This document provides an overview of anaerobic digesters and biogas production. It discusses the types of feedstock that can be used in anaerobic digesters including various organic wastes. The four main steps of the anaerobic digestion process are described as well as factors that influence biogas production. Four types of reactor designs - plug flow digester, complete mix digester, covered lagoon digester, and fixed film digester - are outlined with more detail provided on plug flow digester design including sizing calculations for a example plug flow digester.
In this slide i was include some information from the class lecture in my graduation class.I hope it will be useful for the students in other academics.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG, FOOD WASTE AND ORGANIC ...IAEME Publication
Anaerobic digestion is one of the ecofriendly methods to treat and dispose the biodegradable wastes and has more advantages when compared to any other waste treatment methods. Biogas production and composting of slurry from the biogas plant is one of the methods to reduce volume of waste (zero waste discharge) and maximum energy recovery from the organic wastes is possible.
In this study the production potential of biogas from bio degradable organic wastes such as food waste, cow dung and fresh organic wastes under the same operating condition of room temperature between 28ºC to 32ºCare compared. A pilot plant of 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity is used as digester.
Biogas technology has significant potential in Ghana to address waste management challenges and energy needs. Anaerobic digestion of organic waste can produce biogas daily from dung that could power 300 households and replace 138.8 tons of firewood. It could also generate 360,000 tons of fertilizer annually. Biogas facilities use a fixed-dome digester and treatment systems to break down waste without oxygen and produce a methane-rich biogas for electricity, cooking and refrigeration. The technology provides sustainable waste treatment while meeting energy needs in an economically viable way.
Bioenergy refers to renewable energy produced from organic materials like plants, trees, waste products, and is about 10% of global energy supply. It includes biopower, bioheat, biomass, combined heat and power, biofuels, and bioproducts. While bioenergy provides about 3.5% of road transport fuel, it also has the disadvantage of emitting more carbon dioxide than coal and natural gas during production. The United States is the top producer of bioenergy feedstock, while Sweden leads in waste-based bioenergy production.
Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass through processes like fermentation and combustion. They are a potential alternative to fossil fuels due to environmental concerns and increasing global energy demand. The document discusses different types of biofuels, how they are produced, their applications, and strategies to make biofuel production more economical. While biofuels have advantages over fossil fuels like being renewable and reducing emissions, their production also faces challenges such as high costs and potential negative environmental impacts if mono crops are used.
The document discusses the economics of producing energy crops for fuel conversion. It finds that while the U.S. has significant agricultural resources that could be used to produce biofuels, the costs of growing and converting most feedstocks into biofuels is currently higher than for conventional fuels. However, government policies aim to advance technologies that lower biofuel production costs and account for environmental externalities not reflected in fossil fuel prices. As technologies progress, biofuels are expected to become more competitive.
The Brazilian Association Biomass and Renewable Energy Industry with support from the Government of Brazil published this week the most important technical study on the Future of Biomass and Bioenergy, and Potential Waste of Forestry, Pulp, Wood, SugarCane,, Agroindustry, Energy and Agriculture ( Wood BioPellets Bagasse SugarCane).
In this slide i was include some information from the class lecture in my graduation class.I hope it will be useful for the students in other academics.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG, FOOD WASTE AND ORGANIC ...IAEME Publication
Anaerobic digestion is one of the ecofriendly methods to treat and dispose the biodegradable wastes and has more advantages when compared to any other waste treatment methods. Biogas production and composting of slurry from the biogas plant is one of the methods to reduce volume of waste (zero waste discharge) and maximum energy recovery from the organic wastes is possible.
In this study the production potential of biogas from bio degradable organic wastes such as food waste, cow dung and fresh organic wastes under the same operating condition of room temperature between 28ºC to 32ºCare compared. A pilot plant of 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity is used as digester.
Biogas technology has significant potential in Ghana to address waste management challenges and energy needs. Anaerobic digestion of organic waste can produce biogas daily from dung that could power 300 households and replace 138.8 tons of firewood. It could also generate 360,000 tons of fertilizer annually. Biogas facilities use a fixed-dome digester and treatment systems to break down waste without oxygen and produce a methane-rich biogas for electricity, cooking and refrigeration. The technology provides sustainable waste treatment while meeting energy needs in an economically viable way.
Bioenergy refers to renewable energy produced from organic materials like plants, trees, waste products, and is about 10% of global energy supply. It includes biopower, bioheat, biomass, combined heat and power, biofuels, and bioproducts. While bioenergy provides about 3.5% of road transport fuel, it also has the disadvantage of emitting more carbon dioxide than coal and natural gas during production. The United States is the top producer of bioenergy feedstock, while Sweden leads in waste-based bioenergy production.
Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass through processes like fermentation and combustion. They are a potential alternative to fossil fuels due to environmental concerns and increasing global energy demand. The document discusses different types of biofuels, how they are produced, their applications, and strategies to make biofuel production more economical. While biofuels have advantages over fossil fuels like being renewable and reducing emissions, their production also faces challenges such as high costs and potential negative environmental impacts if mono crops are used.
The document discusses the economics of producing energy crops for fuel conversion. It finds that while the U.S. has significant agricultural resources that could be used to produce biofuels, the costs of growing and converting most feedstocks into biofuels is currently higher than for conventional fuels. However, government policies aim to advance technologies that lower biofuel production costs and account for environmental externalities not reflected in fossil fuel prices. As technologies progress, biofuels are expected to become more competitive.
The Brazilian Association Biomass and Renewable Energy Industry with support from the Government of Brazil published this week the most important technical study on the Future of Biomass and Bioenergy, and Potential Waste of Forestry, Pulp, Wood, SugarCane,, Agroindustry, Energy and Agriculture ( Wood BioPellets Bagasse SugarCane).
Biomass from sources like trees, crops, and waste can be used for energy through technologies like thermo and bio conversion. India aims to promote bioenergy to meet sustainability goals and increase energy security by reducing oil imports. Key challenges include overcoming economic, social, and technical barriers to increase adoption of bioenergy technologies on a larger scale. Developing reliable biomass supply and providing cost competitive energy services will be important for the growth of the bioenergy sector in India.
This document reviews the potential for using waste-derived bioenergy in marine systems. It discusses how biomass energy from waste can help address sustainability challenges while offsetting greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels. The document also examines trends in biomass development, including the growth of biofuels markets and potential applications for shipping. A process is proposed for meeting biomass demands that involves energy auditing, risk analysis, and a system to collect organic waste, ferment it to produce methane gas, and use the gas in a cogenerator.
Biogas as a means of solid waste managementDayo Adewumi
Biogas technology provides a sustainable means of managing solid waste by converting biodegradable waste into biogas and fertilizer through anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is a process carried out by bacteria that breaks down organic material in the absence of oxygen to produce methane gas and reduces pathogens. Biogas can be used as a renewable energy source and the slurry byproduct has fertilizer value. This paper discusses the fundamentals of the anaerobic digestion process, available feedstocks including agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste, and the environmental benefits such as reduced emissions, sludge, and land use compared to other waste treatment methods.
This document provides an overview of anaerobic digestion technology and its potential application in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan. It begins with basics on the anaerobic process, including its four stages and products. It then discusses considerations for feedstock and process configuration. The document outlines environmental, economic and practical benefits, as well as potential problems. It proposes strategies for introducing the technology and provides sample digester designs. In conclusion, it recommends further exploring anaerobic digestion as a solution to Afghanistan's energy crisis and land degradation issues.
This document proposes a research project to implement a low-cost technology for biogas generation from kitchen wastes in Ethiopia. It notes that over 85% of Ethiopians rely on biomass like firewood for energy, causing deforestation, health issues from indoor air pollution, and burdening women's time. As alternatives, fuel-efficient stoves only delay problems, while biogas from wastes can provide renewable energy. The proposed project would develop plastic tank digesters using kitchen waste for biogas, addressing costs of existing programs. It aims to provide a sustainable and affordable energy source while supporting Ethiopia's initiatives and the university's social goals.
This document discusses converting cow dung into methanol through a two-step process of anaerobic digestion followed by acid treatment. The quantities and qualities of methane gas and methanol produced depend on factors like slurry concentration and temperature. Gas chromatography analysis found the biogas contained 57.23% methane. Refining the biogas enhanced the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, making the organic components more available for the acid reaction. Spectroscopic analysis indicated methanol was formed, with a purity of 92.5%. The process also generates fertilizer from the leftover sludge.
This document discusses biomass energy and biofuels. It begins by explaining how energy demand is increasing as countries develop industrially. Biomass is defined as organic material from plants, trees and crops, and is a renewable resource. There are three main types of biomass feedstocks: lipids, sugars/starches, and cellulose. Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels made from biomass that can replace gasoline and diesel. Bioethanol is the most widely used biofuel and can be made from sugary or starchy materials or cellulosic materials through fermentation. The document outlines the process of producing bioethanol and its advantages as a cleaner burning, renewable fuel.
This document outlines a course on renewable energy systems taught at Jordan University of Science and Technology. It contains the following key points:
1. The course is taught by Professor Ghassan M. Tashtoush and covers topics such as the definition of biogas, components of biogas plants, the biogas process, design of biogas digesters, and a case study.
2. Biogas is a renewable energy source produced from the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. It consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide.
3. The major applications of biogas include lighting, cooking, and power generation. Proper design of biogas digesters is important for efficient biogas production.
Solar assisted dryer for municipal solid wasteSumit Dharmarao
Urban India generates 188,500 tons per day (68.8 million tons per year) of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/person/day. Improper solid waste management deteriorates public health, degrades quality of life, and pollutes local air, water and land resources. It also causes global warming and climate change and impacts the entire planet. Improper waste management is also identified as a cause of 22 human diseases and results in numerous premature deaths every year. The composition of urban MSW in India is 51% organics, 17.5% recyclables (paper, plastic, metal, and glass) and 31 % of inerts. The moisture content of urban MSW is 47% and the average calorific value is 7.3 MJ/kg (1745 kcal/kg). The composition of MSW in the North, East, South and Western regions of the country varied between 50-57% of organics, 16-19% of recyclables, 28-31% of inerts and 45-51% of moisture. The calorific value of the waste varied between 6.8-9.8 MJ/kg (1,620-2,340 kcal/kg). Currently, there is no system or mechanism exists to dry the municipal solid waste. In this research work such system can be designed and developed which will dry the municipal solid waste and remove the odor from it. Dried municipal solid waste can be further used as fuel for boiler.
Biomass Energy - Renewable Sources of Energy.Antonia Cornejo
Biomass is the oldest source of renewable energy and one of the most plentiful globally. It refers to biological material from living or recently living organisms that can be used as fuel. Biomass contains stored chemical energy from sunlight that plants absorbed, and this energy is released as heat when biomass is burned. Common sources of biomass include forestry and agricultural crops/residues, sewage, waste, and residues from animals and industry. Biomass can be used to generate electricity by burning it to produce steam that powers turbines, or to produce liquid biofuels or bioproducts. While biomass is a cheap and sustainable energy source, its use also faces challenges such as potential deforestation, pollution
This document provides an overview and critical review of biochar and its potential role in carbon management and agricultural systems. It discusses how biochar is produced from biomass and can improve soil fertility through increasing stable organic matter. Biochar also provides benefits for climate change mitigation by sequestering carbon in soils for long periods. However, there is still uncertainty around biochar's impacts and the availability of sustainable feedstock sources to support widespread adoption. The document concludes that more research is needed but biochar shows promise as a technology that can address soil, energy, and climate challenges.
Biomass is obtained from plant and animal matter and waste. Pakistan generates a large amount of waste daily from its large population, including 54,888 tons of municipal solid waste. Biomass and waste-to-energy plants can generate electricity from this biomass and waste, reducing fossil fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions compared to landfilling. However, there are also challenges to widespread adoption of biomass energy, such as the high cost of biogas plants, need for continuous biomass supply, and potential diversion of food crops for fuel.
Design and Fabrication of an Anaerobic DigesterAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document describes the design and fabrication of an anaerobic digester to generate biogas for small-scale farmers in Nigeria. Key aspects of the design include:
- The digester is made of locally available materials and has a total volume of 0.974 cubic meters.
- It is designed to process 40 liters of slurry per day from a mixture of Typha grass, cow dung, and water.
- The digester components include a frustum-shaped top, cylindrical middle section, and cone-shaped bottom to allow slurry flow and discharge.
- A hopper with a capacity of 20 liters is designed to regularly feed the digester, and a 60mm ball valve
IRJET- Enhancement of Biogas Production by Co-Digestion of Fruit and Vegetabl...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on enhancing biogas production through co-digestion of fruit and vegetable waste with cow dung. Four mixtures of fruit, vegetable, and cow waste were prepared in different ratios and subjected to anaerobic digestion. The biogas production from each mixture was measured and modeled using logistic and modified Gompertz kinetic models. The results showed that a ratio of 0.5 parts fruit waste, 1.5 parts vegetable waste, and 1 part cow waste produced the highest amount of biogas and fit best to the modified Gompertz model. Characterization of the waste mixtures found total solid and volatile solid contents ranged from 74-75% with C/N ratios between 5-9.
Biomass is a renewable energy source from living or dead organisms that can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels. It has advantages such as creating more jobs, reducing dependency on imported oil, and being environmentally friendly compared to fossil fuels. However, it also has disadvantages like requiring large amounts of farmland and contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. While biomass is currently cheaper than fossil fuels, producing and collecting it can be expensive. Energy forecasts predict that biomass will generate a significant portion of the U.S.'s renewable energy in the coming years, remaining the second largest source behind hydropower.
This document provides an overview of bioenergy, including:
- What bioenergy is and how it is derived from biomass
- The advantages of bioenergy such as being renewable, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and providing economic opportunities
- The disadvantages, including lower efficiency than fossil fuels, potential environmental impacts, and higher costs than some alternatives
- How solid biomass power plants work to generate electricity from biomass
- Factors that impact the efficiency and costs of biomass energy
- Innovations in bioenergy research and development
- Current uses of bioenergy in Turkey, including for heating/cooking and as transportation fuels like bioethanol and biodiesel.
This document proposes a study to investigate the utilization of donkey dung for biogas production in Lamu County, Kenya. Donkey dung is readily available but currently a nuisance, littering towns. The study aims to assess biogas production from different mixtures of donkey dung and cow dung in flexi bag digesters. Five treatments mixing donkey and cow dung at ratios of 25-75%, 50-50%, 75-25%, 100% donkey dung, and 100% cow dung (control) will be evaluated. The volume of biogas produced daily will be measured to determine if co-digesting donkey and cow dung can improve biogas yields for energy needs in Lamu
This document summarizes a literature review of biomass resources and bio-fuels industries in India. It begins by providing background on biomass energy use in India, noting that biomass meets the cooking energy needs of most rural households and 50% of urban households. It then reviews estimates of biomass consumption and supply in India. Next, it discusses the status of biomass technologies in India, including traditional biomass use, bagasse-based cogeneration, biomass gasifiers, and megawatt-scale grid-connected power generation. It concludes by reviewing India's biofuels industries, including the development of jatropha plantations and barriers to implementing biodiesel programs.
A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
Advantages & Dis-Advantages of Biomass EnergyDavid Stoffel
Biomass energy comes from organic matter like plants, animals, and waste products and is considered renewable. It has advantages of being renewable, reducing dependency on fossil fuels, and reducing landfill waste. However, biomass energy can be expensive and inefficient compared to fossil fuels, requires more fuel consumption than fossil fuels, and may harm the environment if not managed properly.
1) The document presents Muhammad Nauman Yousaf's master's thesis on producing high quality methane through biomass gasification.
2) Through chemical equilibrium modeling in Aspen Plus, Yousaf analyzed the effects of parameters like steam/biomass ratio, temperature, and pressure on syngas composition and methane yield.
3) The results showed that lower gasification temperatures favor higher methane production, and steam is a better oxidizing agent than oxygen or air for syngas quality and heating value. Membrane separation or adsorption were identified as potential techniques for isolating methane from syngas.
This document summarizes different types of anaerobic digestion systems. It describes single-stage digesters that are unmixed and unheated with retention times of 30-60 days, and high rate single-stage systems that are mixed and heated with shorter retention times of 15 days or less. It also discusses two-stage systems where a second stage can function for solids separation and additional digestion.
Biomass from sources like trees, crops, and waste can be used for energy through technologies like thermo and bio conversion. India aims to promote bioenergy to meet sustainability goals and increase energy security by reducing oil imports. Key challenges include overcoming economic, social, and technical barriers to increase adoption of bioenergy technologies on a larger scale. Developing reliable biomass supply and providing cost competitive energy services will be important for the growth of the bioenergy sector in India.
This document reviews the potential for using waste-derived bioenergy in marine systems. It discusses how biomass energy from waste can help address sustainability challenges while offsetting greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels. The document also examines trends in biomass development, including the growth of biofuels markets and potential applications for shipping. A process is proposed for meeting biomass demands that involves energy auditing, risk analysis, and a system to collect organic waste, ferment it to produce methane gas, and use the gas in a cogenerator.
Biogas as a means of solid waste managementDayo Adewumi
Biogas technology provides a sustainable means of managing solid waste by converting biodegradable waste into biogas and fertilizer through anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is a process carried out by bacteria that breaks down organic material in the absence of oxygen to produce methane gas and reduces pathogens. Biogas can be used as a renewable energy source and the slurry byproduct has fertilizer value. This paper discusses the fundamentals of the anaerobic digestion process, available feedstocks including agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste, and the environmental benefits such as reduced emissions, sludge, and land use compared to other waste treatment methods.
This document provides an overview of anaerobic digestion technology and its potential application in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan. It begins with basics on the anaerobic process, including its four stages and products. It then discusses considerations for feedstock and process configuration. The document outlines environmental, economic and practical benefits, as well as potential problems. It proposes strategies for introducing the technology and provides sample digester designs. In conclusion, it recommends further exploring anaerobic digestion as a solution to Afghanistan's energy crisis and land degradation issues.
This document proposes a research project to implement a low-cost technology for biogas generation from kitchen wastes in Ethiopia. It notes that over 85% of Ethiopians rely on biomass like firewood for energy, causing deforestation, health issues from indoor air pollution, and burdening women's time. As alternatives, fuel-efficient stoves only delay problems, while biogas from wastes can provide renewable energy. The proposed project would develop plastic tank digesters using kitchen waste for biogas, addressing costs of existing programs. It aims to provide a sustainable and affordable energy source while supporting Ethiopia's initiatives and the university's social goals.
This document discusses converting cow dung into methanol through a two-step process of anaerobic digestion followed by acid treatment. The quantities and qualities of methane gas and methanol produced depend on factors like slurry concentration and temperature. Gas chromatography analysis found the biogas contained 57.23% methane. Refining the biogas enhanced the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, making the organic components more available for the acid reaction. Spectroscopic analysis indicated methanol was formed, with a purity of 92.5%. The process also generates fertilizer from the leftover sludge.
This document discusses biomass energy and biofuels. It begins by explaining how energy demand is increasing as countries develop industrially. Biomass is defined as organic material from plants, trees and crops, and is a renewable resource. There are three main types of biomass feedstocks: lipids, sugars/starches, and cellulose. Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels made from biomass that can replace gasoline and diesel. Bioethanol is the most widely used biofuel and can be made from sugary or starchy materials or cellulosic materials through fermentation. The document outlines the process of producing bioethanol and its advantages as a cleaner burning, renewable fuel.
This document outlines a course on renewable energy systems taught at Jordan University of Science and Technology. It contains the following key points:
1. The course is taught by Professor Ghassan M. Tashtoush and covers topics such as the definition of biogas, components of biogas plants, the biogas process, design of biogas digesters, and a case study.
2. Biogas is a renewable energy source produced from the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. It consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide.
3. The major applications of biogas include lighting, cooking, and power generation. Proper design of biogas digesters is important for efficient biogas production.
Solar assisted dryer for municipal solid wasteSumit Dharmarao
Urban India generates 188,500 tons per day (68.8 million tons per year) of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/person/day. Improper solid waste management deteriorates public health, degrades quality of life, and pollutes local air, water and land resources. It also causes global warming and climate change and impacts the entire planet. Improper waste management is also identified as a cause of 22 human diseases and results in numerous premature deaths every year. The composition of urban MSW in India is 51% organics, 17.5% recyclables (paper, plastic, metal, and glass) and 31 % of inerts. The moisture content of urban MSW is 47% and the average calorific value is 7.3 MJ/kg (1745 kcal/kg). The composition of MSW in the North, East, South and Western regions of the country varied between 50-57% of organics, 16-19% of recyclables, 28-31% of inerts and 45-51% of moisture. The calorific value of the waste varied between 6.8-9.8 MJ/kg (1,620-2,340 kcal/kg). Currently, there is no system or mechanism exists to dry the municipal solid waste. In this research work such system can be designed and developed which will dry the municipal solid waste and remove the odor from it. Dried municipal solid waste can be further used as fuel for boiler.
Biomass Energy - Renewable Sources of Energy.Antonia Cornejo
Biomass is the oldest source of renewable energy and one of the most plentiful globally. It refers to biological material from living or recently living organisms that can be used as fuel. Biomass contains stored chemical energy from sunlight that plants absorbed, and this energy is released as heat when biomass is burned. Common sources of biomass include forestry and agricultural crops/residues, sewage, waste, and residues from animals and industry. Biomass can be used to generate electricity by burning it to produce steam that powers turbines, or to produce liquid biofuels or bioproducts. While biomass is a cheap and sustainable energy source, its use also faces challenges such as potential deforestation, pollution
This document provides an overview and critical review of biochar and its potential role in carbon management and agricultural systems. It discusses how biochar is produced from biomass and can improve soil fertility through increasing stable organic matter. Biochar also provides benefits for climate change mitigation by sequestering carbon in soils for long periods. However, there is still uncertainty around biochar's impacts and the availability of sustainable feedstock sources to support widespread adoption. The document concludes that more research is needed but biochar shows promise as a technology that can address soil, energy, and climate challenges.
Biomass is obtained from plant and animal matter and waste. Pakistan generates a large amount of waste daily from its large population, including 54,888 tons of municipal solid waste. Biomass and waste-to-energy plants can generate electricity from this biomass and waste, reducing fossil fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions compared to landfilling. However, there are also challenges to widespread adoption of biomass energy, such as the high cost of biogas plants, need for continuous biomass supply, and potential diversion of food crops for fuel.
Design and Fabrication of an Anaerobic DigesterAZOJETE UNIMAID
This document describes the design and fabrication of an anaerobic digester to generate biogas for small-scale farmers in Nigeria. Key aspects of the design include:
- The digester is made of locally available materials and has a total volume of 0.974 cubic meters.
- It is designed to process 40 liters of slurry per day from a mixture of Typha grass, cow dung, and water.
- The digester components include a frustum-shaped top, cylindrical middle section, and cone-shaped bottom to allow slurry flow and discharge.
- A hopper with a capacity of 20 liters is designed to regularly feed the digester, and a 60mm ball valve
IRJET- Enhancement of Biogas Production by Co-Digestion of Fruit and Vegetabl...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on enhancing biogas production through co-digestion of fruit and vegetable waste with cow dung. Four mixtures of fruit, vegetable, and cow waste were prepared in different ratios and subjected to anaerobic digestion. The biogas production from each mixture was measured and modeled using logistic and modified Gompertz kinetic models. The results showed that a ratio of 0.5 parts fruit waste, 1.5 parts vegetable waste, and 1 part cow waste produced the highest amount of biogas and fit best to the modified Gompertz model. Characterization of the waste mixtures found total solid and volatile solid contents ranged from 74-75% with C/N ratios between 5-9.
Biomass is a renewable energy source from living or dead organisms that can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels. It has advantages such as creating more jobs, reducing dependency on imported oil, and being environmentally friendly compared to fossil fuels. However, it also has disadvantages like requiring large amounts of farmland and contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. While biomass is currently cheaper than fossil fuels, producing and collecting it can be expensive. Energy forecasts predict that biomass will generate a significant portion of the U.S.'s renewable energy in the coming years, remaining the second largest source behind hydropower.
This document provides an overview of bioenergy, including:
- What bioenergy is and how it is derived from biomass
- The advantages of bioenergy such as being renewable, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and providing economic opportunities
- The disadvantages, including lower efficiency than fossil fuels, potential environmental impacts, and higher costs than some alternatives
- How solid biomass power plants work to generate electricity from biomass
- Factors that impact the efficiency and costs of biomass energy
- Innovations in bioenergy research and development
- Current uses of bioenergy in Turkey, including for heating/cooking and as transportation fuels like bioethanol and biodiesel.
This document proposes a study to investigate the utilization of donkey dung for biogas production in Lamu County, Kenya. Donkey dung is readily available but currently a nuisance, littering towns. The study aims to assess biogas production from different mixtures of donkey dung and cow dung in flexi bag digesters. Five treatments mixing donkey and cow dung at ratios of 25-75%, 50-50%, 75-25%, 100% donkey dung, and 100% cow dung (control) will be evaluated. The volume of biogas produced daily will be measured to determine if co-digesting donkey and cow dung can improve biogas yields for energy needs in Lamu
This document summarizes a literature review of biomass resources and bio-fuels industries in India. It begins by providing background on biomass energy use in India, noting that biomass meets the cooking energy needs of most rural households and 50% of urban households. It then reviews estimates of biomass consumption and supply in India. Next, it discusses the status of biomass technologies in India, including traditional biomass use, bagasse-based cogeneration, biomass gasifiers, and megawatt-scale grid-connected power generation. It concludes by reviewing India's biofuels industries, including the development of jatropha plantations and barriers to implementing biodiesel programs.
A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
Advantages & Dis-Advantages of Biomass EnergyDavid Stoffel
Biomass energy comes from organic matter like plants, animals, and waste products and is considered renewable. It has advantages of being renewable, reducing dependency on fossil fuels, and reducing landfill waste. However, biomass energy can be expensive and inefficient compared to fossil fuels, requires more fuel consumption than fossil fuels, and may harm the environment if not managed properly.
1) The document presents Muhammad Nauman Yousaf's master's thesis on producing high quality methane through biomass gasification.
2) Through chemical equilibrium modeling in Aspen Plus, Yousaf analyzed the effects of parameters like steam/biomass ratio, temperature, and pressure on syngas composition and methane yield.
3) The results showed that lower gasification temperatures favor higher methane production, and steam is a better oxidizing agent than oxygen or air for syngas quality and heating value. Membrane separation or adsorption were identified as potential techniques for isolating methane from syngas.
This document summarizes different types of anaerobic digestion systems. It describes single-stage digesters that are unmixed and unheated with retention times of 30-60 days, and high rate single-stage systems that are mixed and heated with shorter retention times of 15 days or less. It also discusses two-stage systems where a second stage can function for solids separation and additional digestion.
High Solids Anaerobic Digestion - International Biomass 2013eisenmannusa
This document discusses high solids anaerobic digestion as a solution for processing high solids content organic waste. It notes that many organic waste streams naturally occur at 30% solids or higher, but conventional digestion requires dilution. High solids digestion offers benefits like minimized dilution, smaller footprint, and increased feedstock flexibility. The document provides an overview of high solids digestion systems and components, and highlights several reference plants using the technology to process municipal solid waste and agricultural waste.
The document summarizes two papers on anaerobic digestion of organic waste to produce biogas. For the first paper, it describes the co-digestion of water hyacinth and sheep waste in mesophilic conditions, finding improved biogas yield. For the second paper, it discusses the co-digestion of kitchen waste and cow manure under different temperatures and alkali doses, determining the maximum biogas production occurred at 37°C with 1.5% NaOH treatment of kitchen waste. The document concludes that anaerobic co-digestion of organic wastes is an effective way to produce energy while treating waste, but better equipment and optimized conditions could further improve results.
This document discusses producing biogas energy from different waste sources and creating awareness among humans. It describes several types of waste that can be used to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion, including municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, household waste, hazardous waste, hospital waste, and kitchen waste. It then explains the biogas production process, which involves three stages: hydrolysis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Finally, it discusses a fixed dome type biogas plant as an economical and easy to construct option for converting waste into biogas as a renewable energy source, especially in rural areas.
To make a biogas energy from different sources & creating awareness between h...IJMER
Biogas from biomass appears as an alternative source of energy, which is potentially enriched in biomass resources. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas. Different types of wastes are used for production of biogas .these wastes are found very easy and an every palace. This article helps to make biogas form different wastes. From this study, it can be concluded that this method not only contributed to renewable biogas production but also improved the effluent quality
Biogas Handbook by Biogas Developement and Training Centre.pdfRaj kumar
This document contains frequently asked questions about biogas technology. It discusses what biogas is, how it is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste, and its applications. Key points covered include:
- Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced by bacteria breaking down organic matter in oxygen-free conditions.
- Sources of organic matter include animal manure, food waste, and sewage. The decomposition occurs in three phases.
- Biogas can be used for cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and as a vehicle fuel as it is a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.
- India has a biogas program to promote family-sized biogas plants, with the goals of providing energy,
Bio Gas Generation from Biodegradable Kitchen WasteIJEAB
Generation of Solid wastes in general and biodegradable waste in particular is increasing at house hold level over the last two decades. Per capita generation of the waste has been increasing steadily due to population growth and changing socio-economic characteristics and cultural habits and varies from 250g to 600g. Any material which can be decomposable by the action of microorganisms in a short period of time is called biodegradable Mostly food waste; vegetable peels and fruit pulp are biodegradable. These materials readily mix with the soil by the action of bacteria. During decomposition, these materials release carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide into the environment thereby contributes to air pollution and odour pollution. The gases that are released during the decay of biodegradable wastes can be captured for the economic utility and as well as to save the environment. An attempt is being made in this technical research paper to demonstrate the possibilities energy recovery from biodegradable kitchen waste that is collected from residential societies which can be utilized for the benefits of the society. Kitchen and food waste collected from a high end residential community of 300 families in Mumbai city suburbs is analyzed for the quantification of bio gas. Bio gas is captured through a fabricated anaerobic digester. Experimentation and results are discussed. The results are encouraging.
The document presents a study that compares biogas production from cow dung, food waste, and other organic wastes. A pilot plant with a 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity was used to digest samples of the different waste materials under the same operating conditions of 28-32 degrees Celsius. The study found that biogas was produced from all waste materials tested within 20 days, with an initial gas production of 0.3 cubic meters from 600 liters of cow dung slurry. Biogas production rates were observed and recorded over multiple trials for each waste material. The results provide insight into the relative potential of different organic waste streams for producing biogas via anaerobic digestion.
Biogas is a renewable energy source produced from the breakdown of organic matter by bacteria in the absence of oxygen. It is comprised primarily of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas technology has been promoted in India since the 1950s to provide rural households with an energy source using organic waste. The process of biogas production involves bacteria in an anaerobic digester tank converting organic materials like manure and food waste into methane gas. Biogas has advantages as an eco-friendly fuel but also limitations due to infrastructure and technology challenges. Recent developments aim to expand biogas production in India through urban food waste processing. The future prospects of biogas in India are positive given government support for renewable resources.
This document summarizes a study on a biomethanation plant that converts vegetable waste into biogas. Some key points:
- The plant uses a BIMA digester to break down vegetable waste from markets into biogas through anaerobic digestion.
- The process involves shredding the waste, digestion in the BIMA digester to produce biogas, collection of biogas, power generation from the biogas, dewatering of the digested substrate, and odor control.
- The byproduct of digestion (biodigested slurry) is a valuable organic manure high in nutrients that can be used to enrich soils or as fertilizer.
IRJET- Design of Biogas Plant for Food Waste and Evaluation of Biogas Generat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that designed a biogas plant for food waste generated at a college in India and evaluated the efficiency of biogas production from various co-digester mixtures added to the food waste. The researchers conducted a survey that found the college generates an average of 100kg of food waste per day. They designed a fixed dome biogas plant based on this amount of waste with a gas production rate of 24 cubic meters per day. Experiments tested co-digesters of water hyacinth, algae, cow dung, and sugar cane added to food waste in a 1:1 ratio, finding water hyacinth improved overall biogas plant efficiency the most. The study concluded a biogas plant using a
Efficient Use of Cesspool and Biogas for Sustainable Energy Generation: Recen...BRNSS Publication Hub
Biogas from biomass appears to have potential as an alternative energy source, which is potentially rich
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IRJET- Energy Conservation and Generation through Biodegradable Solid Waste- ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on a compact biogas plant designed to treat organic solid waste. Key points:
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This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste. The researchers in India created a small-scale biogas reactor using kitchen waste collected from their university's hostel mess halls. The reactor operated via anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, a renewable energy source. The biogas produced was found to contain 55-65% methane and could effectively be used as fuel after processing. Additionally, the leftover slurry provided valuable organic fertilizer for farming. The researchers concluded that kitchen waste is well-suited for small-scale biogas production and that such mini biogas plants can help reduce waste and emissions while generating renewable fuel at the community level.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste. The researchers in India created a small-scale biogas reactor using kitchen waste collected from their university's hostel mess halls. The reactor operated via anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which is a renewable energy source. The biogas produced was found to contain 55-65% methane and could effectively be used as fuel after processing. Additionally, the leftover slurry provided valuable organic fertilizer for farming. The researchers concluded that kitchen waste is well-suited for small-scale biogas production and that such mini biogas plants can help reduce waste and emissions while generating renewable fuel at the community level.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste. The researchers in India created a small-scale biogas reactor using kitchen waste collected from their university's hostel mess halls. The reactor operated via anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which is a renewable energy source. The biogas produced was found to contain 55-65% methane and could effectively be used as fuel after processing. Additionally, the leftover slurry provided valuable organic fertilizer for farming. The researchers concluded that kitchen waste is well-suited for small-scale biogas production and that such mini biogas plants can help reduce waste and emissions while generating renewable fuel at the community level.
1) The document describes a study on designing and fabricating a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste.
2) The goals of the study were to produce alternative energy from biogas in an effective and cost-efficient manner, while also generating high-quality fertilizer.
3) Kitchen waste was collected from hostel mess halls at a university to use as feedstock for a 20L laboratory-scale biogas reactor to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion.
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This presentation discusses biogas production from agricultural waste. It begins by defining waste and biogas, noting that biogas is a renewable energy source produced from recycled waste materials. Agricultural waste includes organic and non-organic materials from farming and can account for over 30% of agricultural productivity. Examples of agricultural wastes used for biogas production are pineapple peels, plantain peels, and cassava peels. The presentation then explains that biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biodegradable materials like biomass, manure, and municipal waste in the absence of oxygen. It concludes by outlining some uses of biogas for heating, power generation, as a vehicle fuel, and in industry, as well
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This document discusses biomass conversion technologies used in India to generate energy from biomass. It begins with an introduction to biomass as a renewable energy source and India's growing installed capacity of renewable energy. It then describes the various types of biomass resources available in India, including wood/agricultural waste, solid waste, landfill gas, and biofuels. The major technologies currently used at large scale in India are discussed - co-firing of biomass with coal, gasification of biomass, and anaerobic fermentation to produce biogas. While biomass energy has benefits, issues associated with large-scale usage include potential environmental impacts if forest resources are overexploited and public health impacts if biomass
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1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 3 ǁ March. 2013 ǁ PP.08-17
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A review study on anaerobic digesters with an
Insight to biogas production
Rajesh Ghosh & Sounak Bhattacherjee
Department of Chemical Engineering, Calcutta Institute of Technology,
Uluberia, Howrah-711316 , India.
ABSTRACT: In India we provide the fuel for industry, household mainly from fossil fuel in the form
of Petrol, Diesel, LPG, Natural gas, Coal. Since the source for the fossil fuel is fast depleting and at
the same time, creating some actual problem related to availability, high cost and atmospheric
pollution, so research are extended to search an alternative source of non-conventional energy named
as Biogas. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion of the organic waste material, which typically
consists of methane, with a significant proportion of carbon dioxide, and smaller quantities of other
gases such as nitrogen and hydrogen. The calorific value of biogas varies from 4800-6900 Kcal/m3
.
Different types of feed material are 1. Manure (Cow Dung) 2. Sugar Cane Baggase 3. Cotton dust 4.
Weed 5. Night soil 6. Poultry Bird 7. Cowdung and Cotton stalk 8. Cow dung and weeds.
Biogas is used for cooking, lighting, motive power and industrial uses.
The biological anaerobic degradation of green house residues, which can be divided into four steps
1. Hydrolysis 2. Acedogenesis 3. Acetotgenesis 4. Methanogenesis
The factors influencing the biogas production are 1. Nutrients 2. Solid concentration 4. Temperature
5. Retention time 5. pH 6. Mixing 7. Effect of Hydrogen Sulphides 8. Effect of carbon-di-oxide
concentration 9. Scum formation 10. Thickness of insulation.
Types of reactor are
1. Plug flow digester,
2. Complete mix digester,
3. Covered lagoon digester,
4. Fixed film digester.
Design of plug flow digester: Digester volume= 15.277 m3
Biogas produced= 4.0075m3
/day
Complete mix digesters, are unsuitable for high efficiency and rapid rate conversion of solid or semi
solid substrates. Plug flow digester are suitable for the digestion of solid and concentrated semisolid
feeds which are by far the largest biomass and waste resources available for simultaneous
stabilization and energy production.
Keywords: fossil fuel, non conventional energy, anaerobic digestion, plug flow digester, complete
mix digester.
I. INTRODUCTION
Biogas originates from bacteria in the process of bio-degradation of organic material under
anaerobic (without air) conditions. The natural generation of biogas is an important part of the
biogeochemical carbon cycle. Methanogens (methane producing bacteria) are the last link in a chain
of micro-organisms which degrade organic material and return the decomposition products to the
environment. In this process biogas is generated, a source of renewable energy. A 1000 cubic feet of
processed Biogas is equivalent to 600 cubic feet of natural gas, 6.4 gallons of butane, 5.2 gallons of
gasoline or 4.6 gallons of diesel oil.[1,5].
Each year some 590-880 million tons of methane are released worldwide into the atmosphere
through microbial activity. About 90% of the emitted methane derives from biogenic sources, i.e.
from the decomposition of biomass. It is known from the study that from 1 ton of waste produces
260kgs of biogas from which we can light a house for 14 hours. The world is producing several
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million tons of waste every day, if we utilize the waste to produce biogas and intern electricity the
energy crisis in the world can be eliminated.
The article addresses the effect of using different bacteria inoculums at identical technical
settings on the anaerobic digestion process for treatment of semi solid organic waste from the local
market, to produce biogas, as well as to reduce their pollution potential.[1]. This paper also strives to
address the technical and biological viewpoints in depth and highlights a few environmental and
financial issues, in relation with the various type of digester available to produce biogas from the
municipal waste.[2] The aims in developing the fixed film anaerobic digester for the flushed
dairy manure wastewater has been discussed further.[3]
Biogas is identified as one of the future fuel of the modern world. Biogas is the gas obtained
from the biological origin. Biogas typically consists mainly of methane, with a significant proportion
of carbon dioxide, and smaller quantities of other gases such as nitrogen and hydrogen, which is
mainly produced by the bacteria degrading waste materials.
Biogas with methane content higher than 45% is flammable. This whole process of anaerobic
digestion takes place in a sealed, waterproof chamber known as an anaerobic digester. The digesters
are generally cubical or cylindrical in shape. [4,7]
The recovered gas is 60 - 80 percent methane, in compared to natural gas having 95% of
methane content. With a methane content of 60-80%, biogas has the heating value of approximately
600 -800 Btu/ft
3
. Gas of this quality can be used to generate electricity; it may be used as fuel for a
boiler, space heater, or refrigeration equipment; or combusted as a cooking and lighting fuel. The left
over slurry after producing the biogas can be used as fertilizer which is rich in organic material.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Raw meterials for the production of biogas
The main raw material for the production of biogas is the waste produced. Daily thousands of
tons of waste are produced in each city. Waste disposal in these areas has become a major problem.
One of the major causes for the large production of waste is population. In the city areas very large
population is accumulated in the small areas producing enormous quantity of waste. Disposal of
wastes near the human habitat cause various health problems and diseases. Biogas can also be
produced using the cow dung in small scale and can be used for the domestic purpose. In rural areas
of India biogas is also called ‗gobor gas‘ where the gas is produced using cow dung. [4,5,8]
It is also produced in the swine farms using the waste produced. Waste produced in this modern world
is divided into 4 major types,
1. Municipal waste
2. Industrial Waste
3. Agricultural Waste and Residues
4. Hazardous Waste
Municipal solid waste
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated from households, offices, hotels, shops, schools
and other institutions. The major components are food waste ,paper, plastic, rags, metal and glass,
although demolition and construction debris is often included in collected waste, as are small
quantities of hazardous waste, such as electric light bulbs, batteries ,automotive parts and discarded
medicines and chemicals.[2]
Taking the example of Bangalore, this is one of the fastest growing cities in Asia.Bangalore has the
total area of 531 sq km where the city centre is an area approximately 226 sq km and it is also the 5th
largest city in all of India as well as one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas.
According to the BMP (Bangalore Mahanagara Palike) survey 2004 the amount of municipal
waste generated by the Bangalore (with the population of 5.8 million)
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Fig 1: Tons of waste produced per day in Bangalore
All the waste which is produced is simply dumped in the government area. If we use the same
waste to produce biogas and in turn electricity which can power 1050 houses throughout the day, the
growing problem of energy crisis can be successfully encountered.[6]
Industrial waste
Industrial solid waste encompasses a wide range of materials of varying environmental
toxicity. Typically this range would include paper, packaging materials , waste from food processing,
oils, solvents, resins ,paints and sludges, glass, ceramics, stones, metals ,plastics, rubber, leather,
wood, cloth, straw, abrasives ,etc. Industrial solid waste generation varies, not only between countries
at different stages of development but also between developing countries.
Based on an average ratio for the region, the industrial solid waste generation in the region is
equivalent to 1900 million tons per annum. This amount is expected to increase substantially and at
the current growth rates, it is estimated that it will double in less than 20 years.
Agricultural Waste and Residues
Expanding agricultural production has naturally resulted in increased quantities of livestock
waste, agricultural crop residues and agro-industrial by-products. Among the countries in the Asian
and Pacific Region, People‘s Republic of China produces the largest quantities of agriculture waste
and crop residues followed by India. In People‘s Republic of China, some 587 million tones of
residues are generated annually from the production of rice, corn and wheat alone.
Hazardous Waste
With rapid development in agriculture, industry, commerce, hospital and health-care
facilities, significant quantities of toxic chemicals and produces a large amount of hazardous waste.
Currently, there are about 110000 types of toxic chemicals commercially available. Each year,
another 1000 new chemicals are added to the market for industrial and other uses.
Most hazardous waste is the by-product of a broad spectrum of industrial, agricultural and
manufacturing processes, nuclear establishments, hospitals and health-care facilities. Primarily, high-
volume generators of industrial hazardous waste are the chemical, petrochemical, petroleum, metals,
wood treatment, pulp and paper, leather, textiles and energy production plants (coal-fired and nuclear
power plants and petroleum production plants).Small- and medium-sized industries that generate
hazardous waste include auto and equipment repair shops, electroplating and metal finishing shops,
textile factories, hospital and health-care centers, drycleaners and pesticide users.
DIGESTER
The organic waste is generally processed, liquefied, and pasteurized to rid it of pathogens and
make its breakdown easier for the anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria, commonly found in soil and
water, first employ enzymes to convert the waste matter into amino acids and sugars and then ferment
these into fatty acids. The fatty acids are then transformed into a gas.[8]
This whole process of anaerobic digestion takes place in a sealed, waterproof chamber known
as an anaerobic digester. The digester is generally cubical or cylindrical in shape and may be
constructed of brick, concrete, steel or plastic. The liquefied organic waste is fed into the digester
chamber through a pipe and exposed to the anaerobic bacteria that flourish there under optimum
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temperature ranging between 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius) and 140 degrees Fahrenheit
(60 degrees Celsius).[7]
Using anaerobic digestion for biogas generation is a clean, environment friendly way of energy
production. It effectively disposes of waste matter that might otherwise have littered and polluted the
environment. [5]
Reaction Taking Place In The Digester
The reaction taking place in the anaerobic digester while breaking down the organic waste
into the simpler material and intern the methane and other gases is,
Fig 2: Reaction taking place in the anaerobic digester
Hydrolysis: It is one of the first steps to occur in the anaerobic digester. It is a chemical
process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water. One
fragment of the parent molecule gains a hydrogen ion (H +
) from the additional water molecule. The
other group collects the remaining hydroxyl group (OH −
). In case of anaerobic digester the enzyme
from the fermentative bacteria convert complex, un-dissolved materials like proteins, carbohydrate,
fats into fewer complex materials.
Acidogenesis: It is the second reaction taking place in the anaerobic digester. It is a biological
reaction where simple monomers and dissolved compounds are converted into volatile fatty acids,
alcohols, lactic acid etc.
Acetogenesis: It is the third reaction taking place in the anaerobic digester. It is a biological reaction
where volatile fatty acids are converted into acetic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
Methanogenesis: It is the fourth and final reaction taking place in the anaerobic digester. It is a
biological reaction where acetates are converted into methane and carbon dioxide, while hydrogen is
consumed.
Types of Digester
There are 4 type of digester which is used to produce the biogas,
1. Plug flow digester,
2. Complete mix digester,
3. Covered lagoon digester,
4. Fixed film digester.
Plug flow digester
A plug flow digester vessel is a long narrow insulated and heated tank made of reinforced
concrete, steel with a gas tight cover to capture the biogas. These digesters can operate at a mesophilic
or thermophilic temperature. The plug flow digester has no internal agitation and is loaded with thick
manure of 11 – 14 percent total solids. This type of digester works well with a scrape manure
management system with little bedding and no sand. Retention time is usually 15 to 20 days.
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The term "plug flow" derives from the fact that the manure in principle flows through the
digester vessel as a "plug," gradually being pushed toward the outlet as new material is added. Raw
manure enters one end of the plug-flow digester and decomposes as it moves through the digester.
New manure added to the digester tank pushes older material through the digester to the discharge
end. Coarse solids in the manure form a thick sticky material as they are digested, limiting separation
of solids and forming a ―plug.‖ A flexible, impermeable cover on the digester traps the biogas as the
manure is digested. The first documented use of this type of reactor was in South Africa in 1957
where it was insulated and heated to 350
C. Specific yields (volume of gas per volume of digester per
day) of 1:1.5 were obtained with retention time of forty days and loading rates of 3.4Kg of total solids
per m3
per day. Jewell and his colleagues at Cornell University have carried out a considerable
amount of work on this design over the last eight years. Hayes et al. in 1979 described a comparison
between a rubber lined plug flow reactor and a completely mixed digester. Both had a total volume of
38 m3
and were fed on dairy manure at 12.9% total solids. Their results are summarized in the table
given below. Digester temperatures were assumed to maintain at 350
C.
Table 1: comparison of completely mixed digester with plug flow digester
PROPERTIES MIXED PLUG
HRT(d) 30 15
Specific volume(m3
gas per m3
reactor per days)
1.13 2.32
Specific gas production(m3
per kg VS added)
0.310 0.337
Gas composition(% CH4) 58 55
Volatile solids reduction(%) 31.7
The Plug Flow reactor gave higher gas production rates than the completely mixed one. The
high specific yield, compared with figures for typical Fixed Film and Covered Lagoon designs, of 0.1
and 0.3 are due to higher temperature and higher loading rates. At 200
C the plug flow reactor yields
about 0.42 volume of gas per volume of digester per day. At typical loading rates (9% versus 12.9%
total solids) this figure would decrease to around 0.29.
Fig 3: Plug flow digester
Design of Plug flow digester
Design considerations:
Following are the main components of Plug flow digester plants:
1. Digestion chamber or digester
2. Provision for collection and delivery of gas ie; gas holder
3. Arrangements for dialing feeding ie; inlet tank/mixing tank
4. Arrangements for discharge of the digested slurry-outlet
5. Arrangements for gas distribution-Pipe flow
Main items for designing of a Biogas plant:
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1. Volume of digester.
2. Storage capacity of the gas holder.
3. Delivery pressure of the gas.
4. Volume of mixing tank, which is dependent on the quantity of daily feeding and proportion of
water to be mixed.
5. Arrangements of heating and insulation.
6. Materials and method of construction.
Shape of the digester:
A biogas digester could be a cylindrical square, or rectangular in shape. Generally the cylindrical
shape is preferred because:
1. The cylindrical shape has a better load bearing capacity.
2. A cylindrical gas holder can have a rotatory motion in a cylindrical digester due to which
scum beaker can be fixed break in the gas holder to break the scum just by rotating the gas holder.
Main items for designing a gas holder:
1. Volume of gas holder, which is dependent upon the required gas storage capacity and rate of
gas generation in the digester.
2. Required delivery pressure of the gas, which can be obtained by fixing the bottom surface
area and weight of the gas holder.
3. Materials to be used for the manufacture of the gas holder and standard dimensions of these
material with a view to keep the wastage of materials at minimum while manufacturing gas holder.
4. Shape of the gas holder.
Construction of the material required for the biogas plant are carbon steel, polyvinyl chloride,
polyethylene etc.
Designing part:
Length L=12 meter
Circumference=4 meter
Assume
Retention time or residence time= 15 days
Circumference 2πr= 4
R=0.6366m
Diameter D=1.273m
Hence volume of the digester= 15.277m3
Biogas bell(25%)= 3.819 m3
Liquid phase(75%)=11.45 m3
Biogas produced everyday 35% of liquid phase GP= 0.35×11.45
= 4.0075 m3/day
Quantity of water to be mixed for feeding1.1 proportion of weight
Density of slurry having 10% solid concentration= 1100 (Approximately)
Specific gravity of biogas = 0.84
Hence density = 0.84×1000=8400Kg/ m3
Hence volumetric flow rate F= Volume of digester/ Residence time
=15.277/15
F= 1.018 m3/day
Mass flow rate= Volumetric flow rate × density of slurry
= 1.018×1100
=1119.8/2 Kg/day
Daily feeding = 559.5 Kg/day
Water feeding = 559.5 Kg/day
If you increased residence time feed rate will become less.
Design of gas holder:
Gasholder volume Vg= 60% of GP
= 0.60×4.0075
=2.404 m3
Digester to gasholder ratio = Vd:Vg
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= 15.277/2.404
= 6.355
Assume the diameter of the gasholder is 80% of the digester= 0.80×1.273
= 1.018m
r =0.509m
Circumference=2πr= 3.198 m
Volume Vg= π×r×r×L
2.404= π×0.509×0.509×L
=> L= 2.953m
Ratio of length of digester to the gasholder=12:2.953
=4:1
Advantages:
1. Very low capital cost.
2. Simplest digester used.
3. Reasonable retention time.
4. Can be ambient to thermophilic temperature.
Disadvantages:
1. Slurry does not mix longitudinally.
2. No agitation.
3. Slow solid conversion.
4. Biogas production is low.
5. Periodic cleaning is necessary.
Feed preparation should contain 11 to 15% of solids.
Complete mix digester
Complete mixed digester vessels are insulated and maintained at a constant elevated
temperature, in the mesophilic or thermophilic range. The digester vessel is usually a round insulated
tank, above or below ground and made from reinforced concrete, steel. Heating coils with circulating
hot water can be placed inside the digester or, depending on the consistency of the feedstock, the
contents can be circulated through an external heat exchanger to maintain desired temperatures. They
can be mixed with a motor driven mixer, a liquid recirculation pump. A gas tight cover (floating or
fixed) traps the biogas.
The complete mixed digester is best suited to process manure with 3 - 10 percent total solids.
Retention time is usually 10 to 15 days.
Fig 4: Complete mix digester
Advantages:
1. Biogas production is good.
2. Handle wide range of concentration.
3. Mixing is good within the reactor.
4. Retention time is less.
5. Bacteria and liquid have very good contact.
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Disadvantages:
1. Capital and energy cost is usually high.
2. Bacteria loss can be an issue.
3. Mechanical problems.
Feed preparation should contain 3 to 10% of total solids.
Covered lagoon digester
A covered lagoon digester is a large anaerobic lagoon with a long retention time and a high
dilution factor. Typically covered lagoons are used with flush manure management systems that
discharge manure at 0.5 to 2 percent solids. The in-ground, earth or lined lagoon is covered with a
flexible or floating gas tight cover. They are not heated. Retention time is usually 30-45 days or
longer depending on lagoon size.
This type of digester is used in the region where the regional harvesting of biogas takes place,
because of the variation in the temperature in these places. This type of digester is also used in the
places where large quantity of liquid waste is produced such as swine farm, milk and milk products
industry etc.
Fig 5: Covered lagoon digester
Advantages:
1. Happens in the ground temperature, no need of heater.
2. Good for seasonal harvesting.
3. Very low capital.
4. Good in handling liquid waste.
Disadvantages:
1. Very high retention times.
2. Slow solids conversion.
3. Bacteria and liquid have limited contact.
4. Biogas production lower.
5. Periodic cleaning is necessary.
6. Maintenance of lagoon is difficult.
Feed preparation should contain 0.5 to 2% of solids.
Fixed film digester
Fixed-film digesters consist of a tank filled with plastic media. The media supports a thin
layer of anaerobic bacteria called biofilm (hence the term "fixed-film"). As the waste manure passes
through the media, biogas is produced. Like covered lagoon digesters fixed-film digesters are best
suited for dilute waste streams typically associated with flush manure handling or pit recharge manure
collection. Fixed-film digesters can be used for both dairy and swine wastes.
Immobilization of the bacteria as a biofilm prevents washout of slower growing cells and
provides biomass retention independent of hydraulic retention time (HRT). The Fixed film digester is
best suited to process manure with 1 - 3 percent total solids. Retention time is usually 3 to 5 days.
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Fig 6: Fixed film digester
Advantages:
1. Less retention time.
2. Easy to construct.
3. Easy to operate.
4. Moderate biogas yield.
5. Bacteria is retained by the bed.
Disadvantages:
1. Periodic cleaning is necessary.
2. Periodic replacement of the film is necessary.
3. Pluggage-a problem with high solids.
4. No uniform temperature distribution.
Feed preparation should contain 1 to 3% of solids.
III. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BIOGAS PRODUCTION
Since the reaction taking place in the digester is the enzymatic process in the presence of
microorganism, the recovery of the gas from the digester depends on many of the factors such as
Nutrient: C-N= 30:1(may vary from 20: 1 to 40:1)
Solid Concentration : 12% ( 8% volatile matter)
Temperature Generation: 350
c (less than 15 0
c is not favorable for gas)
Retention Period: 30-35 days ( varies from place to place)
PH
: 6.6 to 8(7.2 is optimum for gas generation)
Toxic substance: Fungicide, Insecticide, Pesticides, Heavy metals, Detergents, Phenyl, Dettol etc are
harmful for biogas generation.
Particle size: As small as possible ( By chopping or grinding)
Mixing formation: It is required to prevent the digester from scum
IV. CONCLUSION
Biogas is one of the future fuel, but it difficult to obtain when compared to the other most
efficient fossil fuel today. But if we apply the ideas and modern technology to produce biogas from
waste, we can increase the methane yield and hence the efficiency. It is proven that one ton of
municipal waste can produce up to 250kg‘s of biogas. If we utilize the waste produced in the urban
cities to produce biogas it is possible to eliminate the energy crisis which we are facing today. For
example if we use the waste produced in the Bangalore alone, which is about 2000 tons per day, we
can produce up to 5lakh kg of biogas daily, from which we can light up about 1000 houses.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors Rajesh Ghosh and Sounak Bhattacherjee thank Dr. Ashoke Kumar Biswas,
former HOD of chemical engineering dept. IIT Kharagpur for his constant encouragement and
valuable suggestions. The author Rajesh Ghosh expresses his heartfelt gratitude and sincere thanks to
Dr Balaji Krishna murthy, Professor of chemical engineering dept. BITS PILANI, Hyderabad for his
constant support.
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