India relies heavily on coal for energy but has limited oil and gas reserves. It aims to increase access to electricity and transition to more renewable resources like solar and wind over the long term. Currently, coal contributes over half of India's primary energy while oil and natural gas make up most of the remainder. The document outlines India's current energy sources and consumption patterns as well as strategies to improve efficiency, expand electricity access, develop renewable energy, and transition its energy mix to be more sustainable.

1. MODERN INDIAN AND WORLD ENERGY
SCENARIO

2. INTRODUCTION
India is the fifth largest consumer of energy accounting
3.4% of global energy consumption.
 Rich in coal and renewable energy.
 Very small hydrocarbon reserve- 0.4%.
 25% of primary energy needs is met by imports.
 Per capital consumption of energy is low.
 Energy intensity is one among the highest.
 Commercial energy consumption is only 50%.


3. MAIN ENERGY SOURCES
Coal
 Oil
 Natural gas
 Nuclear power
 Hydro power
 Other renewable sources( like wind, biomass, solar
power, geothermal power, tidal etc.)


5. ENERGY SCENARIO

Coal:
• Dominates the energy mix.
• Contributes to 55% of primary energy production &
53% of energy consumption.
• India fourth largest producer.
• 70% total domestic electricity & 50% commercial
energy demand is met.
• 8.6% of world reserves ie. about 84396 million tonne &
last for next 235 years
• Lignite is also used
• Dominant fuel when energy demand increases in
future

6. 
Oil:
• Accounts for 36% of total energy consumption and
34% total energy production.
• India is one among top ten consumer in the world
• 0.3% world’s reserves
• 70% of demand is met by imports i.e 1.2 million
barrel per day.
• Consumption of petrol in transport sector-53%,
domestic-18%, industries-17% .
• Total installed capacity of Diesel based power plants
in India is 1,199.75 MW.
• 20-17% decline in share in primary energy
production

7. 
Natural gas:
• Accounts for 8% of energy consumption & 9% of
energy production.
• The total installed capacity of gas based power
plants in India is 17,353.85 MW about 10% of total
installed capacity.
• A demand of 200mcmd against availability of
103.08mcmd.
• 10% – 13% increase in share of natural gas in
primary energy production.

8. 
Electrical energy
• Out of total production
65.8% comes from thermal power plant,
26.3% from hydro electricity,
3.1% from nuclear power & rest renewable sources
•
•
•
•
Gross generation of energy is 531 billion units.
Overall electrification rate is 64.5%.
Power generation assets are not evenly spread.
52.5% of rural households have access to
electricity while in urban areas it is 93.1% .
Electricity demand outstripped supply by
7-11%. Plans 8-10% growth ie. 215,804MW
capacity

9. 
Nuclear power
• Fourth largest source of electricity.
• Contributes to 2.5% in total energy production,
and 3.1% in electricity generation.
• Nineteen nuclear power reactors and six nuclear
power plants produce 4,560 MW(2.9% of total
installed base).
• To achieve 20000 MW generation capacity

Hydro power
• Only 15% utilized
• 25% share in total generation unit with installed
capacity of 36877 MW
• It share in power generation has decreased

10. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Power station
State
Installed
capacity(MW)
Narora Atomic Power Station
Uttar Pradesh
440
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station
Rajasthan
1180
Tarapur Atomic Power Station
Maharashtra
1400
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station
Gujarat
440
Kudankulam Nuclear Power plant
Tamil Nadu
2000
Madras Atomic Power Station
Tamil Nadu
500
Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant
Karnataka
880
Madras Atomic Power Station
Tamil Nadu
440

11. 
Thermal power
• Accounts for 64.6% in total energy production.
• Installed capacity of Thermal Power is 1,04,424
MW which is 63.7% of total installed capacity.
• Thermal power produced from
Thermal power based on
Installed capacity
(MW)
Total %
Coal
86003
53
Gas
17221
10.61
Oil
1199
74

12. 
Renewable resources
• Immense potential
• Current installed base of is 16,492.42 MW which is
10.12% of total installed base.
• Second largest exploiter of wind energy(1000 MW)
& fifth largest wind power industry, with installed
capacity of 9587MW.
• Tamil Nadu contributing nearly a third of it
(5008.26 MW) largely through wind power.
• Utilizes 33lakh bio-gas plant, 2 lakh solar cooker &
street lighting system using photo voltaic
technology.
• Targets 14000MW generation capacity in future.

13. WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO
Energy production
Energy consumption

14. World primary energy demand increase by 1.6%
per year on an average.
 Oil is the most important and abundant source of
energy in the world.
 It is also the most highly consumed
 Demand of oil rise from 85 million barrel per day to
106 mb. Developed industrialized countries
consume 43 million barrels daily on an average
while developing countries consume only 22 million
barrels.
 Coal is the second most abundant source of energy
in the world and is highly used in power generation.
Coal ranks quite low in terms of consumption. Its
demand increases in certain regions.


15. Natural gas has been the energy source with highest
rates of growth in recent years. Consumption of gas
has increased from 14.4% to 15.6%.
 World electricity demand increase at a rate of 2.5%.
 Renewable sources overtaking.
 Share of non-hydro renewable in power generation
increased from 2.5% to 8.6%.
 Energy consumption in developing countries is only
one-tenth of that in the developed countries.


16. OVERVIEW
(in thousand of metric tone of oil
INDIA
WORLD
Total energy production
421565
10077984
% change since 1980
90
37
Energy imports
59162
9521506
Energy exports
2376
3419104
Total energy consumption
480418
9702786
Electricity consumption
32529
1040770
Industry
97859
2140474
Transportation
44475
1755505
Agriculture
9741
166287
Commercial & public service
2737
511555
Residential
200781
1845475
equivalent)
Energy consumption by sector

17. CONT….
Energy consumption by source
Coal & coal product
157169
2278524
Oil
79557
3563084
Natural gas
20754
2012559
Nuclear
3409
661901
Hydro electric
7004
222223
Solid biomass
198018
1035139
Bio gas & liquid biomass
14931
Geo thermal
43802
Solar
2217
Wind
Tide
89.2
1748
53

18. ENERGY STRATEGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE
WORLD

Necessary condition for socio-economic change to
lead to a sustainable world must include
•
Satisfaction of basic needs of the peoples
• Economic viability
• Self reliant interdependence of nations
• Harmony with the environment

Energy strategies for future can be classified as
•
•
•
1.Immediate
2.Mid-term
3.Long term

19. 
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
Immediate term strategy:
Optimum utilization of existing assets.
Efficiency in production system & reduction in
distribution losses.
Promoting R&D, transfer and use of technologies for
environmentally sound energy systems.
Rationalizing the tariff structure of various energy
products.
Medium-term strategy:
Demand management through conservation of energy,
structural changes in economy, model mix in
transportation sector, recycling
A shift to less energy-intensive modes of transport
Shift to renewable sources of energy.

20. 
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Long – term strategy:
Efficient generation of energy resources.
Efficient production of coal.oil & natural gas.
Reduction of natural gas flaring
Improving energy infrastructure
Creation of urban gas transmission and distribution
network.
Improving energy efficiency in accordance with national,
socio-economic & environmental priorities.
Promoting of energy efficiency & emission standards.
Programs for adopting energy efficient technologies in
large industries.
Deregulation and privatization of energy sector

21. •
•
•
•
Building new refineries, coal and gas fired power
stations.
Reducing cross subsidies on oil products & electricity
tariffs.
Investment legislation to attract foreign investments.
Streamlining approval process for attracting private
sector participation in power generation, transmission &
distribution.

22. STRATEGIES FOR ELECTRIC POWER

Objectives








Sufficient power to achieve GDP growth rate of 8%
Reliable power
Quality power
Optimum power cost
Power for all
Strategies
Power Generation Strategy with focus on low cost
generation, controlling the input cost, Technology up
gradation and utilization of Non Conventional sources
Transmission Strategy with focus on development of
National Grid including Interstate connections, Technology
upgradation & optimization of transmission cost.

23. 
Distribution strategy to achieve Distribution Reforms
with focus on System up gradation, loss reduction, theft
control, quality power supply, Decentralized distributed
generation and supply for rural areas.

Regulation Strategy aimed at protecting Consumer
interests and making the sector commercially
viable.
Financing Strategy to generate resources for
required growth of the power sector.
Conservation Strategy to optimize the utilization of
electricity with focus on Demand Side
management, Load management and Technology
up gradation to provide energy efficient equipment /
gadgets.
Communication Strategy media support to enhance
the general public awareness.
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
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