This document discusses a research project that aims to develop a low-cost technology for generating biogas from kitchen waste in Ethiopia. The project is being conducted by investigators from Bahir Dar University in response to Ethiopia's overreliance on biomass for fuel, which is causing environmental degradation and health issues. Specifically, the project will test using inexpensive plastic tank digesters and kitchen waste as the substrate to generate biogas, as an alternative to the more expensive underground fixed dome digesters and use of animal manure/human waste proposed in other biogas initiatives in Africa. The goal is to provide a lower cost and more sustainable option for biogas production that can help address Ethiopia's energy and environmental challenges.
This document proposes a research project to implement a low-cost technology for biogas generation from kitchen wastes in Ethiopia. It notes that over 85% of Ethiopians rely on biomass like firewood for energy, causing deforestation, health issues from indoor air pollution, and burdening women's time. As alternatives, fuel-efficient stoves only delay problems, while biogas from wastes can provide renewable energy. The proposed project would develop plastic tank digesters using kitchen waste for biogas, addressing costs of existing programs. It aims to provide a sustainable and affordable energy source while supporting Ethiopia's initiatives and the university's social goals.
This document discusses biogas production and upgrading. It provides an overview of traditional biogas production methods and their limitations. It then discusses the growth of the biogas market and technologies for upgrading biogas, including various techniques like chemical adsorption, pressure swing adsorption, and membrane separation. It analyzes patent trends in biogas upgrading technologies and concludes that the biogas upgrading market has significant opportunities, though costs vary significantly depending on production methods and distribution systems used.
This document discusses Bio-CNG (biodegradable compressed natural gas), which is produced from biogas through additional processing. Biogas is produced from biomass and contains primarily methane and carbon dioxide. To produce Bio-CNG, the biogas undergoes biological desulphurization to remove hydrogen sulfide, followed by upgrading using water scrubbers or pressure swing adsorption to increase the methane content. The methane-rich gas is then compressed to high pressures between 20-25 MPa and stored for use. Bio-CNG has advantages over fossil fuels as it is renewable, has a high calorific value suitable for vehicles, and produces lower greenhouse gas emissions. However, producing Bio-CNG also faces
A Proposal on Bio Gas Plants for villagesRishabh Gupta
This proposal suggests installing biogas plants in villages to provide sustainable energy and improve sanitation. The biogas plants would use animal and human waste as feedstock to produce methane gas for fuel. Calculations estimate the plants could produce enough gas to meet the villages' energy needs. Benefits include reducing disease, generating renewable energy without external inputs, creating local jobs, and helping alleviate poverty in the communities.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on biomass energy given by several presenters to a professor. It outlines different methods for extracting energy from biomass, including direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, digestion, and fermentation. It discusses the advantages of biomass energy being renewable, sustainable, and less polluting than fossil fuels. The document also provides context on the history of biomass use in India and how policy has aimed to address rural energy crises and reduce oil imports. Applications of biomass energy include residential heating/cooking, industrial uses, and electricity generation.
Biogas can be generated from organic wastes through anaerobic digestion to provide a renewable source of energy. It has the benefits of dealing with waste management issues while also producing a clean fuel for cooking, lighting, electricity and transportation. The biogas production process involves several steps of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis by which bacteria break down biomass into methane and carbon dioxide gas. Common feedstocks and their expected biogas yields are listed to evaluate production potential from various resources.
Biogas is a mixture of gases produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter. India has over 4.75 million small-scale biogas plants and 158 grid power projects with a total capacity of 2 MW. Biogas can be produced from materials like animal dung, crop residue, and food waste. It is a renewable energy source that provides benefits like being clean burning and producing useful fertilizer byproducts. Biogas has various applications such as fuel for cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and use in vehicles.
This document proposes a research project to implement a low-cost technology for biogas generation from kitchen wastes in Ethiopia. It notes that over 85% of Ethiopians rely on biomass like firewood for energy, causing deforestation, health issues from indoor air pollution, and burdening women's time. As alternatives, fuel-efficient stoves only delay problems, while biogas from wastes can provide renewable energy. The proposed project would develop plastic tank digesters using kitchen waste for biogas, addressing costs of existing programs. It aims to provide a sustainable and affordable energy source while supporting Ethiopia's initiatives and the university's social goals.
This document discusses biogas production and upgrading. It provides an overview of traditional biogas production methods and their limitations. It then discusses the growth of the biogas market and technologies for upgrading biogas, including various techniques like chemical adsorption, pressure swing adsorption, and membrane separation. It analyzes patent trends in biogas upgrading technologies and concludes that the biogas upgrading market has significant opportunities, though costs vary significantly depending on production methods and distribution systems used.
This document discusses Bio-CNG (biodegradable compressed natural gas), which is produced from biogas through additional processing. Biogas is produced from biomass and contains primarily methane and carbon dioxide. To produce Bio-CNG, the biogas undergoes biological desulphurization to remove hydrogen sulfide, followed by upgrading using water scrubbers or pressure swing adsorption to increase the methane content. The methane-rich gas is then compressed to high pressures between 20-25 MPa and stored for use. Bio-CNG has advantages over fossil fuels as it is renewable, has a high calorific value suitable for vehicles, and produces lower greenhouse gas emissions. However, producing Bio-CNG also faces
A Proposal on Bio Gas Plants for villagesRishabh Gupta
This proposal suggests installing biogas plants in villages to provide sustainable energy and improve sanitation. The biogas plants would use animal and human waste as feedstock to produce methane gas for fuel. Calculations estimate the plants could produce enough gas to meet the villages' energy needs. Benefits include reducing disease, generating renewable energy without external inputs, creating local jobs, and helping alleviate poverty in the communities.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on biomass energy given by several presenters to a professor. It outlines different methods for extracting energy from biomass, including direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, digestion, and fermentation. It discusses the advantages of biomass energy being renewable, sustainable, and less polluting than fossil fuels. The document also provides context on the history of biomass use in India and how policy has aimed to address rural energy crises and reduce oil imports. Applications of biomass energy include residential heating/cooking, industrial uses, and electricity generation.
Biogas can be generated from organic wastes through anaerobic digestion to provide a renewable source of energy. It has the benefits of dealing with waste management issues while also producing a clean fuel for cooking, lighting, electricity and transportation. The biogas production process involves several steps of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis by which bacteria break down biomass into methane and carbon dioxide gas. Common feedstocks and their expected biogas yields are listed to evaluate production potential from various resources.
Biogas is a mixture of gases produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter. India has over 4.75 million small-scale biogas plants and 158 grid power projects with a total capacity of 2 MW. Biogas can be produced from materials like animal dung, crop residue, and food waste. It is a renewable energy source that provides benefits like being clean burning and producing useful fertilizer byproducts. Biogas has various applications such as fuel for cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and use in vehicles.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG, FOOD WASTE AND ORGANIC ...IAEME Publication
Anaerobic digestion is one of the ecofriendly methods to treat and dispose the biodegradable wastes and has more advantages when compared to any other waste treatment methods. Biogas production and composting of slurry from the biogas plant is one of the methods to reduce volume of waste (zero waste discharge) and maximum energy recovery from the organic wastes is possible.
In this study the production potential of biogas from bio degradable organic wastes such as food waste, cow dung and fresh organic wastes under the same operating condition of room temperature between 28ºC to 32ºCare compared. A pilot plant of 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity is used as digester.
Biogas- a way to solve the sanitation problems.Perfect for taking seminars and classes.
This presentation explains about the objectives, principle, working, advantages and disadvantages of biogas. Requirements to develop a biogas digester and the types of biogas digesters are explained.
Statistical analysis of biogas digesters in the world also mentioned.
Giving out a idea of how much we are capable in using fossil fuels and Biogas and giving an idea of utilization so that economically as well as it will be benefited to environment.
How to Start Biogas Production, Biogas – An Intense Opportunity (Landfill Gas...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Generally, biogas is a renewable fuel. In any country, for cooking or heating purposes biogas can be used as a low-cost fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in stationary and mobile engines, to supply motive power, pump water, drive machinery (e.g., threshers, grinders) or generate electricity. It can be used in both spark and compression (diesel) engines. The spark ignition engine is easily modified to run on biogas by using a gas carburetor.
See more
http://goo.gl/itobCF
http://goo.gl/rUX6nR
http://goo.gl/euQMeR
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website : http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Anaerobic Treatment and Biogas Production from Organic Waste,Biofuel, Biogas an Intense Opportunity, Biogas and Its Applications, Biogas Application, Biogas Based Profitable Projects, Biogas business plan, Biogas Digester, Biogas digester construction, Biogas from waste, Biogas plant construction, Biogas plant in India, Biogas Plants, Biogas Plants: Processes for Biogas Production, Biogas production, Biogas production book, Biogas Production Business, Biogas production from kitchen waste, Biogas Production from Organic Wastes, Biogas production Industry in India, Biogas Production Plants, Biogas production process, Biogas production Projects, Biogas production technology, Biogas Small Business Manufacturing, Biogas start up, Biogas technologies and applications, Biogas Technology Book, Biomass, Build a Biogas Plant, Business guidance for Biogas Production, Business guidance to clients, Business opportunities for biogas production, Business plan bio gas, Business plan for biogas production, Business start-up, How to build a biogas digester, How to make a Bio-gas Digester, How to Make Biogas, How to produce biogas from waste, How to Profit from Biogas Production, How to Start a Biogas production Business, How to Start a Biogas Production?, How to start a successful Biogas Production business, How to start biogas plant business in India, How to Start Biogas production Industry in India, Landfill Gas (LFG), Methane Generation from Livestock Waste, Methane Production from Agricultural and Domestic Wastes, Methane production from animal wastes, Methane Production from Farm Wastes, Mini Bio-gas plant using decomposable organic material, Mini Bio-gas plant using food waste, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Biogas production Business Ideas , New small scale ideas in Biogas production industry, Organic waste types for biogas production, Producing biogas from kitchen waste, Production of Biogas from Biomass, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Biogas Production, Project for startups, Renewable Energy, Setting up and opening your Biogas Production Business
4.10 - "Development of efficient methane fermentation process and biogas plan...Pomcert
The document discusses the development of efficient methane fermentation processes and biogas plant technologies. It notes that biogas production from organic waste can help address environmental issues while providing renewable energy. The document outlines key topics around biogas production, including the methane cycle, fermentation processes, substrates used, and technological aspects of biogas production and use.
BIOMASS GASIFICATION,gasification and gasifier.
A slide about biomass gasification including brief description about thermo-chemical conversion process and applications
A TEXT BOOK : Complete and comprehensive inputs in Learning about Biogas and Biogas digestors:We have tried to take the mystery away from biogas.
Biogas is a renewable energy source with many different production pathways and various excellent opportunities to use.
One main advantage of biogas is the waste reduction potential. Biogas production by anaerobic digestion is popular for treating biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products.
Biogas burns more cleanly than coal, and emits less carbon dioxide per unit of energy. The carbon in biogas was recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants. Releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than burning fossil fuels.
Thus, biogas production kills two birds with one stone: it reduces waste and produces energy. In addition, the residues from the digestation process can be used as high quality fertilizer. This closes the nutrient cycle.
Biomass is a renewable energy source derived from living organisms. It can be used to generate electricity through combustion in a biomass power plant. There are different modes of biomass power generation including direct combustion, gasification combustion, mixed burning with coal. Biomass power plants provide social and economic benefits like job creation and reduced dependence on foreign energy sources. While prospects are strong in industrial sectors that produce biomass waste, challenges include securing stable long-term fuel supplies and electricity prices that support plant viability.
Biogas generation a climate neutral projectBIOTECH INDIA
The document discusses biogas generation from organic waste as a climate neutral project. It describes how anaerobic digestion of organic waste through biogas technology can treat waste hygienically while producing renewable biogas energy and organic fertilizer. This helps reduce emissions, chemical fertilizer use, and reliance on fossil fuels. The document outlines the technical details and environmental benefits of small-scale domestic and larger institutional biogas plants.
The document discusses the fundamentals of biomass combustion, including the processes of drying, pyrolysis, flaming combustion, and glowing combustion. It also covers combustion equipment designs like inclined grate furnaces, spreader stokers, cyclonic and suspension fired systems, and fluidized bed combustion. The goal of combustion system design is to efficiently oxidize the biomass through sufficient mixing of the fuel with oxygen and controlling residence times and temperatures.
Biogas can be produced from the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste and cow dung. The optimal carbon to nitrogen ratio for biogas production is around 25:1, which can be achieved by mixing kitchen waste and cow dung. Biogas production occurs in three stages through the action of various microorganisms and produces a gas that is around 60% methane. Studies found that mixing cow dung with kitchen waste produced more biogas than using either substrate alone. Approximately 65,000 biogas plants have been installed in Bangladesh so far but more are needed to utilize available waste resources and provide renewable energy.
This document provides information on two types of biogas plants - fixed dome and floating gas holder. It explains that biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass in an airtight container. The fixed dome plant has a dome-shaped digester underground while the floating gas holder type uses an inverted steel drum above the digester that moves up as gas collects. Both allow for the production of biogas as a renewable fuel from organic waste.
This document discusses biogas and solar pumps. It provides details on:
- The composition and production of biogas from waste materials through anaerobic digestion. Biogas is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide.
- The components and functioning of biogas plants, including digesters and gas holders. Biogas can be used to power pumps and generators.
- The advantages of biogas in providing renewable energy with low maintenance costs, and the disadvantages of high initial costs and variable production.
- How solar pumps work by converting sunlight to electricity using photovoltaic panels, and using the electricity to power water pumps. They have benefits of being renewable with no fuel costs but require large arrays and battery
Biomass pyrolysis produces bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. It involves heating biomass like wood or agricultural waste in the absence of oxygen. Fast pyrolysis at 450-1000°C yields 60% bio-oil that can be upgraded to fuels or chemicals. Syngas and biochar are also produced. Biochar improves soil quality and stores carbon long-term. The document discusses pyrolysis process parameters, products, applications, and provides an example of its environmental and energy benefits compared to fossil fuels according to a life cycle analysis. Bottlenecks to commercializing biomass energy in India include supply chain and policy issues.
Biomass gasification is a mature technology pathway that uses a controlled process involving heat, steam, and oxygen to convert biomass to hydrogen and other products, without combustion.
1. Biomass refers to organic material from plants and includes plant matter, animal waste, and organic industrial and municipal wastes.
2. Major sources of biomass include woody biomass from forests, herbaceous biomass like grasses and energy crops, aquatic plants and algae, agricultural residues, animal waste, sewage, municipal solid waste, and industrial waste.
3. Pakistan has significant biomass resources including agricultural residues, animal manure, municipal solid waste, and sugarcane waste that can be used for biogas and electricity generation.
This document provides an overview of biomass conversion methods for energy production in India. It discusses various biomass feedstocks such as agricultural crops, residues, and waste streams. Common agricultural crops used are sugarcane, corn, and sweet sorghum. Briquetting and combustion are described as methods to convert biomass into solid and gaseous fuels. Rural communities have traditionally used biomass for cooking and heating. The objectives of new programs are to make biomass a sustainable and modern energy source. Briquetting techniques from an Indian research center are summarized, including carbonizing biomass in a furnace, using a starch binder, and forming uniform briquettes with a density of around 1,000 kg/
Anaerobic digestion is a process where microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas, a clean and efficient fuel composed primarily of methane. There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome and floating gas holder. Both use biomass and water inputs and anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which can then be used for electricity, heat, transportation fuel or grid injection. Biogas is a renewable and carbon-neutral energy source that provides environmental benefits over fossil fuels while generating nutrient-rich fertilizer as a byproduct.
Thermo chemical conversion involves the biological, chemical, and thermal breakdown of biomass. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of biomass through heating in the absence of oxygen, producing biochar, bio-oil, and gases. Pyrolysis can occur through slow or fast processes, with fast pyrolysis taking seconds and yielding mainly bio-oil, while slow pyrolysis takes hours and produces primarily biochar. Pyrolysis is dependent on temperature and particle size, and can convert biomass into easily stored and transported liquid fuels or soil amendments like biochar.
The document discusses developments in eco-friendly finishes for cotton fabrics and garments. It outlines several finishing techniques that can make cotton more sustainable and environmentally-friendly, such as organic cotton cultivation, naturally dyed cotton, and cross-linking agents that are safer alternatives to formaldehyde. New techniques are also explored, like the NexTec process that can encapsulate fibers to impart multiple functional properties at once, as well as using genetic engineering to develop novel cotton varieties. The conclusion states that applying functional finishes can enhance cotton's qualities while adding value, and many innovative ideas for more sustainable textile finishing are currently being explored.
This document discusses methods for high temperature dyeing of wool-polyester blends to minimize damage to the wool. It recommends using formaldehyde or similar agents to protect the wool at temperatures up to 120°C. Specific dyeing times and temperatures are provided for different levels of wool protection. One-bath and two-bath dyeing methods are described that allow deep shades while reducing staining of the wool component. Considerations for dye selection, recipes, and procedures are provided to optimize results while minimizing wool degradation.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG, FOOD WASTE AND ORGANIC ...IAEME Publication
Anaerobic digestion is one of the ecofriendly methods to treat and dispose the biodegradable wastes and has more advantages when compared to any other waste treatment methods. Biogas production and composting of slurry from the biogas plant is one of the methods to reduce volume of waste (zero waste discharge) and maximum energy recovery from the organic wastes is possible.
In this study the production potential of biogas from bio degradable organic wastes such as food waste, cow dung and fresh organic wastes under the same operating condition of room temperature between 28ºC to 32ºCare compared. A pilot plant of 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity is used as digester.
Biogas- a way to solve the sanitation problems.Perfect for taking seminars and classes.
This presentation explains about the objectives, principle, working, advantages and disadvantages of biogas. Requirements to develop a biogas digester and the types of biogas digesters are explained.
Statistical analysis of biogas digesters in the world also mentioned.
Giving out a idea of how much we are capable in using fossil fuels and Biogas and giving an idea of utilization so that economically as well as it will be benefited to environment.
How to Start Biogas Production, Biogas – An Intense Opportunity (Landfill Gas...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Generally, biogas is a renewable fuel. In any country, for cooking or heating purposes biogas can be used as a low-cost fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in stationary and mobile engines, to supply motive power, pump water, drive machinery (e.g., threshers, grinders) or generate electricity. It can be used in both spark and compression (diesel) engines. The spark ignition engine is easily modified to run on biogas by using a gas carburetor.
See more
http://goo.gl/itobCF
http://goo.gl/rUX6nR
http://goo.gl/euQMeR
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website : http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Anaerobic Treatment and Biogas Production from Organic Waste,Biofuel, Biogas an Intense Opportunity, Biogas and Its Applications, Biogas Application, Biogas Based Profitable Projects, Biogas business plan, Biogas Digester, Biogas digester construction, Biogas from waste, Biogas plant construction, Biogas plant in India, Biogas Plants, Biogas Plants: Processes for Biogas Production, Biogas production, Biogas production book, Biogas Production Business, Biogas production from kitchen waste, Biogas Production from Organic Wastes, Biogas production Industry in India, Biogas Production Plants, Biogas production process, Biogas production Projects, Biogas production technology, Biogas Small Business Manufacturing, Biogas start up, Biogas technologies and applications, Biogas Technology Book, Biomass, Build a Biogas Plant, Business guidance for Biogas Production, Business guidance to clients, Business opportunities for biogas production, Business plan bio gas, Business plan for biogas production, Business start-up, How to build a biogas digester, How to make a Bio-gas Digester, How to Make Biogas, How to produce biogas from waste, How to Profit from Biogas Production, How to Start a Biogas production Business, How to Start a Biogas Production?, How to start a successful Biogas Production business, How to start biogas plant business in India, How to Start Biogas production Industry in India, Landfill Gas (LFG), Methane Generation from Livestock Waste, Methane Production from Agricultural and Domestic Wastes, Methane production from animal wastes, Methane Production from Farm Wastes, Mini Bio-gas plant using decomposable organic material, Mini Bio-gas plant using food waste, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Biogas production Business Ideas , New small scale ideas in Biogas production industry, Organic waste types for biogas production, Producing biogas from kitchen waste, Production of Biogas from Biomass, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Biogas Production, Project for startups, Renewable Energy, Setting up and opening your Biogas Production Business
4.10 - "Development of efficient methane fermentation process and biogas plan...Pomcert
The document discusses the development of efficient methane fermentation processes and biogas plant technologies. It notes that biogas production from organic waste can help address environmental issues while providing renewable energy. The document outlines key topics around biogas production, including the methane cycle, fermentation processes, substrates used, and technological aspects of biogas production and use.
BIOMASS GASIFICATION,gasification and gasifier.
A slide about biomass gasification including brief description about thermo-chemical conversion process and applications
A TEXT BOOK : Complete and comprehensive inputs in Learning about Biogas and Biogas digestors:We have tried to take the mystery away from biogas.
Biogas is a renewable energy source with many different production pathways and various excellent opportunities to use.
One main advantage of biogas is the waste reduction potential. Biogas production by anaerobic digestion is popular for treating biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products.
Biogas burns more cleanly than coal, and emits less carbon dioxide per unit of energy. The carbon in biogas was recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants. Releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than burning fossil fuels.
Thus, biogas production kills two birds with one stone: it reduces waste and produces energy. In addition, the residues from the digestation process can be used as high quality fertilizer. This closes the nutrient cycle.
Biomass is a renewable energy source derived from living organisms. It can be used to generate electricity through combustion in a biomass power plant. There are different modes of biomass power generation including direct combustion, gasification combustion, mixed burning with coal. Biomass power plants provide social and economic benefits like job creation and reduced dependence on foreign energy sources. While prospects are strong in industrial sectors that produce biomass waste, challenges include securing stable long-term fuel supplies and electricity prices that support plant viability.
Biogas generation a climate neutral projectBIOTECH INDIA
The document discusses biogas generation from organic waste as a climate neutral project. It describes how anaerobic digestion of organic waste through biogas technology can treat waste hygienically while producing renewable biogas energy and organic fertilizer. This helps reduce emissions, chemical fertilizer use, and reliance on fossil fuels. The document outlines the technical details and environmental benefits of small-scale domestic and larger institutional biogas plants.
The document discusses the fundamentals of biomass combustion, including the processes of drying, pyrolysis, flaming combustion, and glowing combustion. It also covers combustion equipment designs like inclined grate furnaces, spreader stokers, cyclonic and suspension fired systems, and fluidized bed combustion. The goal of combustion system design is to efficiently oxidize the biomass through sufficient mixing of the fuel with oxygen and controlling residence times and temperatures.
Biogas can be produced from the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste and cow dung. The optimal carbon to nitrogen ratio for biogas production is around 25:1, which can be achieved by mixing kitchen waste and cow dung. Biogas production occurs in three stages through the action of various microorganisms and produces a gas that is around 60% methane. Studies found that mixing cow dung with kitchen waste produced more biogas than using either substrate alone. Approximately 65,000 biogas plants have been installed in Bangladesh so far but more are needed to utilize available waste resources and provide renewable energy.
This document provides information on two types of biogas plants - fixed dome and floating gas holder. It explains that biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass in an airtight container. The fixed dome plant has a dome-shaped digester underground while the floating gas holder type uses an inverted steel drum above the digester that moves up as gas collects. Both allow for the production of biogas as a renewable fuel from organic waste.
This document discusses biogas and solar pumps. It provides details on:
- The composition and production of biogas from waste materials through anaerobic digestion. Biogas is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide.
- The components and functioning of biogas plants, including digesters and gas holders. Biogas can be used to power pumps and generators.
- The advantages of biogas in providing renewable energy with low maintenance costs, and the disadvantages of high initial costs and variable production.
- How solar pumps work by converting sunlight to electricity using photovoltaic panels, and using the electricity to power water pumps. They have benefits of being renewable with no fuel costs but require large arrays and battery
Biomass pyrolysis produces bio-oil, syngas, and biochar. It involves heating biomass like wood or agricultural waste in the absence of oxygen. Fast pyrolysis at 450-1000°C yields 60% bio-oil that can be upgraded to fuels or chemicals. Syngas and biochar are also produced. Biochar improves soil quality and stores carbon long-term. The document discusses pyrolysis process parameters, products, applications, and provides an example of its environmental and energy benefits compared to fossil fuels according to a life cycle analysis. Bottlenecks to commercializing biomass energy in India include supply chain and policy issues.
Biomass gasification is a mature technology pathway that uses a controlled process involving heat, steam, and oxygen to convert biomass to hydrogen and other products, without combustion.
1. Biomass refers to organic material from plants and includes plant matter, animal waste, and organic industrial and municipal wastes.
2. Major sources of biomass include woody biomass from forests, herbaceous biomass like grasses and energy crops, aquatic plants and algae, agricultural residues, animal waste, sewage, municipal solid waste, and industrial waste.
3. Pakistan has significant biomass resources including agricultural residues, animal manure, municipal solid waste, and sugarcane waste that can be used for biogas and electricity generation.
This document provides an overview of biomass conversion methods for energy production in India. It discusses various biomass feedstocks such as agricultural crops, residues, and waste streams. Common agricultural crops used are sugarcane, corn, and sweet sorghum. Briquetting and combustion are described as methods to convert biomass into solid and gaseous fuels. Rural communities have traditionally used biomass for cooking and heating. The objectives of new programs are to make biomass a sustainable and modern energy source. Briquetting techniques from an Indian research center are summarized, including carbonizing biomass in a furnace, using a starch binder, and forming uniform briquettes with a density of around 1,000 kg/
Anaerobic digestion is a process where microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas, a clean and efficient fuel composed primarily of methane. There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome and floating gas holder. Both use biomass and water inputs and anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which can then be used for electricity, heat, transportation fuel or grid injection. Biogas is a renewable and carbon-neutral energy source that provides environmental benefits over fossil fuels while generating nutrient-rich fertilizer as a byproduct.
Thermo chemical conversion involves the biological, chemical, and thermal breakdown of biomass. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of biomass through heating in the absence of oxygen, producing biochar, bio-oil, and gases. Pyrolysis can occur through slow or fast processes, with fast pyrolysis taking seconds and yielding mainly bio-oil, while slow pyrolysis takes hours and produces primarily biochar. Pyrolysis is dependent on temperature and particle size, and can convert biomass into easily stored and transported liquid fuels or soil amendments like biochar.
The document discusses developments in eco-friendly finishes for cotton fabrics and garments. It outlines several finishing techniques that can make cotton more sustainable and environmentally-friendly, such as organic cotton cultivation, naturally dyed cotton, and cross-linking agents that are safer alternatives to formaldehyde. New techniques are also explored, like the NexTec process that can encapsulate fibers to impart multiple functional properties at once, as well as using genetic engineering to develop novel cotton varieties. The conclusion states that applying functional finishes can enhance cotton's qualities while adding value, and many innovative ideas for more sustainable textile finishing are currently being explored.
This document discusses methods for high temperature dyeing of wool-polyester blends to minimize damage to the wool. It recommends using formaldehyde or similar agents to protect the wool at temperatures up to 120°C. Specific dyeing times and temperatures are provided for different levels of wool protection. One-bath and two-bath dyeing methods are described that allow deep shades while reducing staining of the wool component. Considerations for dye selection, recipes, and procedures are provided to optimize results while minimizing wool degradation.
This document provides details for a biogas powerplant project, including:
- The project will convert waste and crops from a farm into biogas for electricity and heating.
- It outlines the project objectives, timeline from August to December 2009, roles and responsibilities of the project team, and budget.
- Work breakdown structure and specifications are included to plan and track the construction of facilities like a silo, fermentation tanks, and heating plant.
This document discusses biogas plants as an alternative energy source, particularly for rural India. It begins with an introduction on the need for alternative energy due to depletion of fossil fuels. It then provides details on how biogas is generated through anaerobic digestion of organic waste in a biogas plant. The four key stages of biogas generation are hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Finally, it discusses different types of biogas plants, focusing on batch and continuous systems, explaining their characteristics and operation.
This document discusses biogas production through anaerobic digestion. It describes the key components of a biogas plant including the digester, gas holder, inlet, and outlet. The four step process of biogas production is outlined as hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Major genera of methanogenic bacteria that create methane are discussed. Factors that influence methane formation like pH, temperature, nitrogen concentration, and carbon to nitrogen ratio are also summarized.
Biogas plant designs and engery calculations by ali saqlainali saqlain
Biogas is produced from the breakdown of organic matter by anaerobic fermentation. It is typically composed of 40-75% methane and is used to generate electricity. There are three main types of biogas plants - fixed dome, floating gas holder, and bag-type. Biogas plants treat farm or organic waste and help provide energy to rural areas. Setting up biogas plants can help reduce waste and greenhouse gas emissions while providing renewable energy. The Government of Pakistan is working to increase investment in biogas plants to support rural development and energy access.
This PowerPoint presentation teaches about energy, different types of energy, and the need for biogas as an alternative energy source. It discusses how chemical energy in bombs can be dangerous but chemical energy in biogas can be transformed into useful forms of energy like light, heat, and electricity. The presentation explains that biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of biomass in a sealed digester. Setting up biogas plants can help provide energy while reducing pollution and producing fertilizer.
This document discusses research objectives. It defines research objectives as clear, measurable statements that provide direction for a study. Objectives focus the investigation of variables and relationships between variables. Well-written objectives are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound. Formulating objectives helps organize a study and focus data collection and analysis. A study may have general objectives as broad goals and specific objectives that systematically address aspects of the problem. Examples show how to write general and specific objectives for a study on nurses' knowledge of physical restraint techniques.
This document discusses converting cow dung into methanol through a two-step process of anaerobic digestion followed by acid treatment. The quantities and qualities of methane gas and methanol produced depend on factors like slurry concentration and temperature. Gas chromatography analysis found the biogas contained 57.23% methane. Refining the biogas enhanced the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, making the organic components more available for the acid reaction. Spectroscopic analysis indicated methanol was formed, with a purity of 92.5%. The process also generates fertilizer from the leftover sludge.
Design and Fabrication of an Anaerobic DigesterAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document describes the design and fabrication of an anaerobic digester to generate biogas for small-scale farmers in Nigeria. Key aspects of the design include:
- The digester is made of locally available materials and has a total volume of 0.974 cubic meters.
- It is designed to process 40 liters of slurry per day from a mixture of Typha grass, cow dung, and water.
- The digester components include a frustum-shaped top, cylindrical middle section, and cone-shaped bottom to allow slurry flow and discharge.
- A hopper with a capacity of 20 liters is designed to regularly feed the digester, and a 60mm ball valve
Biogas Handbook by Biogas Developement and Training Centre.pdfRaj kumar
This document contains frequently asked questions about biogas technology. It discusses what biogas is, how it is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste, and its applications. Key points covered include:
- Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced by bacteria breaking down organic matter in oxygen-free conditions.
- Sources of organic matter include animal manure, food waste, and sewage. The decomposition occurs in three phases.
- Biogas can be used for cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and as a vehicle fuel as it is a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.
- India has a biogas program to promote family-sized biogas plants, with the goals of providing energy,
Livestock farmers’ perception on generation of cattle waste Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on livestock farmers' perceptions of cattle waste-based biogas methane generation in Embu West District, Kenya. The study surveyed 156 livestock farmers, most of whom practiced zero-grazing and had multiple cows. Only 14% had installed biogas digesters. The study found that farmers had a positive perception of biogas technology and knowledge of how it works, despite the low adoption rate. Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between perception and adoption level. However, there was a significant relationship between perception and knowledge. The research concluded that other factors beyond perception, like installation costs, contributed more to the low uptake of biogas technology.
Comparative evaluation of qualitative and quantitative biogas production pote...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated biogas production from oil palm fronds alone and co-digested with cow dung. When oil palm fronds were digested alone, biogas production was slower with a total yield of 116L over 27 days. Co-digesting the fronds with cow dung at a 1:1 ratio optimized biogas production, yielding 187.4L over the same period. Key factors influencing higher production from co-digestion included improved nutrient balance and microbial activity from the cow dung. The study demonstrates that co-digesting available agricultural and animal wastes can provide an environmentally-friendly energy source.
This document outlines a presentation on biomass energy in Nepal. It discusses:
1) Biomass energy sources commonly used in Nepal like fuelwood, agricultural residues, and animal dung.
2) Technologies to convert biomass into energy like improved cookstoves, biogas plants, and briquettes.
3) Benefits of biomass energy including reduced deforestation, indoor air pollution, and women's workload. It can also improve soil fertility and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers.
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This presentation discusses biogas production from garbage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a combustible gas produced through biological breakdown of organic matter without oxygen. The presentation outlines the four stages of anaerobic digestion: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also discusses factors that affect biogas production such as temperature, pH, carbon/nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, and hydraulic retention time. Applications of biogas include electricity generation, transportation fuel, and cooking fuel.
Biogas as a means of solid waste managementDayo Adewumi
Biogas technology provides a sustainable means of managing solid waste by converting biodegradable waste into biogas and fertilizer through anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is a process carried out by bacteria that breaks down organic material in the absence of oxygen to produce methane gas and reduces pathogens. Biogas can be used as a renewable energy source and the slurry byproduct has fertilizer value. This paper discusses the fundamentals of the anaerobic digestion process, available feedstocks including agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste, and the environmental benefits such as reduced emissions, sludge, and land use compared to other waste treatment methods.
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Presentation at the annual fundraising dinner of the Rotaract of Milimani in Nairobi. Proceeds from this dinner will go towards installing a biogas plant at a Childrens Home in one of the Nairobi slums. Totally humbled by the commitment of these young professionals,and sharing with them my insights tonight!
The document summarizes information about biomass energy. It begins with an introduction to biomass energy, noting that biomass is organic material from living or recently living organisms. It then discusses the concept of bioenergy, explaining how biomass can be converted into usable energy forms like heat, electricity, or biofuels. The document also outlines some of the advantages of biomass energy, such as renewability and carbon neutrality, and disadvantages, including the large area needed and emissions produced. It concludes by discussing Senegal's perspectives on biomass energy, including a conference to promote renewable energy investments and a project to expand biofuel availability for agribusinesses.
The document summarizes information about biomass energy. It begins with an introduction to biomass energy, noting that biomass is organic material from living or recently living organisms. It then discusses the concept of bioenergy, explaining how biomass can be converted into usable energy through direct or indirect means like burning, electricity production, or processing into biofuel. The document also outlines some advantages of biomass energy like renewability and carbon neutrality, and disadvantages such as requiring large areas for production and potentially contributing to deforestation. Finally, it discusses perspectives on biomass energy in Senegal, including a conference to promote renewable energies and a project called BioStar to expand energy access using residual biomass from agribusiness.
The document summarizes information about biomass energy. It begins with an introduction to biomass energy, noting that biomass is organic material from living or recently living organisms. It then discusses the concept of bioenergy, explaining how biomass can be converted into usable energy forms like heat, electricity, or biofuels. The document also outlines some of the main advantages of biomass energy, such as renewability and carbon neutrality, as well as disadvantages like the large area needed for production and potential inefficiencies. It concludes by discussing Senegal's perspectives on biomass energy, including a conference to promote renewable energy investments and a project called BioStar to expand energy access using residual biomass.
The document discusses India's growing energy demands and the need to transition to more sustainable sources of renewable energy. It notes that India has abundant renewable resources but currently relies heavily on fossil fuels. It then provides information on various renewable technologies like solar, wind, biofuels and discusses their potential to meet India's energy needs in a more sustainable way while creating a more equitable distribution of energy access.
11.effects of unsustainable use of biomass energy for cooking and strategies ...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the effects of unsustainable biomass energy use for cooking in developing countries. Biomass is harvested unsustainably and energy conversion technologies are inefficient. This results in serious health and environmental consequences. Indoor air pollution from biomass cooking causes over 1.5 million premature deaths annually, disproportionately affecting women and children. Improving biomass sustainability and efficiency, promoting modern fuels, and developing local sustainable energy capacity are discussed as strategies to reduce negative impacts. Current energy approaches in developing countries are often unsustainable and hinder development, especially for rural populations.
Bio Gas Generation from Biodegradable Kitchen WasteIJEAB
Generation of Solid wastes in general and biodegradable waste in particular is increasing at house hold level over the last two decades. Per capita generation of the waste has been increasing steadily due to population growth and changing socio-economic characteristics and cultural habits and varies from 250g to 600g. Any material which can be decomposable by the action of microorganisms in a short period of time is called biodegradable Mostly food waste; vegetable peels and fruit pulp are biodegradable. These materials readily mix with the soil by the action of bacteria. During decomposition, these materials release carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide into the environment thereby contributes to air pollution and odour pollution. The gases that are released during the decay of biodegradable wastes can be captured for the economic utility and as well as to save the environment. An attempt is being made in this technical research paper to demonstrate the possibilities energy recovery from biodegradable kitchen waste that is collected from residential societies which can be utilized for the benefits of the society. Kitchen and food waste collected from a high end residential community of 300 families in Mumbai city suburbs is analyzed for the quantification of bio gas. Bio gas is captured through a fabricated anaerobic digester. Experimentation and results are discussed. The results are encouraging.
This document provides information about biomass energy in 3 parts:
1. It introduces biomass energy, explaining that biomass is organic material from living organisms that can be used as an energy source.
2. It discusses the concept of bioenergy, explaining that biomass can be directly burned or processed into biofuels to produce usable energy.
3. It outlines both the advantages and disadvantages of biomass energy, noting the renewability but also lower efficiency compared to fossil fuels. It also provides perspectives on Senegal's efforts to promote biomass energy.
Biogas Production Enhancement from Mixed Animal Wastes at Mesophilic Anaerobi...IJERA Editor
In this work, the effect of mixing ratio of cattle dung (CD) and poultry droppings (PD) on biogas generation was
determined. Mixtures of various CD: PD ratios (100% : 0%; 50% : 50%; 60% : 40%; 80% : 20% and 0% :
100%) were prepared, analyzed and then aerobically digested for a period of 40 days. For each mixture,
fermentation was carried out in a 20 L capacity digester. Results showed that biogas was obtained from the
digestion of CD and PD alone, showing the biogas from CD was several times larger than that from PD.
Furthermore, the resulted biogas yields from mixtures were found a function of the CD : PD ratio, the yield from
the ratio 80 : 20 was the maximum. Biogas yields from the prepared mixtures were found and arranged from
larger to lower in the form of (CD : PD) ratios as follow: 80% : 20%; 100% : 0.0%; 60% : 40%; 0.0% :
100%;50% : 50%. Addition of CD to PD enhances the PD production of biogas, while addition of a small
portion of PD to CD gave the maximum yield, a result not determined in literature. In other hand, larger
additions of PD to CD reduced the biogas yield. The effect of pH was also determined and found better around
7.0. These results are in agreement with research work in literature.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Bioenergy comes from living or recently living organisms and includes biomass, biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel, and biogas. Biomass exists in raw forms like crops and waste and secondary forms like paper. Liquid biofuels are made from plants through fermentation and distillation. Electricity can be generated from biomass. Biogas is made through anaerobic digestion of organic waste. Bioenergy provides benefits but also faces challenges around sustainability, food security, and competition for land and resources.
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Biogas final project proposal submitted
1. IMPLEMENTATION OF LOW COST TECHNOLOGY FOR BIOGAS
GENERATION FROM KITCHEN WASTES: AN ALTERNATIVE
SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
INVESTIGATORS
Dr. Solomon Libsu (Department Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar
University)
Prof. R B Chavan (IoTex, Bahir Dar University)
Dr. Ayalew Wonde (Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar
University)
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY, BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA.
2. IMPLEMENTATION OF LOW COST TECHNOLOGY FOR BIOGAS
GENERATION FROM KITCHEN WASTES: AN ALTERNATIVE
SOURCE OF RENEWABLE
Contents
Project summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1 Environmental issues
1.2 Health issues
1.3 Alternatives
1.4 What is biogas?
1.5 Benefits of biogas
1.6 Substrates used for anaerobic digestion
1.7 Biogas content of different substrates
1.8 Biogas digester technologies
1.9 Biogas program in few developing countries
1.10 Biogas for better life: An African initiative
2. Problem statement
3 Objectives
4. Method and Design
5. Project time schedule
6. Project budget
7. References
3. PROJECT SUMMARY
Project title Implementation of low cost technology for biogas generation from kitchen
wastes : an alternative source of renewable energy
Nature of project Research project of national importance
Investigators Dr. Solomon Libsu (Department Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar
University)
Prof. R B Chavan (Institute of Technology for Textile, Garment and
Fashion Design, Iotex, Bahir Dar University)
Dr. Ayalew Wonde (Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir
Dar University
Project duration 18 months
Research staff One
requirement
Financial ETB 65,000
requirement
Contact details Prof. R. B. Chavan
Dr. Solomon Libsu
Dept. of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar
Phone Office : Mobile: 0918231147
E mail:
Dr. Ayalew Wonde
4. ABSTRACT
About 85-90% of the Ethiopian population lives in the rural parts of the country. This segment of
the population is totally dependent on the use of biomass consisting of firewood, charcoal, twigs,
straw, crop residues, and cow dung to meet its energy demands for cooking and other domestic
needs. It is estimated that the domestic biomass consumption for fuel is as high as 94% with
very little use of modern sources of energy such as electricity and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
The use of biomass as fuel has serious ill effects such as degradation of environment due to
deforestation, loss of soil fertility due to diversion of animal manure which acts as fertilizer and
various health hazards particularly associated with rural women and children. It is estimated that
in the past 50 years the land covered by forest has dropped from approximately 50% to less than
3%. Some experts attribute this mostly to forest clearing for cultivation and cutting trees for fuel,
activities highly exasperated by population growth which is estimated to occur at an average
annual rate of 2.6%. The current rate of deforestation is estimated to cover 200,000 hectares of
land per year. Unless the rate of deforestation is arrested, Ethiopia could lose all its natural
forests in 20 years. The use of cow dung and other animal manure as a source of fuel might be
considered responsible, at least in part, for reduction in soil fertility and reduced crop yield.
Biomass combustion in households using traditional three stone fire place that lacks any
provision for smoke exhaust exposes particularly women and children to smoke containing
harmful products. Prolonged exposure to smoke is responsible for coughing, wheezing, acute
respiratory infection, chronic obstructive lung disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes and lung
cancer. Deforestation has made fire wood scarce as a result of which women and their young
ones are forced to spend more time in fetching fire wood. In addition to being a heavy burden,
fire wood fetching, in conjunction with other factors, is taking so much of the time of children
that it may be said to be adversely affecting the literacy rate due to non-availability of time for
education.
In light of the reasons stated above, it is felt imperative that Ethiopia develop an alternative
energy source that ensures sustenance and availability of its fuel wood or derivatives thereof.
Generation of biogas by anaerobic digestion of animal manure particularly cow dung, human
excreta and kitchen waste is considered to be one such alternative. The technology of biogas has
been successfully used in India and China since last 50 years and until now 3.8 million and 5
million domestic biogas plants have been installed in India and China, respectively.
5. In May 2007 a massive program “Biogas for better life: An African initiative, integrated
biogas and sanitation programs in Sub-Saharan Africa” was launched in Nairobi. The
purpose of this initiative is to provide 2 million biogas digesters to the households in Sub-
Saharan Africa over a period of 15 years. According to this program 10,000-14000 biogas plants
will be installed in Ethiopia by 2013.
This ambitious program envisions the use of cow dung and human excreta as the main source for
biogas generation using fix dome bio digester. Although the digester can be used for a long
period of time, it has several drawbacks. Most importantly, it is highly costly in light of the rural
Ethiopian economy. The cost of each digester is estimated to be Birr 7500 out of which a
household will have to contribute Birr 4300 and the balance will be given in the form of subsidy.
There is also micro credit loan provision for the households. In spite of subsidy and loan
provision it is felt that installation of biogas digester under the Africa Initiative Program will put
financial burden on the households. In the present project, it is proposed to introduce a low cost
digester of plastic tank like the one used for water storage along with kitchen waste as source for
biogas generation. Thus the present project will deviate from the Africa Initiative Program on
biogas on two counts. Firstly, it is intended to use kitchen wastes as source for biogas generation
in place of cow dung and human excreta. Secondly, low cost plastic tank digester shall be used in
place of expensive underground fix dome digester. It is envisaged that the cost of plastic tank
digester will be half of that of the fix dome bio digester proposed by Africa Initiative Program.
The successful outcome of the project will provide a low cost biogas technology with alternate
source. The project will also support the government’s initiative in popularizing the biogas
technology which has already been successfully utilized in India and China and will also help the
University to fulfill one of its goals of social transformation for better living through research
and development.
6. 1. Introduction
In order to understand the need for the development of low cost technology for the generation of
biogas as a renewable source of energy to address environmental and health issues on long term
basis, it is necessary to understand the present practice of household energy consumption and its
devastating impact on environment and health of rural and urban poor population.
In Ethiopia 85-90% of the population is dependent on traditional biomass (e.g. firewood,
charcoal, twigs, straw, crop residues, and cow dung), to meet their household energy needs. The
other available sources of energy are kerosene, electricity and LPG. The consumption pattern of
these energy sources by households is given in Table 1.
Table 1. Energy consumption pattern by households in Ethiopia*
Variable Fuel type Households
Distribution of Elec., LPG 1.4%
household Kerosene
by fuel type Charcoal 1.3%
Firewood 81.3%
Other (cow dung, 16%
Crop waste, twigs
Etc)
% households using Elec., LPG 1.40%
purchased fuel Kerosene
Charcoal 1.30%
Firewood 20.35%
Total 23.05%
% households collecting 77.1%
Firewood
*Source: Biogas for better life: An African initiative 2007
Table 1 indicates the % households consuming different types of energy sources. Table 2
indicates the energy consumption pattern in rural Ethiopia
7. Table 2 Energy consumption pattern in rural Ethiopia
Energy source % consumption
Kerosene 3.0
Electricity 1.0
Crop residue 12.0
Cow dung 7.0
Firewood and 77.0
Charcoal
Source Kieflu et.al Research Journal of Forestry 2009
Thus 77% of total energy consumption consisted of firewood and charcoal while another 19%
consisted of agricultural residues; only roughly 4% was met by modern energy sources such as
kerosene and electricity.
There is also a difference in the energy consumption pattern between rural and urban population
as indicated in Table 3
Table 3 Energy consumption pattern between rural and urban population
Energy type Consumption %
Rural Urban
(Addis
Ababa)
Firewood 85 32
Crop residue 12.7 8.0
Charcoal 2.0 5.0
Kerosene 0.21 42
Electricity 0.05 6.5
LPG 0.07 6.5
Source Ethiopian central statistical Authority 2004
Table 1-3 indicate that there is high dependency of large population on fire wood and
agricultural waste which is responsible for serious environmental and health issues.
1.1 Environmental issues
Deforestation
The most significant implication of high dependency on biomass for fuel is its association to
deforestation. The wide spread practice of wood cutting for fuel is the primary cause of
8. deforestation in Ethiopia. Historically, Ethiopia was one of the “forest” rich nations in the
world. In just the past 50 years the land covered by forest has dropped from approximately 50%
to less than 3%. Some experts attribute this mostly to forest clearing for cultivation and cutting
woods for fuel and other purposes. All these practices have been on the rise, presumably due to
poor management and a rapid rate of population growth. The current rate of deforestation is
estimated to be 200,000 hectares of land per year. In fact a recent National Geographic Magazine
stated that at the current rate of deforestation, Ethiopia could lose substantial proportion of its
natural forest in 20 years. As a result of this relentless deforestation, large areas are now exposed
to heavy soil erosion. In fact at this current rate of deforestation, it is estimated that fertile topsoil
is lost at a rate of 1 billion cubic meters per year resulting in a massive environmental
degradation and serious threat to sustainable forestry. Due to this forest degradation, increasing
numbers of Ethiopians have become vulnerable to the effects of drought. The severity of the
devastating droughts and the resulting famines in 1972/1973 and 1984/1985 can be attributed
directly to an accelerated deforestation due to wood cutting for fuel and land clearing for
cultivation. The wide spread practice of using wood, cow dung and crop residues for fuel,
coupled with a rapidly growing population, will undoubtedly increase and hasten the
susceptibility of open land to erosion unless alternate renewable source of energy is introduced
as a substitute to biomass burning.
1.2 Health issues
In-door air pollution
As discussed earlier, biomass fuels such as wood and its derivatives are used widely in
developing countries like Ethiopia, especially in rural and poor urban areas. In addition, due to
the use of traditional three stone fire in open air the burning efficiency is only 5-10% compared
70 - 80% when energy efficient stove is used. The biomass is composed of complex organic
matters including carbohydrates that contain carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and other elements in
trace amounts. Smoke emission during burning of these domestic fuels is the major source of
indoor air pollution, especially in rural and poor urban communities. This smoke contains
pollutants and particulates that adversely affect the health of women. In rural areas, infants are
generally cradled in the back of their mothers who are doing the daily gathering of fuel and
cooking which exposes them to these harmful products. These pollutants are the major causes
9. of chronic bronchitis and lung diseases. A further concern related to indoor air pollution is the
level of carbon monoxide production during cooking and baking. Carbon monoxide exposure
results in higher fatal carbon monoxide–hemoglobin (COHb) interaction. This has a more severe
effect on pregnant women resulting in either fetal damage or low birth weight of infant.
World Health Organization (2004) estimates that, indoor air pollution due to smoke results in 1.6
million deaths worldwide each year, 24% of which occur in Africa; the primary cause of this
indoor air pollution is traditional fuels burned in highly inefficient stoves. Ethiopians
undoubtedly take their toll in this count. Such indoor air pollution is responsible for coughing,
wheezing, acute respiratory infection in children, chronic obstructive lung disease, adverse
pregnancy outcomes and lung cancer.
World Health Organization (2006) estimates that 50% of worldwide deaths of children under the
age of five are caused by indoor air pollution due to smoke. In Ethiopia, the proportion of deaths
due to indoor air pollution among the children under the age of five is a staggering 80%.
Burden on women
As the degree of deforestation increases, so does the amount of time spent on searching for
firewood. This burden for survival is carried almost entirely by women. In villages, women have
to spend more times in fuel collection. In a poor country like Ethiopia, studies have shown that
women spend between 11-14 hours for daily chores. This heavy workload in the long run will
affect their health. This is because the energy expensed is more than the intake of food to
accomplish daily task.
Time spent by women
According to World Bank (2006) report, not only do rural Ethiopian women travel up to 12
kilometers from their home to gather fuels, but they are also forced to collect inferior fuels in the
form of bushes, twigs, roots, and crop residues, all of which translate into longer preparation and
cooking times. The same is true for urban poor women who also operate under extremely harsh
conditions and, like their rural counterparts, have to walk long distances on harsh terrain, often
barefoot, and with heavy loads. Traditional healers often treat women for severe abdominal
pains attributed to carrying these heavy loads over long distances.
10. Effect on literacy
The more time spent on collection and preparation of biomass for domestic fuel, the less time is
available for pursuing more productive activities such as education. This is unfortunate in a
country where, in 2003, only 41.5% of the adult population was literate and only 57.4% of the
youth population was literate (UNDP, 2005). With heavy workloads and low-income livelihoods,
women also cannot manage without their children, particularly their daughters. The effect of this
is that 46% of those eligible are enrolled in primary schools, and just 15% of those eligible are
enrolled in secondary schools.
1.3 Alternatives
Fuel efficient stove is not a permanent solution
The environment and health issues enumerated above are points of concern to Ethiopia as well as
most of the developing countries. Several national and international programs have been
initiated in developing countries including Ethiopia to address environment and health related
issues emanating from burning of biomass as a source of household energy. One such program
is the development of fuel efficient stove. However, the fuel-efficient designs of stoves for
cooking do not address the environment and health issues on permanent basis but only prolong
the devastating environment and health problems. Therefore, the technology of fuel efficient
stove, though useful, is not a permanent solution to the environment and health issues.
Biogas as an alternate source of energy
As stated above, unless an appropriate intervention geared towards the development of
alternative renewable energy source is instituted in the near future, Ethiopia will find itself in a
dangerous situation in terms of sustaining the availability of fuel wood or its derivative. Thus
deforestation and health hazards cannot be reduced without providing alternatives to the current
way of cooking. In the absence of alternate renewable source of energy, people will continue
relentless deforestation that will endanger the eco-system and their lives beyond repair.
Generation of biogas from cow manure, human excreta and kitchen waste is considered to be
one such alternative. The present project will focus on exploring the feasibility of the use of
kitchen waste as an alternative source of biogas to address the household energy demand in an
environmentally and user friendly way.
11. 1.4 What is Biogas?
Biogas is the gas produced by anaerobic digestion of waste materials of plant and animal origin.
Biogas is a mixture of methane (60-70%), carbon dioxide (30-40%) and traces of other gases like
hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen. Methane in biogas provides a source of fuel without smoke.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the process by which plant and animal material is converted into
useful product by micro-organisms in the absence of air. Biomass is put inside a sealed tank and
naturally occurring micro-organisms digest it, releasing methane that can be used to provide heat
and power. The material left over at the end of the process, known as bio-slurry, is very rich in
nutrients so it can be used as fertilizer.
This means that generation of biogas is carried out by using waste materials of plant or animal
origin which can be potential source of environmental pollution if disposed off without
conversion. Most importantly, it provides an alternate source of renewable energy and thus
reduces the burden on the use of biomass as well as fossil fuel as a source of energy. The bio-
slurry provides organic fertilizer which, unlike synthetic fertilizers, imparts no detrimental effect
on soil as well as environment.
1.5 Benefits of biogas
Developing country context including Ethiopia
The benefits of biogas are now well recognized. It has resulted in a smoke-free and ash-free
kitchen, so women and children are no longer prone to respiratory infections, and can look
forward to longer, healthier lives. Women are spared the burden of gathering firewood. Cow
dung, which is burnt as fuel, can be saved as fertilizer. Both these factors will contribute to
protecting the forests and allowing the forests to regenerate. The sludge remaining after digestion
is rich in valuable nutrients and can be used as top quality fertilizer that guarantees better crops.
In rural areas where there is no electricity supply, the use biogas as a source of light has enabled
women to engage in evening study, has made easier literacy classes and other home and
community activities.
Cattle dung is no longer stored in the home, but is fed directly to the biogas digester along with
toilet waste. The anaerobic digestion process also destroys pathogens. As a result, sanitation has
greatly improved.
12. Global context
Disposal of domestic and industrial waste is normally carried out in the form of landfills. With
increasing population size and industrialization, the spaces available for landfills are decreasing.
Beside, the waste materials so disposed also become a source of environmental and health
hazards due to harmful gases that are released upon decomposition of organic materials in the
waste. Such gases are popularly known as green house gases which are responsible for the
phenomenon known as global warming. Thus, the conversion of organic solid waste (plant and
animal origin) and converting it into biogas, which is used as fuel for domestic use or for
generation of electrical energy, provides an eco-friendly solution to the recycling of solid waste.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has set up a Clean Development
Fund, and the World Bank has put together a Carbon Finance Unit to allow rich countries, which
are pumping more carbon into the atmosphere than is allowed under the Kyoto Protocol, to buy
emissions that poor countries prevent through conserving forests or promoting renewable energy.
This is known as carbon credit. An article in the Nepali Times pointed out that Nepal's
successful biogas program not only brought farmers a non-polluting fuel, conserved forests and
provided high quality fertilizer for crops. Moreover, Nepal also benefits in terms of hard cash
received from the industrialized nations for not burning firewood to release carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere.
1.6 Substrates used for anaerobic digestion
Any organic matter of vegetable or animal origin can be used for conversion into biogas through
a process of anaerobic digestion. Typically substrates used for biogas generation are as follows
• Sewage sludge (human excreta)
• Food waste
• Waste from food industry
• Manure from cows, pigs etc.
• Residues from agriculture
1.7 Methane content of different substrates
Following table shows the biogas yield from different substrates that can be used for biogas
generation.
13. Table 4 Methane content of few waste substrates*
S.No Substrate Biogas yield
M3 kg-1
1 Pig manure 0.25-0.50
2 Cow manure 0.2-0.3
3 Chicken food waste 0.35-0.60
4 Human excreta 0.03 m3/person
4 Fruit and vegetable waste 0.25-0.50
5 Food waste 0.5-0.6
6 Garden waste 0.2-0.5
7 Leaves 0.1-0.3
*Source: Basics of Energy Production through Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure
Purdue Univ. publication 2008
1.8 Biogas digester technologies
Biogas digesters can be divided into two categories
A. Industrial bio digesters
B. Domestic bio digesters
Industrial bio digesters are mainly used in developed countries for the anaerobic digestion of
municipal solid waste to release the pressure on landfill sites. The biogas thus generated is
mainly used for electricity production.
Domestic bio digesters are most popular among the developing countries because of the
possibility of generation of biogas on small scale at household level. The gas generated is used as
a fuel to minimize the use of biomass as fuel.
Following types of domestic biogas digesters are popular for small scale production of biogas
1. Fixed dome digester
2. Floating dome digester
3. Plastic bag digester
4. Inclined digester
14. The technical details of the digester technologies are beyond the scope of the present project
proposal. Only the salient features are mentioned
Among these, the fixed dome digester, though expensive, are most widely used because of their
long life. There are, however, some disadvantages associated with the use of fixed dome digester
and these are indicated in the problem statement section. Fixed dome digesters are constructed
underground. Digesters of 4, 6, 8, 10 M3 size are popular for small family having 2-6 cattle.
Being expensive, these digesters are mainly installed at the institution level. Installation by
individual household has been possible only through subsidies.
The floating plastic dome, plastic bag and inclined digesters are economical. Among these the
plastic bag digester is most economical but very delicate and need considerable precautions
during its handling and thus have only short life. The other two types i.e. floating dome/ inclined
digesters will be explored for the production of biogas during the present project.
1.9 Biogas program in few developing countries
Globally, biogas technology seems to have outnumbered the dissemination of other decentralized
energy technologies, with a reported 16-25 million units installed worldwide.
Biogas digester technology is well established as an appropriate sustainable energy source in
many parts of the developing world. The technology has been implemented on large scale in
China, India and Nepal.
Majority of developing countries including Ethiopia have national programs on biogas
generation. All these programs are supported by national and international funding. Subsidy
varying between 30-75% is given to households in order to popularize the program. Following
table will give an idea of domestic biogas installations in few developing countries. Though the
data includes only limited countries, it is enough to understand the importance of the biogas
program and its relevance to Ethiopia.
15. Table 5 Biogas installations in few countries
Country No. of domestic
biogas digester
Installations
World wide 16-25 million
China 5 million
India 3.8 million
Nepal 155,000
Vietnam 25000
Combodia 17500
Ethiopia 1000
Tanzania 1000
Kenya 150
Source: Assorted
1.10 Biogas for better life: an African initiative, integrated biogas and sanitation programs
in Sub-Saharan Africa
In May 2007 the “Biogas for Better Life: an African Initiative” was launched in Nairobi. The
purpose of this initiative is to provide 2 million domestic biogas plants to households in Sub-
Saharan Africa
The initiative aims to achieve the following by 2020:
• 2 million biogas plants installed (90% operation rate)
• 10 million Africans benefiting in daily life from the plants
• 800 private biogas companies and 200 biogas appliances manufacturing workshops
involved or established
• 100,000 new jobs created
• comprehensive quality standards and quality control systems developed and in use
• 1 million toilets constructed and attached to the biogas plants
• 80% of the bio-slurry utilized as organic fertilizer
• agriculture production raised by up to 25%
• health and living conditions of rural household improved and death of rural household
reduced by 5000 each year
• drudgery reduced by saving 2 to 3 hours per day per household for fetching wood,
16. • cooking and cleaning the pots
• health costs saved by up to US$ 80 to 125 per family per year
• 3 to 4 million tonnes of wood saved per year
• Greenhouse gas emissions annually reduced by 10 M tonnes of CO2 equivalent.
The African countries and the Organizations involved are given in the following table
Table 6 Organizations involved in Biogas-Africa initiative program
Organization African Countries
German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) Burkina Faso, Rwanda, Tanzania
& Biogas Africa Initiative
Netherlands Development Organization (SNV) Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia,
& Biogas Africa Initiative Rwanda
ETC Foundation & Biogas Africa Initiative Sudan, Kenya, Uganda
West African Economic and Monetary Benin, Guinea Bissau, Niger, Togo, Senegal
Union (UEMOA)& Biogas Africa Initiative
All the above organizations All countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
Source Biogas for better life: An African initiative 2007
The country wise plan for domestic biogas plant installations is as follow:
Table 7 Country wise plan for domestic biogas plants
Country No. of biogas plants
to be installed
Ethiopia 10000-14000
Uganda 20,000
Rwanda 15000
Tanzania 12000
SSA 2 million
countries
Source Biogas for better life: An African initiative 2007
The program for Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania will continue for five years (2013)
and for other SSA countries it will continue for 15 years
Finance
17. The total financial requirements are summarized in Table 8
Table 8 Financial requirements for biogas installations
Country Targeted Total subsidy Total cost
No. of plants US $ US $
Uganda 20,000 4,000,000 44,627,282
Rwanda 15,000 4,500,000 34,959,357
Ethiopia 10,000 1,860,000 23,774,625
SSA 2 million 400,560,000 4,306,057,409
countries
Source Biogas for better life: An African initiative 2007
The importance given to the biogas program for better life will be clear from the above tables.
2. Problem statement
Like other developing countries, the rural population and poor urban population in Ethiopia; is
entirely dependent on the use of biomass consisting of firewood, charcoal, twigs, straw, crop
residues, and animal dung as a source of fuel. This is responsible for serious environmental
degradation due to deforestation, poor health of households particularly women and children and
heavy work burden. The heavy work burden on women and children is indirectly responsible
for poor literacy. Therefore, there is urgent need to provide economical and sustainable alternate
source of energy to minimize deforestation, improve living standards and literacy of rural
masses. Biogas, which consists of methane as a major component, is considered to be one such
alternative renewable source of fuel. The biogas can be produced on small scale by households
using cow manure, human excreta and kitchen waste using suitable digesters. The government
initiative launched in 2007 envisages setting up 10,000 to 14000 domestic biogas plants in
Ethiopia by 2013. The technology adopted is based on fix dome digester. It is estimated that the
cost of each biogas plant of 6 m3will be ETB 7500, out of which each householder will have to
contribute ETB 4300 and balance money will be provided as subsidy. The Government has also
plans to provide loan facility to the householders for his/her contribution. It is strongly felt that
with the present economic conditions among the rural population the contribution towards the
cost of biogas plant will be heavy burden on the householders.
18. 3. Drawbacks of fixed dome digester
Though the fixed dome digester has long life, it is associated with the following drawbacks.
1. The digester is expensive for rural economy in the absence of subsidy and loan facility,
the provision of which has been made in the national biogas program.
2. The dome is constructed underground where the temperature is lower compared to
surface temperature, whereas the performance of anaerobic digestion is better at higher
temperature.
3. For construction of 6 m3 digester, the free space required is 18x18x18 ft, which may not
be available with many households.
4. The brick construction often develops cracks from which gas can leak. The digester being
underground it will be difficult to locate such cracks. Hence the required quantity of gas
may not be available.
5. The digester needs supervision, which may not be provided by every household.
4. Substrate for biogas generation
In the Government initiated national program of biogas, the substrate used will be cow dung and
human excreta. The philosophy behind this choice is to provide hygienic living environment in
addition to biogas generation. Though the choice of the substrate is ideal, there are psychological
barriers associated with the use of human excreta. Also the size of biogas digester suggested in
the national biogas program is 6 m3 which will need feeding of minimum 20 kg of cow dung per
day. For this every household will need a cattle stock of 4-6 cows. This may not be possible with
every household.
For the reasons stated above, it is suggested in the present project proposal to use food and
vegetable waste which is always available in the household as a substrate for biogas generation.
In the present project proposal it is proposed to overcome the difficulties associated with the
fixed dome digester. It is proposed to use low cost plastic tank digester like the one used for
water storage. The digester will be fixed on the ground. The digester will be easy to supervise
and maintain. It is envisaged that the cost of the proposed biogas plant will be almost half of the
cost estimated in the Government initiated national biogas program.
19. Secondly the choice of the substrate will be kitchen waste in place of cow dung and human
excreta suggested in the national biogas program.
Thus on both accounts i.e the choice of low cost digester technology and the choice of substrate
for biogas generation the present project is different but supplementary to the national biogas
program. It is therefore strongly felt that the outcome of the present project will support the
government initiative in popularizing the biogas technology for better living and to minimize the
danger of deforestation.
3. Objectives
General Objective
The principal aim of the project is to implement low cost biogas generation technology in
addressing environmental and health issues
Specific objectives
1. To use plastic tank digester like the one used for water storage. The tanks will be placed
on the ground rather than underground.
2. To use kitchen waste (left over food and uncooked vegetable waste) as a source for
biogas generation instead of cow dung and human excreta.
3. To study the biogas yield and its sufficiency for meeting the fuel requirements of a
family.
4. Testing the technology in three households to get the feedback for any improvements if
required.
5. To workout the cost and economics of the technology
6. Showcasing the technology in the form of workshop to government and private agencies
and households for further dissemination.
4. Method and Design
The following methodology will be adopted for the implementation of the low cost digester
technology of biogas generation using kitchen waste.
1. Appointment of researcher or 2 Graduate students to work on the project under the
supervision of project investigators
2. Market survey and purchase of suitable plastic tanks and other accessories needed for the
construction of digester.
20. 3. Digester construction
4. Collection of kitchen food waste from student cafeteria in the form of cooked food waste
and uncooked vegetable and other wastes of organic origin.
5. Standardization of parameters for anaerobic digestion of collected waste and estimation
of biogas yield. Most important parameters will be pH, temperature and initial time
required for biogas generation and subsequent feeding of waste for continuous
availability of gas for daily use.
6. Analysis of difficulties faced and their solution.
7. Installation of biogas digester in three households to get the feedback of their experiences
and further improvement if any.
8. Report writing.
9. Conducting workshop inviting the government and private agencies and households for
further dissemination of technology.
5. Project time schedule
S.N Activity Time required
o Months
1 Visit to existing biogas generating sites in/near Bahir Dar Two weeks
2 Appointment of Researcher 1 month
3 Market survey for purchase of items required and assembly of 1 month
digester
4 Collection of food waste and initiation of anaerobic digestion (Initially 2 months
minimum 1.5-2 months are required for generation of biogas).
5 Standardization of process parameters for getting optimum biogas 6 months
yield on continuous basis
6 Field testing of technology by setting 3 biogas digesters in three 6 months
households for feedback and further improvement if needed
7 Report writing 1 month
8 Workshop preparation for inviting stakeholders for further 1 month
dissemination of technology
Total period 18.5 months
21. 6. Project budget
S.No Component Amount
ETB
1 Salary of researcher (2 Graduate students) 27,000
@1500 ETB per month for
18 months
2 4 Plastic tanks and accessories 20,000
For installation of bio digester
(1 for research and 3 for
Field testing of technology)
Estimated ETB 5000 per digester
Including labor charges for
assembly of digester
3 Workshop for technology 10,000
Dissemination (Travel cost, tea, lunch/snacks to invited
stake holders, households,
4 Report writing (Stationary, computer 2.000
Peripherals, secretarial assistance)
5 Travel during the project period 5,000
6 Contingency 6,400
Total 70,400
22. References
1. Urban Fuel Demand in Ethiopia, Zenebe Gebreegziabher, Arie J. Oskam and Demeke Bayou,
Environment for Development, (August 2010)
2. Wood fuel demand and sustainability of supply in south western Ethiopia (2009), Kiflu haile,
Mats Sandewall, Kaba Urgessa, Research Journal of Forestry, 3(2), 29, 2009
3. Human waste based biogas plant design for Universities in Ethiopia; a case study in Bahir-Dar
University, faculty of engineering, Moges Ashagrie MSc thesis 2009
4. Biogas Generation from Human Excreta A multi-dimensional Sanitation Approach- Experience
of Lem Ethiopia, Mogues Worku, Presented at the 3rd International Dry Toilet Conference,
Tampere, Finland August 12-15/ 2009
5. Biogas in Ethiopia: From Skepticism to Enthusiasm, Willem Boers & Getachew Eshete, SNV
Ethiopia Document 2009
6. National Biogas Program-Ethiopia, Program Implementation Document
January 2008
7. Biogas for better life: An African initiative, A cost-benefit analysis of national and regional
integrated biogas and sanitation programs in Sub-Saharan Africa , April 2007
8. Commercialisation and business development in the framework of the Asia Biogas Program,
Wim J. van Nes, Seminar on “Policy options for expansion of community-driven energy service
provision” Beijing, China, 11-12 March 2007
9. Household determinants of fuel wood choice in urban Ethiopia: a case study of Jimma town,
Abebaw, Degnet, Journal of Developing Areas, 2007
10. Biogas Bonanza for Third World Development http://www.i-
sis.org.uk/BiogasBonanza.php, 2005
11. Use of biomass-Ethiopia, GTZ, Germany, 2004
12. The economics of a biogas
digestorhttp://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Bulletin30/economi.htm
13. Kitchen Waste Based Biogas Plant, http://www.dae.gov.in/ni/ninov02/biogas.htm
14. Wood fires that fit, http://journeytoforever.org/at_woodfire.html
15. Occupational, Health Hazards of Improper Garbage Disposal,
www.addisfortune.com/agenda.htm
16. Household Energy Use in Ethiopia http:// http://www.hedon.info/Ethiopia
17. The making of Injera/Enjera: http://www.zelaleminjera.com/products.html
18. Cook stove for Ethiopia, http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2010/06/29/berkeley-lab-
makes-cookstoves-for-ethiopia/
23. 9. Curriculum Vitae of investigators
1 Dr. Solomon Libsu
Prof. R B Chavan
Educational background
No Field of study Degree Class Year university
completion
1 Chemistry B.Sc.(Hons) First 1964 Marathwada Univ. India
2 Textile B.Sc.(Tech) First 1966 University of Bombay, India
Chemistry
3 Textile M.Sc. First 1968 University of Bombay, India
Chemistry (Tech)
4 Textile Ph D (Tech) 1974 University of Manchester,
Chemsitry Inst. of Science and
Technology England
Academic achievements
S.No. Academic achievements Number
1. Total teaching experience at 30 years
Indian Inst. of Technology, Delhi,
India
2. Experience as Professor 20 years
3. Head of Department 3 years
4. Industrial experience 04 years
5, No. of Ph.D students guided 11
6. No. of M.Tech students guided More than 50
7. Publications
International 30
National 53
Paper presentations 43
Total 126
8. Sponsored projects
International Agency 01
Govt. Agency 03
Industry 03
Major consultancy INR120 million 01
Books edited 04
Books published 02
Special Journal issue edited 01
24. Chapter contribution in International 01
Book on dyeing
Book accepted for publication (Book 01
on Ethiopian textile Ind. written after
joining Bahir Dar University in 2009
Present employment
Professor, Inst. of technology for Textile, Garment and Fashion design (IoTex), Bahir Dar
Univerisy, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Period
October 2009 till date.
Research profile
1. Technical interventions for the development of hand spinning and hand weaving sector
in rural India
Manual spinning and handloom weaving is prevalent in rural India. Fabric thus produced is
known as khadi. Khadi and Village Industries Commission under the Ministry of Micro, Small,
and Medium Enterprises (MSME) is responsible for the development of the Khadi sector. The
sector provides employment opportunities to large number of rural population. The
manufacturing activities being carried out on small scale using traditional technologies, the
sector is deprived of modern technical interventions.
Following technological inputs have been provided and implemented in the field
1. Preparation of Quality assurance manual for yarns and fabrics
2. Product design development
3. Transfer of the technology of fabric and garment finishing
4. Standardization and transfer of the technology of dyeing with natural colors
5. Development of solar energy operated mini-spinning unit for removal of drudgery of
manual spinning operation and improvement in productivity and quality of yarn
produced. The technology has been accepted by the Ministry of MSME and
implemented in the khadi sector on all India basis
2 Environmentally friendly chemical processing
The research activities were supervised at the master and Ph D level in the following areas
25. 1. Replacement of hazardous sodium sulphide with eco friendly glucose during dyeing of
cotton with sulphur dyes.
2. Development of eco-friendly reducing system based on sodium gluconate for dyeing of
cotton with vat dyes.
3. Transfer printing of cotton and polyester cotton blends
4. Development of solubility parameter concepts for better understanding of transfer
printing mechanisms