 600g. Any material which can be decomposable by the action of microorganisms in a short period of time is called biodegradable Mostly food waste; vegetable peels and fruit pulp are biodegradable. These materials readily mix with the soil by the action of bacteria. During decomposition, these materials release carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide into the environment thereby contributes to air pollution and odour pollution. The gases that are released during the decay of biodegradable wastes can be captured for the economic utility and as well as to save the environment. An attempt is being made in this technical research paper to demonstrate the possibilities energy recovery from biodegradable kitchen waste that is collected from residential societies which can be utilized for the benefits of the society. Kitchen and food waste collected from a high end residential community of 300 families in Mumbai city suburbs is analyzed for the quantification of bio gas. Bio gas is captured through a fabricated anaerobic digester. Experimentation and results are discussed. The results are encouraging.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract:Biodiversity is one of the earth’s greatest treasures. Compared to plants and animals, microbes are least explored since they are mostly considered as pathogens and very little is known about their beneficial potentiality. Hence, there arises an urgent need to raise the public awareness about its economic value by taking effective measures in exploiting and conserving the microbial diversity. An attempt has been made to discuss about the strategy of microbial screening and its applications along with future innovative practices that has to be undertaken in order to conserve its diversity. Microbiologists have just begun to isolate and study microbial life for a better understanding of its role in ecology. Only <1% of microbes in the world have been explored. Proper strategy has to be followed to study the microbial diversity which includes habitat selection, microbial isolation methods, polyphasic taxonomy studies and its application in varied fields. Apart from ex situ and in situ conservation, several innovative initiatives such as new long-term infrastructure funding mechanisms to foster multidisciplinary involvement of microbial biodiversity research centers in collaboration with collections, education and training programmes on taxonomic studies in schools and colleges, creation of repository for cultivated collections and a reference library creation of integrated center for data management and analysis, ultimately leading to national microbial diversity management policy creation.
Keyword: application, innovative initiatives. polyphasic taxonomy, screening, strategy, management policy.
1 ijreh dec-2017-3-environmental and socio-economicAI Publications
The benefits of the use of biochar in improvement of soil properties and crop growth have been dominating scientific debates in efforts to include biochar in policy and regulatory frameworks. The study incorporated a semi participatory methodology involving farmers to gain anon-farm-view assessment of the challenges, environmental feasibility, economic profitability and socio-cultural soundness of biochar production and use. Biochar produced from cassava stems, ricehuskand corncobs using an Elsa pyrolyser were applied at 16kg/plot on 8m2 experimental plots during the 2016/2017 cropping season in Nkolbisson, Cameroon following a complete randomised design with three replications. Cassava plant growth parameters were measured at 3, 6 and 9 months after planting while yields were obtained at harvest. Cost benefit analysis was used to evaluate the total costs and revenue returns.Fifteen farmers participated in the trialand semi-structured questionnaires and interviews were used to elucidate farmer’s assessment of biochar. Results showed that, farmers using ricehusk biochar encured more profits with net benefits of 1.44 million fCFA andmarginal rate of return (33.06%) compared to thecontrol (583267fCFA) with MRR of 12.33% and corncob biochar (353436 fCFA) with MRR of 7.80%. Additional revenue (34.95%)was gained from the use of ricehusk biochar market price for CO2 offset at ($60).The use of ricehusk biochar was found to be socio-economically and environmentally feasible. However, national sensitization on biochar production could helpcreate awareness, generate a huge leap in livelihoods as well as get the attention of the government for policy drive.
Enhancing ecosystem services and indicatorsExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Presentation of Etienne Hainzelin, from CIRAD, on enhancing ecosystem services and indicators to measure ecosystem services. Examples are given from Brazil and the Sahel. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
Island financial resource impacts from microbial ecosystem fermentation Johnny Rodrigues
Managed Ecosystem Fermentations (MEF) can bring business, financial and environmental benefits to island economies by generating multiple revenue streams from organic waste that currently requires expensive disposal. MEF systems do not require sterile feedstocks and are
capable of multiple concurrent products, offering a ten-fold increase in revenue compared to stand-alone biogas using the organic waste feedstock and reducing disposal volumes by 90%. MEF consumes many organic waste materials including feed grade (FG) fruit and vegetable waste, municipal solid wastes (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS). Different feedstocks make different products, increasing local economic diversity. Carbohydrates and cellulose in FG materials are converted to High Protein Animal Feed (HPAF), displacing soybean meal imports. MSW and SS can be used to produce enzymes, proteins and amino acids for use in other industrial processes providing export revenue. All of the MEF systems can produce
enough byproduct bio-methane to self-power their process with a potential surplus thereby reducing fuel imports.
Growth Assessment of Microorganisms in Vermicomposting of Municipal Wastes Ma...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In India over population, migrate village to town, various industries development, agricultural and municipal wastes have release to dumping of waste materials caused a serious causes to the environment. India enormous quantities of disposable organic wastes materials like municipal solid waste (MSW) rich in plant nutrients were presented.
The macro and micro nutrients are available more in MSW, it is not properly decomposed (or) vermicomposting. MSW can’t be eaten directly by earthworms due to it bad smell, heavy metals, insects; water leachate to organic wastes etc. So the organic wastes such as dairy farm waste – cowdung (CD) and sugar industrial waste - pressmud (PM) with clay soil high nutritive content were mixed in equal ratio and used as bedding material (BM). The experimental bedding materials were prepared on dry weight basis by mixing the MSW + BM in the following percentage: T1 – 20% BM + 80% MSW, T2 – 40% BM + 60% MSW, T3 – 60% BM + 40% MSW, T4 – 80% BM + 20% MSW, C1 Control (BM alone) were also maintained separately. The microbial populations (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) were enumerated in the samples of 0 (Initial day), 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. The quantity of microbial population in the worm worked compost (vermicomposts) has significantly increased than worm unworked mixture. Microbial population was observed more in the vermicomposts of E. eugeniae than the L. mauritii. It could be due to the higher feeding rate, prolific breeding ability, suitable environment and multiplication of microbes while passing through the gut of worms and optimal moisture and activity of microbes.
Paludiculture to support peatland restoration in IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Agustinus Tampubolon, Research Scientist, FOERDIA, at "Online Workshop Series:Exploring Criteria and Indicators for Tropical Peatland Restoration", on 2 Sep 2020.
This presentation emphasized on the potential of paludiculture as a means to improve degraded peatland ecosystem while simultaneously generating economic benefits to the local community.
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
To make a biogas energy from different sources & creating awareness between h...IJMER
Biogas from biomass appears as an alternative source of energy, which is potentially enriched in biomass resources. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas. Different types of wastes are used for production of biogas .these wastes are found very easy and an every palace. This article helps to make biogas form different wastes. From this study, it can be concluded that this method not only contributed to renewable biogas production but also improved the effluent quality
Bioenergy production is a promising way to manage the organic waste material while generating the heat and electricity. Anaerobic digestion of the organic material is gaining attraction due to its easy operation and the cost effectiveness. Biogas plant is an efficient bio energy production which mainly practices in developing country to transform waste into gas through the anaerobic digestion. It is a renewable energy source which helps to fulfil the energy need especially for developing country. In this research, the small-scale biogas plant was designed and implemented for household need with cow dung as a substrate. Biogas composition was measured with a multifunctional portable gas analyser. The mean content of methane (CH4) was 63.64% and carbon dioxide (CO2) was 29.04%. Substrate was allowed for store in varying time, i.e., one week, two weeks, and three weeks before the digestion process to increase the bacterial community. The longer the manure/cow dung is stored in a closed container before pass through the digester, the shorter the time for the anaerobic decomposition process.
In this slide i was include some information from the class lecture in my graduation class.I hope it will be useful for the students in other academics.
Public Awareness in Management of Pro-Environmental and Sustainable Tourism AreaAJSERJournal
Attitudes and behaviours of caring for the environment are the willingness arising from internal
encouragement to express actions to care about the environment, to improve or maintain the quality of the
environment. The purpose of this research is to see the dominant factor that influences the attitudes and behaviours of
caring for the environment in the community who live in the tourist area. Research is in the Bili-Bili Dam Tourism Area,
South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples in this study was 100 respondents. The survey method in this study
conducted by in-depth interviews and through questionnaires to respondents. The sampling technique used is to use
purposive sampling. Processing questionnaires obtained from respondents then proceed with data analysis with
confirmatory analysis or often referred to as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with IBM AMOS Program. The results
showed that attitudes and behaviours in environmental care would increase if there is direct involvement of the
community in tourism management in the region. The existence of a sense of belonging will lead to attitudes and
behaviours to guard the tourist area. Factors that are encouraging attitudes and behaviours to care for the
environment by the surrounding community will have a direct impact on the sustainability of the region and the
environment.
Assessment of the Spatial Compliance and Negligence of Environmental Laws on ...AJSERJournal
This research work examined the spatial compliance and negligence of environmental laws on waste
management practices and consequences in the south-south region of Nigeria. Data for this study were collected from
primary and secondary sources, through the administration of one thousand, seven hundred and twenty eight (1,728)
copies of questionnaire using the random sampling method on respondents. Simple percentages, charts, student’s ttest, anova, and correlation statistical techniques were used in the analysis of the data collected. This study revealed
that waste management practices and controlled dumpsites location in the study area were not in compliance with
environmental laws. The null hypothesis one was rejected in favour of the positive hypothesis and concluded that, there
is a significant relationship between the waste dumpsites in the study area, and the impacts of their health hazards on
the immediate environment. The study therefore recommends that, in our pursuit of environmental protection and
compliance of environmental laws, we should strive towards achieving a balance in the benefits we derive from
activities that cause environmental pollution and the resultant harmful effects.
Thomas Samuel Kuhn’s Conceptual View on the Historical Philosophy of Science ...AJSERJournal
This study emphasizes the Thomas Samuel Kuhn’s concept of paradigm as an intellectual framework.
Philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model,
which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it. Think of a paradigm shift as a change
from one way of thinking to another, it’s a revolution, a transformation, a sort of metamorphosis. Kuhn’s influence has
been immense not only in the philosophy and history of science but also in other disciplines. His contributions showed a
shift from historical, psychological and sociological approach to a philosophical one.
Actuality Test - A Technique for Expeditious Agglomeration Detection in a Lab...AJSERJournal
This research has concentrated on the application of actuality/reality test for speedy confirmation of
lumps/agglomerates formation thereby emphasizing the roles of alkali metals and silica in agglomeration during the
combustion of some selected biomass fuels (miscanthus, white wood, and willow) in a laboratory-scale fixed bed.
Biomass fuels are CO2 neutral and very rich in alkali metals especially potassium, K and sodium. Potassium played
predominant roles in the agglomeration formation of these selected biomass fuels. During the experiments, huge
agglomerates were formed at a lower melting temperature of 350 0
C when potassium hydroxide, KOH and silica sand
were heated together directly (reality test) in the combustion chamber (Gooch crucible). Harder and tougher
agglomerates were produced at 502 0
C. This attested to the fact that, agglomerates are produced from the formation
of a low melting temperature eutectic compound (alkali-silicate) in the form of K-silicate. The eutectic compound has a
lower melting temperature than the melting temperature of the parent materials - the alkali metals or the silica from
sand, which is the bed material. It therefore melts sharply in the bed and formed lumps in form of agglomerates. The
results of this research have indicated that, potassium K and silica SiO2 are very important in the formation of
agglomerates during the combustion of biomass fuels. Gooch ceramic crucible is a very good combustion chamber for
the combustion of biomass fuels experiments/tests in a laboratory – scale fixed bed. It accommodated more heat
distribution into the combustion chamber than the conventional ceramic crucible.
Effect of Inhibitor Concentration and Immersion Time on the Corrosion Rate an...AJSERJournal
The effect of inhibitor concentration and immersion time on the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of
AISI 1019 steel in seawater environment were investigated by means of weight loss measurement (WLM) at an interval
of 6days for a period of 60 days. AISI 1019 steel were immersed in seawater solution in the absence and presence of
varying inhibitor concentrations of potassium chromate (PC), Sodium Nitrite(SN), Methyl Orange (MO), Methyl Red
(MR), Terminalia Catappa Leaves (TCL) Extract, Carica papaya Leaves (CPL) Extract. The results showed that there is an
increase in inhibition efficiency with increase in inhibitor concentration and decrease in inhibition efficiency with
increase in immersion time. The inorganic inhibitor (potassium chromate), inorganic inhibitor (Sodium Nitrite), the
organic Inhibitor (Methyl Orange), the organic inhibitor (Methyl Red), the green inhibitor (Terminalia Catappa Leaves)
and green inhibitor (Carica Papaya Leaves) produced their best inhibition efficiency of 71.94%, 634%, 68.94%, 68.32%,
627% ,59.79% respectively at a concentration of 10g/L. From the result obtained, the potassium chromate inhibitor has
better inhibitory property than other inhibitors, which revealed that it is best suited for inhibition of corrosion of mild
steel in seawater environment.
Nutritional Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Peach Varieties in Ethi...AJSERJournal
Nutritional and functional characteristics of fruits are related to their quality and are influenced by
genotype and ripening stage, and by environmental conditions and orchard management practices. The purpose of this
research was to test nutritional profile and selected physicochemical properties of different improved and adopted
peach varieties in Ethiopia and comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard
reference. The result got show that improved peach varieties greater amount of ash (4.3-5.51%), protein (4.34-6.05%),
fat (0.097-1.386%) and fiber (2.87-4.611%) than standard reference (0.263, 1.423, 0.427, and 1.20%, in the
aforementioned order) but lower in carbohydrate (84.411-89.90%) than standard of (96.678%). The mineral content
higher in K (0.48-1.182%), Ca (0.162-0.565 %), Mg (0.037-0.066%), Fe (16.33-159.2%) and Zn (2.43-8.84%) than
standard reference (0.942, 0.051, 0.071, 16.32, 3.213%), respectively except Na, Mg, Cu and Sulfur while the fruit
quality was revealed low moisture content which less water and medium vitamin C (3.99-5.55%) and TSS (8.36-
14.31%). We observed variation in proximate composition and mineral content among sixteen peach varieties.
Effect of Enterprise Risk Management on Sustainable Financial Performance of ...AJSERJournal
The paper is aimed at determining the effect of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) on Sustainable
financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the research is to determine the
effect of ERM on earning per share (EPS) and to ascertain the effect of ERM on Tobin Q. Descriptive research design
was adopted for the study considering the total population of all the twenty-one listed deposit money banks in Nigeria.
Data were gathered via secondary source from five (5) public annual reports of the listed deposit money banks for a
period of six years ranged from 2013-2018 and analysed using percentages and ratios. Multiple regressions was
employed in data analysis and testing the hypotheses; in determining if there is a significant effect of Enterprise Risk
Management on Earnings per Share and Tobin Q of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study revealed that
there is a positive and significant relationship between ERM (Firms Size, Leverage) and sustainable financial
performance (TQ & EPS) of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends that
financial institutions in Nigeria should employ robust Enterprise Risk Management Practices as these are likely to
greatly influence their financial performance in one way or the other and that Central Bank of Nigeria and other
regulators should endeavour to strengthen the enforcement of risk control mechanism to boost a robust bank
performance.
Impact and Performance of Linen Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Slender ColumnsAJSERJournal
This study was consisted of two phases, revealed the behavior of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
specimens of small-diameter slender column to achieve high quality concrete properties without using concrete
vibrator. The first phase investigated the effect of linen fiber on the rheological properties of SCC using two mixes types:
type I mix: without lime powder, and type II mix: with 20% lime as a replacement of cement content. The linen fiber was
contented of 0, 2, and 4 Kg/m³. In the second phase, the type II mix was used to cast three columns; one with plain SCC
and the other two with 2 and 4 Kg/m³ fiber contents. These columns were cured and cut in a certain manner to obtain 7
cylinders 150 × 300 mm and 8 slices 20 mm thickness. The cylinders were used to measure the distribution of unit
weight, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) along the column height. The rheological properties
of SCC were reduced with the additives of fibers to the mix constituents, but the properties of Fiber reinforced SelfCompacted Concrete (FSCC) were tested at 4 Kg/m³ fiber content. The distribution of unit weight, compressive strength,
and UPV provided good compaction of concrete. Also, the distribution of coarse aggregate at bottom, middle and top
sections of columns were uniformly distributed.
Using Information Gap Activities in Promoting Speaking Skills for Elementary ...AJSERJournal
In recent years, communicative approach is considered one of the primary methods to develop students’
speaking competence. When applying communicative approach in the classroom, information gap activities are
employed to promote students’ oral skill. These activities have brought many benefits for students in the classroom and
become good stimulations for students to boost their speaking skills. The study took place at Dong Nai Technology
University with the objectives to investigate the students’ perspectives of teachers using the information gap activities
to help students improve their speaking competence. The data were collected via survey questionnaires and semistructured interviews in sequence. Sixty students took part in the survey questionnaire to answer 14 questions on their
perception on speaking skills and information gap activities. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with 6
volunteer students to explain more deeply about their answers in the survey questionnaires to evaluate the validity of
the findings from the survey and give the answers to see whether these activities can affect students’ speaking skills in
the developed way. The findings from the study shows that information gaps activities are effectively utilized for the
development of students’ speaking skills
College Students' Attitude towards Premarital Sex: Implication for Guidance a...AJSERJournal
In many African countries, discussing sexuality still remains a taboo, despite the increasing number of
sexual activities among college students. The study sought to find out college students attitude towards premarital sex
and the implication of guidance and counselling. It was guided by the social learning theory. Using a descriptive survey
design data was collected through personally delivered questionnaire to 452 students who were randomly selected
from middle level colleges in Nakuru County. The questionnaire was validated through piloting in one college outside
Nakuru. Reliability coefficient for questionnaire was estimated through test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha stood
at R=84. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data. Study findings indicate that 258 or 57% of the
respondents were liberal about premarital sex and viewed it as a normal act that should not attract criticism. A total of
194 or 43% were conservative and believed that it is against the norms of society and the teachings of the church.
Factors associated with premarital sex, include love, peer pressure, drug abuse and economic factors. Counselling was
seen as the best strategic to handle sex issues, but was not effective due to stigma associated with premarital sex. The
study recommended the college administrators step up strategies to supervise both the social and academic life of the
students. By providing them with information, to make informed consent on sexual matters.
Observations of Teacher-Student Interactions in VietnamAJSERJournal
Every day, teachers make dozens of interactions with students to make sure that the students can achieve
their learning goals effectively. Classroom practices with teacher-student interactions not only help teachers build a
good working environment but also assist students in forming their responsibility for learning. This paper points out the
limitation of Vietnamese teacher-student interactions in the classroom and then suggest several solutions to this
problem.
The Effects of Communicative Language Teaching approach (CLT) on Grammar Teac...AJSERJournal
Grammar Translation Method or GTM, which greatly supports students for grammar-based written tests,
is the priority way of grammar teaching in Vietnam. That’s why many students are gradually lacking communication
abilities. In the light of Communicative Language Teaching approach or CLT, grammar is now taught in more
interesting ways. Lately, many studies have found that teaching and learning grammar in communicative contexts
helps students gain better level of language proficiency especially more fluent and accurate speaking skill. Therefore,
this paper aims to evaluate the impact of CLT in grammar instruction for first year English majored students at Dong
Nai Technology University. In addition, how students respond to the lessons instructed by CLT method is also fully
described in the paper. The results show that CLT approach brings many benefits for EFL students. Moreover, students
gain strong motivation and positive attitude through the lessons with CLT
Buckingham PI Dimensional Analysis of Cake Yield from Sludge Filtration ProcessAJSERJournal
Buckingham Pi dimensional analysis was used to derive an equation expressing filterability in terms of Filter
cake yield. The model shows that the cake yield from a pressure filter is directly proportional to the filter area of the
vessel, applied pressure and initial solids content of the sludge while being inversely proportional to specific resistance,
viscosity of filtrate, compressibility coefficient of the slurry and pressing time. The new model which incorporated the
compressibility attribute of the slurry hitherto unaccounted for in previous models enables performance of a pressure
filter (Filter Press) to be predicted from a simple laboratory determination of cake yields. It was observed that
increasing ferric chloride dosage from 11.87% to 22.61% increased filter cake yield from 3.785 x 10-4g/cm2
s to 4.4118 x
10-4g/cm2
s while reducing specific resistance from 1.7372 x 1010cm/g to 1.5940 x 1010cm/g. Moreover, the optimum
dosage from the graph to attain acceptable filtrate quality was 19.63% for an operating pressure of 6628.18g/cm2
. It
was also observed that increasing compressibility from 0.7076 cm s2
/g to 0.7314 cm s2
/g led to decreased solids
capture from 3.7682 g/cm2
s to 3.5763 g/cm2
s for the tested 0.0194 g/cm3 sludge sample. Considering the differences in
the parameters tested, the comparative analytical results showed that there was closer agreement between the actual
cake yield and predicted values while values predicted from other models were out of range. Experimental verification
of the new model showed that the predicted performance agrees with the actual experimental values with a correlation
coefficient of 0.993
Authentication of Lumps Formation in a Laboratory Scale - Fixed bed Combustio...AJSERJournal
This study has focused on the impact of additive / authentication of agglomeration behaviour in some
selected biomass fuels - white wood, willow, and miscanthus during their combustion processes in a laboratory-scale
fixed bed by which Gooch crucible was used as the combustion chamber. Biomass fuels contains huge quantity of alkali
metals particularly potassium, K and sodium, Na with potassium playing the predominant roles in the agglomeration
formation of these selected problematic biomass fuels. Agglomerates were formed in the combustion chamber at 750
0C and 802 0C under the atmospheric pressure. This was credited to the formation of eutectic compounds in the form of
alkali-silicates (K-silicates or Na-silicates). The eutectic compound has a lower melting temperature than the melting
temperature of either the alkali metals from the biomass fuels or the silica from the bed materials (sand). It therefore
melts quickly in the bed and formed chunks in form of agglomerates. Scanning electron microscopy and energy
dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM and EDX) on the samples confirmed agglomerates formation during the combustion
processes of these selected biomass fuels. EDX results indicated that, the interior of the agglomerates was
overshadowed with Si from the sand while the exterior or the peripheries were dominated with alkali metals, K, and Na
from the biomass fuels ash.
Other trace elements present in the agglomerates are P, Al, Ca, Cl, Fe, and Mg. With the addition of 10%additive
(kaolin) Al2 Si2 O5 (OH)4 to the bed materials and the combustion processes repeated under the same operating
conditions, no agglomerate was formed at either 750 0C or 802 0C. The results have shown that, addition of 10% kaolin
(additive) to the biomass particles grossly reduced formation of agglomerates in the bed. Gooch ceramic crucible is a
very reliable tool for the agglomeration experiments in the laboratories during biomass fuel combustion for heat
generation or combine heat and power generation (CHPG). This is also applicable to other combustion beds particularly
fluidized bed combustion (FBC).
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx
Comparative Study of Impact of Aluminium and Titanium Oxides Nanoparticles on...AJSERJournal
Drilling fluid has a lot of importance and application in the oil drilling process which includes the removing
of cuttings and prevention of fluid transfer to and from the rock strata. With the addition of nanoparticles it is possible
to facilitate in-situ control of the drilling fluid rheology, increasing the hydraulic efficiency of drilling campaigns and
reducing costs in a variety of reservoir environments. This study was aimed at investigating how water based drilling
fluid (WBDF) rheological property can be improved using Aluminum oxide and Titanium oxide nanoparticles. To achieve
this aim, ten laboratory samples of drilling fluids each in different proportion of additives and nanoparticles were
prepared and analyzed. The WBDF samples were prepared using the standard laboratory barrel (350 ml) method.
Different proportions of Xanthan gum, Aluminum oxide and Titanium oxide were used. Brookfield rotational viscometer
was used to determine the rheological properties of the samples. Also, the structural analysis of the interaction
between the nanoparticles and the xanthan gum were determined using Fourier Transformation Infra-red (FTIR)
spectroscopy. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that aluminum and titanium oxide nanoparticle improved
the rheological properties of the water based drilling fluid. In conclusion, the introduction of Aluminum oxide and
Titanium oxide nanoparticles improved the rheological performance of water based drilling fluids with xanthan gum
additive.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Participation of Farm Households in Watermelo...AJSERJournal
The study analyzed the factors influencing participation of farm households’ in watermelon production in
the study areas. Three local government areas out of Sokoto state were purposively selected. Questionnaire was used
to collect data. Multistage of sampling techniques were used to arrive at the sample size of 181 farm households’ for
the study. Likert scale is used to analyse the level of participation of farm households’, frequency and inferential
statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that (55.8%) of the farm households are within the ages
of 25-30 years, majority (96.7%) are male It shows that majority (64.0%) of the farm households participated in
watermelon production as a result of higher income generated. Multiple regression analysis result revealed significant
relationships between farm households participation in watermelon production and their socio-economic
characteristics at P<0.05. The constraints faced by the farm households are storage technology and improved
agricultural inputs. Most (63.5%) of the farm households believed that provision of subsidized agricultural inputs and
market accessibility are forms of assistance that will encourages farm households to partake in watermelon production.
It is recommended that government and donor agencies should encourage farm households’ by providing them with
the modern agricultural inputs so as to influence them to participate fully into watermelon production irrespective of
their Socio-economic differences.
Association of Iron Deficiency with Dysphagia: Review ArticleAJSERJournal
Objective: Patients will Iron Deficiency Anemia has been found to have Dysphagia associated with Oral, Pharyngeal and
at esophageal level however, limited data and studies are available to discover the relation of this nutrient with
swallowing difficulty. Therefore the following review of the available studies has been conducted to proof the direct
relation of Iron deficiency in the cause of dysphagia and the same supplements can help to improve swallowing
difficulty.
Purpose: The study made here under, hypothesizes to identify the following aspects:
1. Does Iron deficiency Anemia affects all levels of Dysphagia?
2. Can Iron supplements be used to improve swallowing difficulty with adult patients?
3. Is it the Iron deficiency that causes impairment in the pharyngeal and esophageal track or, does is it the dysphagia
that causes Anemia?
Method: A systematic review analysis was conducted through the published studies from Skyhub or Pub Med to form a
critical investigation and view point. The included readings taken into account were from 2001 to present date.
Conclusion: The association of Iron with Dysphagia was found to be positive, how the exact nature of interdependence
remained ambiguous
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
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American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research
E-ISSN -2348 – 703X, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2020
Review on Biogas Production in Nigeria
Baki, A.S1
, Bande, Y.M2
, Bello, A 3
1
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State
3
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
ABSTRACT: One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Keywords: Biogas, Digestion Technologies, Retention Time, Nigeria.
I. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION TECHNOLOGIES
Historical evidence indicates that the anaerobic digestion process is one of the oldest technologies (Monnet,
2003). Very old sources indicate that using wastewater and so-called renewable resources for the energy supply is not
new, but were already known before the birth of Christ, (Deublein and Steinhauser, 2008). Biogas production through
anaerobic digestion (AD) is an environmental friendly process utilizing the increasing amounts of organic waste
produced worldwide. A wide range of waste streams, including industrial and municipal waste waters, agricultural,
municipal, and food industrial wastes, as well as plant residues, can be treated with this technology
The first allusion to animal manure comes from Humphrey Davy, who reported early in the nineteenth
century the presence of this combustible gas in fermenting farmyard manure. Davy is known for the invention of the
miner's safety lamp. However, the industrialization of anaerobic digestion began in 1859 with the first digestion plant
in Bombay. By 1895, biogas was recovered from a sewage treatment facility and used to fuel street lamps in Exeter,
England (Nwanko and Joseph, 2014). Research led by Buswell Monnet (2003) and others, in the 1930s identified
anaerobic bacteria and the conditions that promote methane production. As the understanding of the anaerobic
digestion process and its benefits improved, more sophisticated equipments and operational techniques emerged.
The result was the use of closed tank, heating and mixing systems to optimize anaerobic digestion. In 1900 a methane
(biogas) generating plant from human wastes was constructed in a leper asylum in Matunga, India (Maramba, 1978).
In the years around 1940, many municipal sewage treatment plants in the United States and elsewhere were
already employing anaerobic "digestion" as part of the treatment of municipal waste, and thereby generating
methane which was used to generate electricity for the plant. This indicated that for pollution control, the anaerobic
digestion process is proven effective with additional benefits in the form of a supply of a useful gas (Maramba, 1978).
China is one of the countries in the world where the use of biogas started at a very early Stage. In 1920, Mr.
LuoGuorui built a biogas digester called "Chinese Guorui Natural Gas store", which was the first hydraulic digester in
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China. This marked the beginning of rural biogas systems development in China (Ahmadu, 2009).'In 1978, 7million
plants were built, but only 3 million were working. In 2009, about 17 million biogas plants which mainly use
underground masonry plants of size 4 to 10m but less than 50% success was recorded (Fulford, 2011).
In Taiwan, more than 7,500 units of methane-generating device utilizing pig manure have been constructed.
In the United States, there has been considerable interest in the process of anaerobic digestion. Digesters are aimed
at meeting energy production and waste treatment, especially with regard to animals in - farms, allowing the
manipulation of a material free of odors (Maramba, 1978).
II. BIOGAS PROJECTS IN AFRICA
Biogas projects are on the rise throughout the world. They provide a method to produce methane used for
cooking and lighting from the waste of animals and humans. In countries such as Nepal there is a large push to
increase the number of biogas plants in the country. These projects usually use cow manure to produce the gas, but
by making a small adjustment, a household latrine can be connected to a digester increasing gas production and
providing an easy way to manage the human waste (Ocwieja, 2010).
In Rwanda, Kigali Institute of Science and Technology built sewage systems for overcrowded prisons (10,000
people) using underground masonry plant s with 100m3 volume, linked to make T,400m3. This development saved
50% of wood for cooking. In 2006, Biogas Technology West Africa Ltd won the Ashden Award by building sewage
systems for hospitals, schools, colleges, etc using underground masonry dome systems of 60m to 160m3 volumes.
The water recovered was used to flush the toilets while gas was collected and used for cooking, (Fulford, 2011).
In Nigeria, research into biogas technology and its practical application is on-going, though has not really
received the deserved attention. The Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto has
carried out a number of pilot projects on construction of household size digesters. In addition to this the centre has
constructed biogas digester plants of 20m3 capacity at these locations: Zaria prisons, Kiri-kiri Prisons-Lagos, may
flower School-Ikene, Ogun State, Ojokoro-Lagos and Maiduguri (Mshandete and Parawira, 2009).
There is a new African initiative to increase the number of biogas plants that was launched in 2007. The goal
of this initiative is to provide 2 million households by 2020with biogas digesters. However, the number of biogas
plants currently in Africa is unknown with most units installed in Tanzania (around 4,000). It has also been estimated
that only 60% of these plants have remained in operation. The reasons for failure or unsatisfactory performance of
these biogas systems can often be found in the mistakes made during the planning stages. Other reasons for failures
include lack of interest and understanding by the community, construction faults, insufficient maintenance on the
system, misconception of benefits of the system, lack of training new owners on the system, and budgeting errors,
(Ocwieja ,2010).
III. CONCEPT OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Anaerobic digestion is the controlled degradation of organic waste in the absence of oxygen and in the
presence of anaerobic micro-organisms. The digestion process is carried out using an airtight reactor and other
equipment used for waste pre-treatment and gas retrieval. The process generates a product called "biogas" that is
primarily composed of methane, carbon dioxide, and compost products suitable as soil conditioners on farmlands,
(Ojolo et al., 2007).
The anaerobic digestion can be used either to treat biodegradable wastes or produce saleable products such
as heat/electricity, soil amendment etc. the most valuable use of anaerobic digestion is to combine both waste
management and the use of the bi-products. It is unlikely that anaerobic digestion will be a viable treatment without
using the biogas and the digestate. The qualities of the biogas and digestate will vary depending on the feedstock and
its contamination. Furthermore, the use of biogas and digestate can also involve further treatments, such as
composting of digestate (Sárvári et al., 2016). The process of anaerobic digestion can be further divided into four
stages: pre-treatment, digestion, gas upgrading and digestate treatment, the level of pre-treatment depends on the
type of feedstock, for example, manures need to be mixed whereas municipal solid wastes (MSW) are sorted and
shredded. The digestion stage takes place in the digester. There are different types of digesters with different
temperature, mixing devices, etc. the digestion can be either dry or wet depending on the solid content. This implies
that the feedstock can be mixed with water and other appropriate liquid wastes such as sludge or re-circulated liquid
from digester effluent, (Monnet, 2003).
The final stage which is the upgrading of the biogas is necessary because it may contain impurities that can
damage boilers or engines depending on what the gas is used problematic than mesophilic digestion. The sterilization
of the waste is linked to the temperature; the higher it is the more effective it is in eliminating pathogens, viruses and
seeds. On the other hand, when the ambient temperature goes down to 10°C, gas production virtually stops, (Karki et
al., 2005).
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PH of Anaerobic Digesters: The pH values of the input mixture play very important role in methane
formation. The acidic condition is not favourable for methanogenic process. The optimum biogas production is
achieved when the pH value of input mixture in the digester is between 6 and 7. The pH in a biogas digester is also a
function of the retention time. In the initial period of fermentation, as large amounts of organic acids are produced
by acid forming bacteria, the pH inside the digester can decrease to below 5. This inhibits or even stops the digestion
or fermentation process. Methanogenic bacteria are very sensitive to pH and do not thrive below a value of 6.0 (Karki
et al., 2005).
Retention Time; Retention time (also detention time) is the average duration of time a sample remains in the
digester. In a cow-dung plant, the detention time is calculated by dividing the total volume of the digester by the
volume of slurry added daily. Usually, for an abattoir waste a retention time of 40 to 60 days is required depending
upon the temperature. Thus, the fermenting pit should have a volume of from 40 to 60 times the slurry added daily.
But for a night-soil digester, a longer retention time (70 to 90 days) is needed in order to kill the pathogens present in
human faeces. For liquid manure undergoing fermentation in the mesophilic temperature range, (Karki et al., 2005)
outlined the following approximate values of retention time:
• Liquid cow manure: 20-30 days
• Liquid pig manure: 15-25 days
• Liquid chicken manure: 20-40 days
• Animal manure mixed with plant material: 50-80 days
If the retention time is too short, the bacteria in the digester are "washed out" faster than they can
reproduce, so that the fermentation practically comes to a standstill. This problem rarely occurs in agricultural biogas
systems. Moreover, the required retention time for completion of the anaerobic digestion reactions varies with
differing technologies, process temperature, and waste composition. The retention time for wastes treated in
mesophilic digester range from 10 to 40 days (Nwanko and Joseph, 2014).
Organic Loading Rate (OLR) Volatile Solids (VS): Organic loading rate is a measure of the biological conversion
capacity of the anaerobic digestion system. Feeding the system above its sustainable OLR results in low biogas yield
due to accumulation of inhibiting substances in the digester slurry (i.e. fatty acids) under such circumstances, the
feeding rate of the system must be reduced. OLR is a particularly important control parameter in continuous systems.
Many plants have reported system failure due to overloading. OLR is expressed in kg Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
or Volatile solids (VS) per cubic meter of reactor. It is linked with retention time for any particular feedstock and
anaerobic reactor volume (Monnet, 2003). Volatile Solids (VS) represents the organic matter in a sample which is
measured as solid content minus ash content, as obtained by complete combustion of the feed wastes. Volatile Solid
comprises the biodegradable volatile solid (BVS) fraction and the refractory volatile solid (RVS). High volatile solid
content with low RVS is more suitable for anaerobic digestion, (Verma, 2002).
Mixing Anaerobic Digester Content: Mixing within the digester improves the contact between the micro-
organisms and substrate and improves bacterial population's ability to obtain nutrients. Mixing also prevents the
formation of scum and the development of temperature gradients within the digester. However, excessive mixing can
disrupt the micro-organisms and therefore slow mixing is preferred, (Monnet, 2003). In case of co-digestion, the
different feedstock should be mixed before entering the digester to ensure a sufficient homogeneity. A well agitated
substrate can, leaving other parameters constant, increase biogas production by 50%, (Monnet, 2003).
• Inhibition and Toxicity: Mineral ions, heavy metals and the detergents used in livestock husbandry are some
of the toxic materials that inhibit the normal growth of pathogens in the digester. Small quantity of mineral ions (e.g.
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium and sulphur) also stimulates the growth of bacteria, while very
heavy concentration of these ions will have toxic effect (Karki et al., 2005).
• Dilution and Consistency of Inputs: Before feeding the digester, the excreta such as fresh cattle dung has to
be mixed thoroughly with water. For proper solubilization of organic materials, the ratio between solid and water
should be 1:1 on unit volume basis (i.e. same volume of water for a given volume of solid) when the domestic wastes
are used. The dilution should be made to maintain the total solids (TS) from' 5 to 10 percent. If the slurry mixture is
too diluted, the solid particles can precipitate at the bottom of the digester and if it is too thick, the flow of gas can be
impeded. In both cases, gas production will be less than optimum value, (Karki et al., 2005).
IV. FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS
The following factors affect the microbial activities in an anaerobic digester. Nature of Slurry: For proper
solubilization of organic materials, the ratio between solid and water should be 1:1 when the domestic wastes are
used.
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Seeding or Bacterial Population: Acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria are naturally present in cow dung.
However, their number is quite small. Acid forming bacteria proliferate fast and increase their number, while
methanogenic bacteria develop very slowly (Ukpai and Nnabuchi 2012). Therefore, for the initial reaction, small
amount of sludge of another digester is generally used as seeding or inoculums. This sludge contains high
concentration of acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria, which could enhance the process of anaerobic digestion of
organic materials.
Nitrogen Concentration: Methane production is the activity of Carbon metabolism, thus excess amount of
nitrogen inhibits the bacterial metabolism and lowers down the methane production (Sárvári et al., 2016).
Carbon-Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio of Feed Materials: This is the ratio of carbon to nitrogen present in the organic
matter. Gas production is optimum when C/N ratio of the input is between 20 and 30. C/N ratio of cow/buffalo dung
is about 25 and hence ideal for biogas production.
Maintaining Anaerobiosis in the Anaerobic Digesters: Methanogenic bacteria are anaerobic organisms. In
aerobic condition, most of these bacteria are inactive in metabolism, thus digesters should be totally airtight to
maintain strictly anaerobic condition. In many places, digesters are buried in the Earth to maintain anaerobiosis
condition.
Addition of Succulent Plant or Algae: For the effective and high production of biogas from cow dung and
animal dung many succulent plants or algae are added. Green algae, water hyacinth and lemon grass are added in the
digester. The amount of biogas produced from the algae was twice (344 ml/g dry algae) of that obtained from cow
dung (179/g dry cow dung) alone. Also, the duration of gas evolution increased with increasing the proportion of
slurry. The calorific value of the gas was 4800 K cal/m3 and the percentage of methane was 55.4%, (Karki et al., 2005).
V. END PRODUCTS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Anaerobic digestion is a cost effective way to manage biodegradable waste because it produces biogas and
digestate. The use or sale of both can provide great financial incomes. However, in order to obtain the maximum
value from these products, further processing may be necessary (Nwanko and Joseph, 2014).
The components of the biogas depend on the process of digestion, but are predominately methane and
carbon dioxide. The solid is a humus-like stable, organic material, the quality and subsequent use of which is
determined by the characteristics of the feedstock to the anaerobic digestion process. The liquid contains soluble
materials, including dissolved organic compounds (Igboro, 2011).
Biogas
STAGES OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
There are four key biological and chemical stages of anaerobic digestion:
1. Hydrolysis
2. Acidogenesis
3. Acetogenesis
4. Methanogenesis (Watter, 2009).
In most cases, biomass is made up of large polymers. In order of the bacteria in anaerobic digestion to access
the energy potential of the material, these chains most be broken down into their smaller constituent parts. These
constituent or monomers such as sugars are readily available by other bacteria. The process of breaking these chains
and dissolving the smaller molecules into solution is called hydrolysis. Therefore, Hydrolysis of these high molecular-
weight polymeric components is the necessary first step in anaerobic digestion. Through hydrolysis the complex
organic molecules are broken into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids(Sárvári et al., 2016)..
Acetate and hydrogen produced in the first stages can be used directly by methanogenesis. Other molecules
such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) with a chain length that is greater than that of acetate must first be catabolised into
compounds that can be directly utilized by methanogens (Weiland, 2010; Watter, 2009).
The biological process of acidogenesis is where there is further breaking down of the remaining components by
acidogenic (fermentative) bacteria. Here, VFAs are created along with ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen
sulfide, as well as other by product. The process of acidogenesis is similar to the way that milk sours (Weiland, 2010).
The third stage of anaerobic digestion is acetogenesis. Here, simple molecules created through the
acidogenesis phase are further digestion by acetogens to produce largely acetic acid as well as carbon dioxide and
hydrogen.
The terminal sage of anaerobic digestion is the biological process of methanol genesis. Here, methanogens
utilize the intermediate products of the preceding stages and convert them into methane, carbon dioxide, and water.
It is these components that make up the majority of the biogas emitted from the system. Methanogenesis is sensitive
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to both high and low pH and occurs between PH 6.5 and pH 8. The remaining, along with any dead bacterial remains,
constitutes the digester (Ukpai and Nnabuchi 2012).
Uses of Biogas
Like any other fuel, biogas can be used for household and industrial purposes; the main prerequisite being
the availability of especially designed biogas burners or modified consumer appliances.
Cooking
Cooking is by far the most important use of biogas in the developing world. Biogas burners or stoves for domestic
cooking work satisfactorily under a water pressure of 75 mm to 85mm, the stoves may be single or double varying in
capacity from 0.22m to 1.1 Om3 gas consumption per hour.
Lighting
Biogas can be used for lighting in non-electrified rural areas. Special types of gauze mantle lamps consuming
0.07 m3 to 0.14m3 of gas per hour are used for household lighting.
Refrigeration
Biogas can be used for absorption type refrigerating machines operating on ammonia and water, and equipped with
automatic thermo-siphon. Since biogas is only the refrigerator's external source of heat, the burner itself has to be
modified. Refrigerators that are run with kerosene flame could be adapted to run on biogas.
Biogas-fueled Engines
Biogas can be used to operate four stroke diesel and spark ignition engines. Biogas engines are generally
suitable for powering vehicles like tractors and light duty trucks as has been successfully experimented in China.
When biogas is used to fuel such engines, it may be necessary to reduce the hydrogen sulphide content if it is more
than 2 percent. Using biogas to fuel vehicles is not so much of an attractive proposition as it would require carrying
huge gas tanks on the vehicle (Ukpai and Nnabuchi 2012).
Electricity Generation
Generating electricity is a much more efficient use of biogas than using it for gas light. From energy
utilization point of view, it is more economical to use biogas to generate electricity for lighting. In this process, the gas
consumption is about 0.75 m3per kW hour with which 25-40 watt lamps can be lighted for one hour, whereas
the same volume of biogas can serve only seven lamps for one hour. Small internal combustion engines with
generator can be used to produce electricity in the rural areas with clustered dwellings. Bio-digesters can be used to
treat municipal waste and generate electricity (Karki et al., 2005).
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