The document summarizes a study that evaluated biogas production from oil palm fronds alone and co-digested with cow dung. When oil palm fronds were digested alone, biogas production was slower with a total yield of 116L over 27 days. Co-digesting the fronds with cow dung at a 1:1 ratio optimized biogas production, yielding 187.4L over the same period. Key factors influencing higher production from co-digestion included improved nutrient balance and microbial activity from the cow dung. The study demonstrates that co-digesting available agricultural and animal wastes can provide an environmentally-friendly energy source.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Determination of Nitrogen Quantities in the Aminoacid Fertilizer with Kjeldah...IJAEMSJORNAL
Nitrogen is the most important feed source for plants an essential element for plant growth and development (LiuCW et al.- 2014) because the cells are made of nitrogen. It is seen enhance in plant growth in the absence of nitrogen. Therefore, the most important nutrient source of the plant is nitrogen containing fertilizers. Fertilizers are divided into two main parts; organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are healthier than chemical fertilizer because it does not conclude chemical substance. All cells are eminent from protein and many of amino acids carry out protein sequence. And amino acids has nitrogen (N) element In general, the nitrogen element is derived from amino acids in organic fertilizer sources from animal waste or vinasse. Nitrogen analysis is the most healthy method to determine with Kjeldahl instrument. The Kjeldahldevice is a nitrogen meter that determines the amount of nitrogen in the fertilizer. The nitrogen content of the Kjeldahlapparatus was determined by the amount of amino acids contained in the extract. Amino acids used as commercial fertilizers are amino acids used in the L- conformation in optical conditions, which are generally produced in laboratory conditions. Lysine is the main one.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Determination of Nitrogen Quantities in the Aminoacid Fertilizer with Kjeldah...IJAEMSJORNAL
Nitrogen is the most important feed source for plants an essential element for plant growth and development (LiuCW et al.- 2014) because the cells are made of nitrogen. It is seen enhance in plant growth in the absence of nitrogen. Therefore, the most important nutrient source of the plant is nitrogen containing fertilizers. Fertilizers are divided into two main parts; organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are healthier than chemical fertilizer because it does not conclude chemical substance. All cells are eminent from protein and many of amino acids carry out protein sequence. And amino acids has nitrogen (N) element In general, the nitrogen element is derived from amino acids in organic fertilizer sources from animal waste or vinasse. Nitrogen analysis is the most healthy method to determine with Kjeldahl instrument. The Kjeldahldevice is a nitrogen meter that determines the amount of nitrogen in the fertilizer. The nitrogen content of the Kjeldahlapparatus was determined by the amount of amino acids contained in the extract. Amino acids used as commercial fertilizers are amino acids used in the L- conformation in optical conditions, which are generally produced in laboratory conditions. Lysine is the main one.
Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cassava Waste Water and Abdominal Cow Dung under Ch...IJCMESJOURNAL
Anaerobic co-digestion of cassava waste water (CWW) and abdominal cow dung (ACD)in different proportions was studied in five treatments under changing meteorological conditions. The five treatment cases T1: 100% CWW; T2: 100% ACD; T3: 90%CWW +10%ACD; T4:70%CWW+30%ACD; T5: 50%CWW+50%ACD were digested under anaerobic conditions in model batch, metallic bio digesters of same working volume (32.0 liters) for 30 days retention period. Results indicated that T2 system flamed on the 20th day, T5 on the 20th day while T1, T4 and T3 systems didn’t flame. T1 had cumulative gas yield of 12.7 liters; T2 had 28.85 liters; T3 had 12.5 liters,T4 had 11.1 liters while T5 had cumulative gas yield of 15.8 liters per 24kg mass of slurry. T2had 91.20% methane; while T5 produced 92.999% methane. Daily biogas yields were modeled as functions of meteorological parameters. Results indicated that many parameters showed good correlations with ambient temperature.
Influence of Organic Wastes on Ecotoxicity of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Conta...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a contaminated soil. Three groups of soil samples (60 kg per group) were contaminated with four petroleum products (spent engine oil, petrol, diesel and kerosene), mixed together in a volumetric ratio of 1:1:1:1. The first group was contaminated with 5% weight/weight (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; the second group was contaminated with 10% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; while the third group was contaminated with 15% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products. In the bioremediation process, 3 kg of soil from each contaminated group (5%, 10% and 15% contamination) was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg rice husk, and coded CD + RH; while another 3 kg from each contaminated group was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg sawdust, and was coded CD + SD. The total hydrocarbon content (THC) and ecotoxicity of the soils samples were determined in accordance to standards procedures. The results revealed that the soil contaminated with 5% petroleum products generally had the highest biodegradation rate. In term of the ecotoxicity of the petroleum hydrocarbons, the cucumber planted in the amended soil samples had a lower radicle growth inhibition rate; when compared with the control soil samples. This study revealed that a combination of organic waste materials can be effectively utilized in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils.
Co hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for microbial lipid accumulationzhenhua82
The herbaceous perennial energy crops miscanthus, giant reed, and switchgrass, along with the annual crop residue corn stover, were evaluated for their bioconversion potential. A co-hydrolysis process, which applied dilute acid pretreatment, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without detoxification and liquidsolid separation between these two steps was implemented to convert lignocellulose into monomeric sugars (glucose and xylose). A factorial experiment in a randomized block design was employed to optimize the co-hydrolysis process. Under the optimal reaction conditions, corn stover exhibited the greatest total sugar yield (glucose+xylose) at 0.545gg1 dry biomass at 83.3% of the theoretical yield, followed by switch grass (0.44gg1 dry biomass, 65.8% of theoretical yield), giant reed (0.355gg1 dry biomass, 64.7% of theoretical yield), and miscanthus (0.349gg1 dry biomass, 58.1% of theoretical yield). The influence of combined severity factor on the susceptibility of pretreated substrates to enzymatic hydrolysis was clearly discernible, showing that co-hydrolysis is a technically feasible approach to release sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the co-hydrolysate mediums to accumulate fungal lipids due to its capability of utilizing both C5 and C6 sugars. Fungal cultivations grown on the co-hydrolysates exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid production to the synthetic medium with pure glucose and xylose. These results elucidated that combining fungal fermentation and co-hydrolysis to accumulate lipids could have the potential to enhance the utilization efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass for advanced biofuels production.
Influence Of Different Nitrogen And Organic Carbon Sources On Microalgae Grow...iosrjce
Microalgae based biofuels are getting attention due to energy crisis and enviromental protection. In
the present study, the Chlorella sp. was cultivated in BG-11 medium at batch mode. The effect of different
nitrogen (sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea) and organic carbon (glucose, glycerol and sucrose)
sources were analyzed on growth and lipid accumulation on this species. The highest biomass growth and
biomass productivity of chlorella sp. was found 1.29±0.04 g/l, 76.96±4.5mgl-1
d
-
1 in urea. However in case of
organic sources, the biomass growth and productivity was found maximum in glucose (1.43±0.075 g/l 86.04±3.2
mgl-1
d
-1
). The lipid content was examined using folch method and found better in potassium nitrate nitrogen
source (11.84%) . Among organic carbon sources, the maximum lipid content (13.22% and lipid yield 189.94
mg/l were found in case of glucose, followed by glycerol and sucrose. Various properties of biodiesel obtained
from chlorella sp. such as Cetane number, Saponification value, Iodine value and Degree of unsaturation were
followed standerds set by the national petroleum agency (ANP255), ASTMD6751 and EN14214.
Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compostijtsrd
Agricultural activities tend to generate a substantial volume of animal and crop residues. Composting is the most economical and ecologically sustainable option to manage farmyard waste. However, it takes approximately three months to complete decomposition and contains lower plant nutrient percentages than inorganic fertilisers. This study aimed to reduce the decomposition time and improve the nutrient content of compost. Aerobic decomposition was enhanced by aeration inside the pile using a blower with 0.5 l min kg airflow. Paddy straw, poultry manure, goat manure, cattle manure and paddy husk ash were mixed in 3 1 1 1 1 ratio respectively as the raw materials and 3 of Eppawala Rock Phosphate was added to the mixture in weight basis. Six piles 150 X 100 X 80 cm were prepared, and three piles were aerated for six hours per day while other three piles were left to decompose under the ambient condition as the control. According to the results, aerated and control piles took 35 days and 65 days to complete the decomposition. Total N, available P, exchangeable K, C N ratio, pH, EC and CEC were analysed in compost samples from aerated after 35 days and controls, and the results were, 20.5 g kg 1, 1.8 g kg 1, 10.4 g kg 1, 7, 8.8, 4.3 mS cm 1, 19.3 cmol kg 1 and 17.8 g kg 1, 1.5 g kg 1, 9.9 g kg 1, 8.5, 8.8, 3.64 mS cm 1, 21.3 cmol kg 1 respectively. Data were analysed using SAS 9.0 software with a 95 confidence interval. The results revealed a significant increment in total N, exchangeable K, C N ratio, EC and CEC in aerated piles compared to controls. And the nutrient composition of both methods was significantly higher than the commercial compost. Therefore, it can be concluded that decomposition time can be effectively reduced and the nutrient level can be increased by artificial aeration and nutrient enrichment, respectively. However, further studies are recommended to study the economic feasibility. D. M. S. H. Dissanayaka | V. P. T. Dhananjaya | E. J. Kosgollegedara | S. Karthigayini "Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38557.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38557/impact-of-improved-aeration-on-decomposition-rate-of-enriched-compost/d-m-s-h-dissanayaka
Policy and implementation of mangrove strategic management planCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Muhammad Firman of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Managed forest contribution to carbon sequestration under a rising atmospheric CO2
Objectives:
Forest carbon is a cycle
Define forest carbon sequestration
Summarize what is known about how rising CO2 affects tree growth and forest health.
Carbon management under rising CO2. What can be done to increase or enhance carbon sequestration?
Keynote Speech: Online Workshop Series:Exploring Criteria and Indicators for ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by H.E Dr. Alue Dohong, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia, at "Online Workshop Series:Exploring Criteria and Indicators for Tropical Peatland Restoration", on 2 Sep 2020.
This keynote emphasized the importance of peatland ecosystems for Indonesian environment and the people. Vice ministerunderlined the need for scientific measures for peatland restoration and monitoring based on current regulations for peatland protection and management.
Basics of bioenergy and biofuels lecture. First given to ESP 10 class, 3/7/2013. Thanks to Steven Kaffka and Nathan Parker, who contributed some material.
Biogas Production Enhancement from Mixed Animal Wastes at Mesophilic Anaerobi...IJERA Editor
In this work, the effect of mixing ratio of cattle dung (CD) and poultry droppings (PD) on biogas generation was
determined. Mixtures of various CD: PD ratios (100% : 0%; 50% : 50%; 60% : 40%; 80% : 20% and 0% :
100%) were prepared, analyzed and then aerobically digested for a period of 40 days. For each mixture,
fermentation was carried out in a 20 L capacity digester. Results showed that biogas was obtained from the
digestion of CD and PD alone, showing the biogas from CD was several times larger than that from PD.
Furthermore, the resulted biogas yields from mixtures were found a function of the CD : PD ratio, the yield from
the ratio 80 : 20 was the maximum. Biogas yields from the prepared mixtures were found and arranged from
larger to lower in the form of (CD : PD) ratios as follow: 80% : 20%; 100% : 0.0%; 60% : 40%; 0.0% :
100%;50% : 50%. Addition of CD to PD enhances the PD production of biogas, while addition of a small
portion of PD to CD gave the maximum yield, a result not determined in literature. In other hand, larger
additions of PD to CD reduced the biogas yield. The effect of pH was also determined and found better around
7.0. These results are in agreement with research work in literature.
Longleaf Pine Ecosystems
Productivity and biodiversity patterns of a longleaf pine ecosystem.
Ecological forestry and restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems.
Ecological role of mesopredators, effects of control, and habitat approaches.
Aquatic Ecology and Water Resources
Hydrologic variation and human development in the lower Flint River Basin
Depressional wetlands on the coastal plain landscape: maintenance of regional biodiversity
Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cassava Waste Water and Abdominal Cow Dung under Ch...IJCMESJOURNAL
Anaerobic co-digestion of cassava waste water (CWW) and abdominal cow dung (ACD)in different proportions was studied in five treatments under changing meteorological conditions. The five treatment cases T1: 100% CWW; T2: 100% ACD; T3: 90%CWW +10%ACD; T4:70%CWW+30%ACD; T5: 50%CWW+50%ACD were digested under anaerobic conditions in model batch, metallic bio digesters of same working volume (32.0 liters) for 30 days retention period. Results indicated that T2 system flamed on the 20th day, T5 on the 20th day while T1, T4 and T3 systems didn’t flame. T1 had cumulative gas yield of 12.7 liters; T2 had 28.85 liters; T3 had 12.5 liters,T4 had 11.1 liters while T5 had cumulative gas yield of 15.8 liters per 24kg mass of slurry. T2had 91.20% methane; while T5 produced 92.999% methane. Daily biogas yields were modeled as functions of meteorological parameters. Results indicated that many parameters showed good correlations with ambient temperature.
Influence of Organic Wastes on Ecotoxicity of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Conta...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a contaminated soil. Three groups of soil samples (60 kg per group) were contaminated with four petroleum products (spent engine oil, petrol, diesel and kerosene), mixed together in a volumetric ratio of 1:1:1:1. The first group was contaminated with 5% weight/weight (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; the second group was contaminated with 10% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; while the third group was contaminated with 15% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products. In the bioremediation process, 3 kg of soil from each contaminated group (5%, 10% and 15% contamination) was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg rice husk, and coded CD + RH; while another 3 kg from each contaminated group was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg sawdust, and was coded CD + SD. The total hydrocarbon content (THC) and ecotoxicity of the soils samples were determined in accordance to standards procedures. The results revealed that the soil contaminated with 5% petroleum products generally had the highest biodegradation rate. In term of the ecotoxicity of the petroleum hydrocarbons, the cucumber planted in the amended soil samples had a lower radicle growth inhibition rate; when compared with the control soil samples. This study revealed that a combination of organic waste materials can be effectively utilized in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils.
Co hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for microbial lipid accumulationzhenhua82
The herbaceous perennial energy crops miscanthus, giant reed, and switchgrass, along with the annual crop residue corn stover, were evaluated for their bioconversion potential. A co-hydrolysis process, which applied dilute acid pretreatment, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without detoxification and liquidsolid separation between these two steps was implemented to convert lignocellulose into monomeric sugars (glucose and xylose). A factorial experiment in a randomized block design was employed to optimize the co-hydrolysis process. Under the optimal reaction conditions, corn stover exhibited the greatest total sugar yield (glucose+xylose) at 0.545gg1 dry biomass at 83.3% of the theoretical yield, followed by switch grass (0.44gg1 dry biomass, 65.8% of theoretical yield), giant reed (0.355gg1 dry biomass, 64.7% of theoretical yield), and miscanthus (0.349gg1 dry biomass, 58.1% of theoretical yield). The influence of combined severity factor on the susceptibility of pretreated substrates to enzymatic hydrolysis was clearly discernible, showing that co-hydrolysis is a technically feasible approach to release sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the co-hydrolysate mediums to accumulate fungal lipids due to its capability of utilizing both C5 and C6 sugars. Fungal cultivations grown on the co-hydrolysates exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid production to the synthetic medium with pure glucose and xylose. These results elucidated that combining fungal fermentation and co-hydrolysis to accumulate lipids could have the potential to enhance the utilization efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass for advanced biofuels production.
Influence Of Different Nitrogen And Organic Carbon Sources On Microalgae Grow...iosrjce
Microalgae based biofuels are getting attention due to energy crisis and enviromental protection. In
the present study, the Chlorella sp. was cultivated in BG-11 medium at batch mode. The effect of different
nitrogen (sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea) and organic carbon (glucose, glycerol and sucrose)
sources were analyzed on growth and lipid accumulation on this species. The highest biomass growth and
biomass productivity of chlorella sp. was found 1.29±0.04 g/l, 76.96±4.5mgl-1
d
-
1 in urea. However in case of
organic sources, the biomass growth and productivity was found maximum in glucose (1.43±0.075 g/l 86.04±3.2
mgl-1
d
-1
). The lipid content was examined using folch method and found better in potassium nitrate nitrogen
source (11.84%) . Among organic carbon sources, the maximum lipid content (13.22% and lipid yield 189.94
mg/l were found in case of glucose, followed by glycerol and sucrose. Various properties of biodiesel obtained
from chlorella sp. such as Cetane number, Saponification value, Iodine value and Degree of unsaturation were
followed standerds set by the national petroleum agency (ANP255), ASTMD6751 and EN14214.
Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compostijtsrd
Agricultural activities tend to generate a substantial volume of animal and crop residues. Composting is the most economical and ecologically sustainable option to manage farmyard waste. However, it takes approximately three months to complete decomposition and contains lower plant nutrient percentages than inorganic fertilisers. This study aimed to reduce the decomposition time and improve the nutrient content of compost. Aerobic decomposition was enhanced by aeration inside the pile using a blower with 0.5 l min kg airflow. Paddy straw, poultry manure, goat manure, cattle manure and paddy husk ash were mixed in 3 1 1 1 1 ratio respectively as the raw materials and 3 of Eppawala Rock Phosphate was added to the mixture in weight basis. Six piles 150 X 100 X 80 cm were prepared, and three piles were aerated for six hours per day while other three piles were left to decompose under the ambient condition as the control. According to the results, aerated and control piles took 35 days and 65 days to complete the decomposition. Total N, available P, exchangeable K, C N ratio, pH, EC and CEC were analysed in compost samples from aerated after 35 days and controls, and the results were, 20.5 g kg 1, 1.8 g kg 1, 10.4 g kg 1, 7, 8.8, 4.3 mS cm 1, 19.3 cmol kg 1 and 17.8 g kg 1, 1.5 g kg 1, 9.9 g kg 1, 8.5, 8.8, 3.64 mS cm 1, 21.3 cmol kg 1 respectively. Data were analysed using SAS 9.0 software with a 95 confidence interval. The results revealed a significant increment in total N, exchangeable K, C N ratio, EC and CEC in aerated piles compared to controls. And the nutrient composition of both methods was significantly higher than the commercial compost. Therefore, it can be concluded that decomposition time can be effectively reduced and the nutrient level can be increased by artificial aeration and nutrient enrichment, respectively. However, further studies are recommended to study the economic feasibility. D. M. S. H. Dissanayaka | V. P. T. Dhananjaya | E. J. Kosgollegedara | S. Karthigayini "Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38557.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38557/impact-of-improved-aeration-on-decomposition-rate-of-enriched-compost/d-m-s-h-dissanayaka
Policy and implementation of mangrove strategic management planCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Muhammad Firman of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Managed forest contribution to carbon sequestration under a rising atmospheric CO2
Objectives:
Forest carbon is a cycle
Define forest carbon sequestration
Summarize what is known about how rising CO2 affects tree growth and forest health.
Carbon management under rising CO2. What can be done to increase or enhance carbon sequestration?
Keynote Speech: Online Workshop Series:Exploring Criteria and Indicators for ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by H.E Dr. Alue Dohong, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia, at "Online Workshop Series:Exploring Criteria and Indicators for Tropical Peatland Restoration", on 2 Sep 2020.
This keynote emphasized the importance of peatland ecosystems for Indonesian environment and the people. Vice ministerunderlined the need for scientific measures for peatland restoration and monitoring based on current regulations for peatland protection and management.
Basics of bioenergy and biofuels lecture. First given to ESP 10 class, 3/7/2013. Thanks to Steven Kaffka and Nathan Parker, who contributed some material.
Biogas Production Enhancement from Mixed Animal Wastes at Mesophilic Anaerobi...IJERA Editor
In this work, the effect of mixing ratio of cattle dung (CD) and poultry droppings (PD) on biogas generation was
determined. Mixtures of various CD: PD ratios (100% : 0%; 50% : 50%; 60% : 40%; 80% : 20% and 0% :
100%) were prepared, analyzed and then aerobically digested for a period of 40 days. For each mixture,
fermentation was carried out in a 20 L capacity digester. Results showed that biogas was obtained from the
digestion of CD and PD alone, showing the biogas from CD was several times larger than that from PD.
Furthermore, the resulted biogas yields from mixtures were found a function of the CD : PD ratio, the yield from
the ratio 80 : 20 was the maximum. Biogas yields from the prepared mixtures were found and arranged from
larger to lower in the form of (CD : PD) ratios as follow: 80% : 20%; 100% : 0.0%; 60% : 40%; 0.0% :
100%;50% : 50%. Addition of CD to PD enhances the PD production of biogas, while addition of a small
portion of PD to CD gave the maximum yield, a result not determined in literature. In other hand, larger
additions of PD to CD reduced the biogas yield. The effect of pH was also determined and found better around
7.0. These results are in agreement with research work in literature.
Longleaf Pine Ecosystems
Productivity and biodiversity patterns of a longleaf pine ecosystem.
Ecological forestry and restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems.
Ecological role of mesopredators, effects of control, and habitat approaches.
Aquatic Ecology and Water Resources
Hydrologic variation and human development in the lower Flint River Basin
Depressional wetlands on the coastal plain landscape: maintenance of regional biodiversity
Com o avanço tecnológico, as formas de computação que visam a melhoria no desempenho dos algoritmos vêm sendo aprimoradas, um dos objetivos é a melhor utilização dos recursos de hardware cada vez mais acessíveis, obtendo ganho de tempo de processamento.
Algumas dessas soluções são baseadas em arquiteturas com memória compartilhada. Isso possibilita novos métodos de paralelismo e clusterização, o que viabiliza a análise de uma quantidade de dados cada vez maior em menos tempo.
Os experimentos com o OpenMP utilizaram as configurações de execução..
com schedule:
Static
Dynamic
Guided
e Oversub com:
2 cores
4 cores
Cold Stone Creamery - submittal by Trix Corp. for Retail City Awards 2010, DubaiTrix Corp.
From unique ice cream creations to smoothies, cakes and shakes – nobody serves up the ultimate indulgence like Cold Stone.
Our creative team came up with this submittal for the Retail City Awards 2010 in Dubai... and guess what? Cold Stone walked away with glittering "Franchise Operator of the Year 2010" for Middle East!
Who says hard work (packaged in a little bit of Trix ingenuity) does not bring success?
Matcha tea is an ancient drink that has been used for centuries for its health benefits. Find out why it's so prized, how to make it, and learn about one very important caution when consuming it.
Chapter 11 Mongol Monument Empire - Ways of the World AP World History BookS Sandoval
Summary of Chapter 11 from AP World History book, Ways of the World by Robert W. Strayer. Chapter 11 Pastoral peoples on the global stage: Mongol Monument 1200-1500
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Development of sawdust from the Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria as a renewable feedst...Innspub Net
The accumulation of solid waste and consumption of fossil fuels are two phenomenons which already have a major destructive effect on the environment. The lack of alternative solid waste management procedures and shortage of the development of renewable energy resources should be addressed in order to sustain environmental quality. Sawdust is a major waste product along the Lagos lagoon with cellulose one of the predominant structural components of sawdust. The bio-conversion of waste cellulose, a glucose biopolymer into glucose a fermentable sugar has been performed with cellulase from Aspergillus Niger. Delignified and non-delignified sawdust from five different trees along the Lagos Lagoon have been saccharified with A. niger cellulase. The saccharification of these sawdust materials have been performed at different incubation temperatures of 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. Optimum saccharification of non-delignified and delignified cellulose from the various trees along the Lagos Lagoon were optimum saccharified at different temperatures resulting in different sugar concentrations produced. A temperature of 40°C was optimum for maximum degradation of non-delignified cellulose from all the trees producing sugar at concentration between 3.0 – 4.3mg.ml-1. Optimum saccharification of delignified cellulose from all the trees was obtained at a temperature of 50°C resulting in a sugar concentration of 5.9 – 8.4mg.ml-1.
At present our country is facing various problems, among that energy crisis has become more serious in next coming years. Both energy crisis and pollution problems could be controlled by adopting an alternative method of biogas production form waste products. Food waste is the best alternative for biogas production in a community level biogas plant. Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to study the rate of biogas production in a lab scale biogas digester model for the efficient conversion of the food waste (starch –rich materials) generated from PRIST University Campus. The biogas production depends on the maximum biogas yield, the concentration of volatile solids of the input, the density of the effluent, the density of the biogas and the reaction rate constant, which are all substrate - or process - specific. The experiments were carried out for 40 days and the rate of gas production was measured by water displacement method. The pH value of the cow dung and food waste was initially measured and adjusted to nearer to neutral and gradually increased to acidic and again it got stabilised to the neutral pH which favoured the production of biogas. The percentage of total solids was 69.86, 93.56 and 25.67 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. The percentage of volatile solids was 52.5, 86.3 and 18.9 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. The percentage of volatile fatty acid was 285, 356 and 365 for cow dung, food waste and digested slurry respectively. Observations on daily basis were made on the constituent of biogas, pH, volume and rate of biogas production. The rate of biogas production continuously increased as days progressed and there was maximum yield in biogas after 20 days. Thus continuous feeding helps in daily biogas production and can be used at a small as well as larger scale to manage the organic waste and energy production for various applications.
Evaluation of Biogas Production from the Digestion of Swine Dung, Plantain Pe...IJCMESJOURNAL
This study centered on biogas production from locally available animal and kitchen wastes: swine dung (SD), plantain peel (PP) and fluted pumpkin stem (PS) using five 32-Litres metallic prototype digesters. The anaerobic digestion was in the ratio of 3:1 of water to waste for all the samples as follows: Sample A was 100%SD, Sample B; 100% PP, Sample C; 100% PS, Sample D; 50%SD+50%PP and Sample E; 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS. The retention time was 30 days and parameters like pH, pressure, daily biogas production, ambient and slurry temperatures alongside the physico-chemical properties of wastes were monitored. The cumulative gas production yield was 11.5L, 35.1L, 39.5L, 46.9L, 59.3L for Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D and Sample E respectively. The flammable time was 15th, 5th, 25th, 26th, 2nd day for sample A, sample B, sample C, sample D and sample E respectively. The result revealed that the blend of the 3 substrates i.e. sample E: 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS gave the highest yield of biogas and flamed earlier than the other samples while sample A: 100%SD had the lowest yield of biogas. The results also showed that the sample that had the highest composition of methane in the biogas produced was Sample D: 50%SD+50%PP with 85.6989% while the lowest composition of methane was found in Sample C to be 79.0996%. The TS, TVS, BOD and VS were seen to be consistently reducing showing the level of waste treatment achieved during the digestion period of 30 days.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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Comparative evaluation of qualitative and quantitative biogas production potential
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.4, 2013
25
Comparative Evaluation of Qualitative and Quantitative Biogas
Production Potential of Oil Palm Fronds and Co-digestion with
Cow Dung
Ossai, Ochonogor Samuel
Department of Vocational Education, Delta State University, P. O Box 1, Abraka Delta State, Nigeria
E-mail: ossaiochonogor@yahoo.com
Abstract
Investigation to determine the qualitative and quantitative biogas production potential of oil palm fronds
(PF-alone) and its blend with cow dung (PF:CD) in a pre-determined ratio 1:1 was evaluated. Two 50 L capacity
plastic jerry-can re-designed and retrofitted as a biodegesters were used for the digestion. The wastes were mixed
in the ratio of 2:1 (water to waste) and subjected to anaerobic digestion at mesophilic temperature range of 270
C
to 390
C. Results obtained after a retention period of 27 days indicated an optimization in gas production by
co-digesting oil palm fronds with cow dung (PF:CD) with cumulative biogas yields of 187.4L as against 116L
for PF-alone. Flammability of produced biogas revealed a time lag of 5 days for PF:CD with sustained
flammable gas production throughout the retention period while time lag for PF-alone was 2 days with
un-sustained flammability. Peak biogas production was recorded for both digesters at pH of 6.6-to-6.9.
Co-digestion of abundantly available animals and plants residues is hereby recommended as an environmentally
sound, economically viable and socially acceptable solution to the current energy and waste management
quagmire.
Keywords: biogas, energy, anaerobic digestion, oil palm fronds, flammability
1.0. Introduction
Energy is an integral component of any socio-economic development and a key factor for eliminating
poverty in the society. In Nigeria limited access to modern energy services has remained a major barrier to
improving key indicators of human development, as millions of people still lack enough energy input to trigger
economic and income generating activities (Onafeso, 2007).
Nigeria is blessed with unlimited natural energy carrier resources like natural gas, coal, crude oil hydropower,
solar, wind, biomass, geothermal and huge potential for hydrogen utilization (Sambo, 2010). However firewood
remains the predominant energy sources for domestic and agro-processing activities, accounting for 50.45 % of
the total energy consumption value (Onafeso, 2007). Although petroleum products accounts for 41.28% of total
energy consumption value, the remoteness of the rural population, poor road networks and lack of storage
infrastructure has resulted in petroleum products scarcity and crippling price (Sambo, 2010). This has resulted in
an alarming and unsustainable consumption of firewood by the rural and urban poor. The consequences are acute
firewood shortage and energy deprivation, low productivity and inability of the rural population to escape from
poverty. Additionally the unprecedented pressure on firewood has led to abrupt climate change due to emission
of huge volumes of greenhouse and noxious gases (Jaegar et al., 2004), deforestation, erosion, loss of
bio-diversity, pollution and ozone layer depletion (Mowete, 2010).
Furthermore huge volumes of biomass wastes are generated from diverse agricultural, domestic and industrial
activities (Nnadi et. al., 2011), most of which are dump indiscriminately in landfills and on unauthorized
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locations, additionally contributing to adverse environmental and health problems like: greenhouse gas emission,
odor, photochemical smog and pathogen contamination (Ilori et. al., 2007). In the absence of appropriate wastes
disposal method and obvious environmental problems associated with non-renewable energy sourcing and
utilization; a shift to renewable energy technology with rural feasibility is imperative. Although Nigeria is
blessed with diverse and untapped renewable energy resources like solar, wind, hydro and geothermal Table-3
(Sambo, 2010), they are expensive to set up and require specific conditions and expertise. For example wind and
photovoltaic energy are intermittent or diffuse technologies which require storage to be effective. Hydropower
is site specific and will not be available in all areas. On the other hand biomass technology via which biogas is
produced through anaerobic digestion of biomass wastes offers a defined comparative advantage as the feedstock
is unlimited, the technology simple and rural driven and prevailing temperature well suited for
methanogenesis.(Eze, 1995; Parawira and Mshandete, 2009; Meena and Vijay, 2010).
Biogas is generated when bacteria degrade biological material in the absence of oxygen in a process known as
anaerobic digestion (Price and Cheremisinoff, 1981). Anaerobic digestion is a complex physiochemical and
biological processes involving different factors and stages of changes comprising hydrolysis,
acidogenesis/acetogenesis and methanogenesis (Ofoefule et. al., 2010)
(C6H10 O5)n + nH2O → n (C6 H12 O6) - Hydrolysis
n (C6 H12 O6) → n CH3 COOH -Acetogenesis/Acidogenesis
3nCH3 COOH → n CH4 + CO2 – Methanogenesis
Biogas consists of mainly methane (50-70%), carbon dioxide (30-40%) and traces of other gases such as
nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and water vapour Table-1 (Yadava,and Hesse, 1981). It is a
smokeless, hygienic and high quality fuel which can be used directly for diverse energy services such as heat,
combined heat and power or as fuel for internal combustion engines (Parawira and Mshandete, 2009). The
effluent of this process is a bio-fertilizer rich in essential elements like nitrogen and phosphorous which are
needed for plant growth (Ciborowski, 2004). Utilizing and optimizing these huge biomass volume forms the
background of this study which seeks to evaluate the biogas production potential of oil palm fronds as a single
feedstock and its co-digestion with animal residues. Palm oil tree (Elaeis guineensis.) is economic tree widely
grown in Nigeria, most especially in the south-south and south east. Large quantity of solid waste in the form of
fibres, shells, empty bunches and palm fronds are generated from oil palm processing. In the same vain large
quantities of animal wastes are generated annually and remains largely under-utilized. This study focused on oil
palm fronds as a potential feedstock. Oil palm fronds are wastes generated during fruit bunch harvesting or
pruning management practices and re-planting operation. The study evaluated the performance characteristics of
oil palm fronds for biogas production as a single feedstock and co-digestion with animal wastes in a
pre-determined rato (1:1)
2.0. Materials and Methods
2.1. Substrate collection and preparation
The oil palm fronds used for this investigation were obtained from private oil palm tree plantations in Isemelu
quarter - Ebedei community; Ukwuani local government area of Delta state, Nigeria. The palm fronds were sized
reduced, sun dried for three days and kept in anaerobic condition (50 L plastic container) for 2 days for initial
fermentation before digestion. It was agitated daily.
2.2. Digester charging and experimental procedure
Two 50 L plastic prototype bio-digesters were used for the digestion process. The digesters were labeled “A” and
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“B”. For “A-digester” 14kg of pre-fermented fronds was mixed with 28kg of water, while for “B digester” 7kg
each of pre-fermented fronds and cow dung were blended and mixed with 28kg of water, obtaining equal water
to wastes ratio of 2:1 for both digesters (“A”/ “B”). The wastes were charged up to ¾ of the digester volume
leaving ¼ head space for collection of gas. To each digester 10% by volume of inoculums was added for faster
microbial proliferation and covered tightly to enable anaerobic digestion process. The digesters were manually
agitated daily to ensure homogenous dispersion of the constituents of the mixture. Biogas production was
measured by water displacement method.
2.3. Analytical methods
Total and volatile solids were determined using Renewable Technologies (2005) method. Ash, moisture and
crude fiber contents were determined using AOAC (1990) method. Carbon content was carried out using Walkey
and Black (1934) method. Crude fat, protein and nitrogen were evaluated using Soxhlet extraction and
micro-kjedhal methods described in Pearson (1976).
.pH was determined using a Jeanway 3020 pH meter, while the ambient and influent temperatures of all the
wastes using thermometer (00
– 3600
C). Total viable counts (TVC) for the wastes slurries were carried out to
determine the microbial load of the samples using the modified Miles and Misra method described by Okore
(2004).
3.0. Results and Discussion
The study was conducted within a retention period of 27 days (3 weeks). Ambient temperature range of 23 to
350
C and slurry temperature range of 27 to 400
C was observed during the experiment. Feedstock suitability was
evaluated as a function of the following determined parameters: volatile and total solid reduction,
carbon-nitrogen ratio, pH, biogas production rate and flammability. The cumulative biogas production during the
study for the two digesters system is shown in Figure- 2. For both “A- PF” (oil palm fronds alone) and
“B-PF:CD” (oil palm fronds and cow dung) biogas production started within 48 hours of charging, although
there were variations in determined parameters. The palm fronds as a single feedstock “PF” was flammable in 2
days although gas production witnessed a slow progression at the start with almost a linear gas production
between the 8th
and 11th
day after which an increased gas production was witnessed between 12th
to 18th
days;
decreasing sharply towards the end of the retention period (27 days). The cumulative biogas yield of the palm
fronds (PF116L) was lower than the blend (PF:CD-187.4L) The observed phenomenon could be attributable to
feedstock composition and physicochemical properties of the palm fronds (Iyagba et al., 2007). Palm frond
contains high percentage of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, pectin and ligno-cellulosic fibre which are difficult to
degrade and convert to biogas (Eze, 1995; Kozo et al., 1996). This is evident from the result obtained from the
proximate analysis carried out on the wastes which revealed a higher percent (%) of total solids but lower
percent (%) of volatile solids for “PF” compared to the wastes blend of “PF: CD” with higher value for volatile
solids (Table-2). The considerable increase in biogas production witnessed in this study by co-digestion of oil
palm fronds and cow dung reaffirms previous findings that blending animal wastes and crop residues improves
the blend digestibility and gas production arising from additional nutrients availability, and improved
carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) ((Eze et. al, 2007; Iyagba et. al., 2009).
The short time lag between gas production and flammability for PF-alone is due to balanced “C:N” ratio in the
“PF” alone which prevented excess ammonia formation and dilution of the target gas –methane (Stephanopoulos,
2007). Combustibility is crucial if generated biogas must satisfy the basic need for cooking and lighting.
Flammability means that the methane content is 45% or above (Ofoefule and Uzodinma, 2006). The short time
lag confirms the suitable of oil palm fronds as an idea feedstock for flammable biogas yield. The cumulative
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biogas yield of the blend of palm frond waste and cow dung generated a significantly higher quantity of
flammable biogas (170.4L), than that of the palm frond alone (98.5L); however the time lag between biogas
production and gas flammability was 5 days as against 2 day using palm frond waste as single feedstock. The
improvement in cumulative gas production maybe ascribed to the synergy of the resulting mixture which favored
gas production as well as optimizing the feedstock properties that apparently ensures adequate gas production
like the volatile solids (which is the biodegradable portion of the waste), nutrients (crude fat and protein) and
carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio (Agunwamba, 2001), as shown on Table 2.
Carbon to nitrogen ratio was also evaluated. The balance of carbon and nitrogen in a feedstock is critical in
anaerobic processes and biogas production. An optimum C:N ratio of between 20:1 and 30:1 has been suggested
in previous studies to be adequate for optimum gas production (Hills, 1980). If the C:N ratio is very high, the
nitrogen will be consumed rapidly by methanogens to meet their protein requirements and will no longer react on
the left over carbon content of the material leadings to less gas production (Merchaim, 1992; Fulford, 1998). On
the other hand, if the C: N ratio is very low; nitrogen will be liberated and accumulated in the form of ammonia
(NH3). Ammonia (NH3) increases the pH value of the digester contents and subsequently inhibits the growth of
the bacteria through NH3 toxic concentration (Braun, 1982). Although the C: N ratio of the palm fronds was
within the optimum range required for gas production, C:N ratio of the blend (PF:CD) was relatively more
suitable for optimum microbial activities resulting in higher cumulative gas production as microbes responsible
for hydrolysis and methanogenesis of feedstock to biogas take up carbon 30 times faster than nitrogen.
(Merchaim, 1992; Iyagba et al., 2009). Furthermore the increased biogas production may also be attributable to
the fresh cow dung used for co-digestion process. Fresh cow dung contains active and native microbial
population which enhanced the blend total viable count (TVC) at point of charging (1.5 x 1013
) as against that of
palm frond alone (3.5 x 109
)
The sequence of pH change is shown in Figure-3. A sharp decrease in the pH of the fermenting medium was
noticed in the first 4 days of digestion, however the decrease was more pronounced with the blend of cow dung
and palm fronds. The observed differential in pH change is explained by the high volatile solids such as proteins,
lipids etc in the mixture (PF:CD) which were converted more intensely into volatile fatty acid and other acidic
metabolites by the activities of aerobes and facultative aerobes which were subsequently metabolized by
methanogenic bacteria to generate methane (Dennis and Burke, 2001; Iyagba et al., 2009). The initial pH
decrease was responsible for decreased gas production on the first 4 day in the two digesters. Low pH as been
reported in previous studies (Chynoweth and Isaacson, 1987; Mahanta et al., 2004) to inhibits methanogenic
bacteria that are responsible for biogas production. pH value less than 5 or greater than 8 has been reported in
previous studies to rapidly inhibits methanogenesis (Garba and Sambo, 1992). In this present study the pH range
of 5.3 to 7.4 observed in the co-digestion of palm fronds and cow dung (PF:CD) and 5 to 6.5 for palm fronds
alone (PF) were within the optimal range suitable for most methanogenic bacteria. Hence the relatively
considerable biogas production recorded in the two digesters.
Conclusion
This study investigated the biogas generation potential of oil palm fronds as a single feedstock and its
co-digestion with cow dung. The performance characteristics were evaluated by digesting PF alone in digester
“A” and co-digesting with cow dung (PF:CD) in digester “B”. Results revealed clearly that oil palm frond is a
viable feedstock for flammable biogas at short time lag, however blending the oil palm fronds and cow dung in a
pre-determined proportion enhanced the cumulative flammable biogas. The result also shows that pH range of
6.6 to 6.9 resulted in higher gas production for both digesters. Thus utilizing agricultural and animal waste which
remains hugely unlimited in supply provides a relatively simple access to modern and alternative renewable
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energy. Arising from the increasing environmental concern and prevailing wastes management crises; optimizing
biogas production by co-digestion of plants and animals residues represents a viable sustainable energy option.
Acknowledgement
I am sincerely gratiful to Dr. Ossai. N. Ossai, Member Representing Ukwuani/Ndokwa Federal constituency,
Nigeria National Assembly, Abuja for funding the study. Also the immense contribution of Dr. I. J. Eze; Head
Biomass Unit, Energy Research and Development Centre, University of Nigeria, Nsukka (U.N.N) is also highly
appreciated.
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Yadava, L. S. and P. R. Hesse (1981) "The Development and Use of Biogas Technology in Rural. Areas of Asia"
(A Status Report 1981). Improving Soil Fertility through Organic Recycling, FAO/UNDP Regional
Project RAS/75/004, Project Field Document No. 10
Table 1 Composition of Biogas
Substance Symbol Percentage
Methane CH4 50-70
Carbon dioxide CO2 30-40
Hydrogen H2 5-10
Nitrogen N2 1-2
Water vapour H2O 0.3
Hydrogen sulphide H2S Traces
Table-2: Physicochemical properties of the wastes
Parameter PF-single PF:CD-Blend
Moisture content (%) 7.7 14.3
Ash (%) 12.5 19.9
Total solids (%) 81.5 79.5
Volatile solids (%) 69 86.1
Crude proteins (%) 1.6 15.7
Carbon content (%) 19.5 41.4
Crude Nitrogen (%) 1.2 3.4
Crude fibre 81 51
8. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.4, 2013
32
Table-3: Renewable energy resources potential in Nigeria and energy estimate
Source of energy Potential reserves Energy capacity
Fuelwood 80 million m3/year 6.0 x 109MJ
Saw-dust 1.8 million tons/year 31, 433,00OMJ
Crop-residues 83 million tons/year 5.3 x 1011 MJ
Animal wastes 227,500 tons daily 2.2 x 109
Biogas 6.8 million m3 daily 2.7m3 production 79.11MJ
Wind 2.4 m/s at 10m height 5MW
Solar 6.25 hours daily 6.25 – 7.0 KWh/m2 per day
Small hydropower 0.143 billion tons 734.2MW
Source: Nnadi et al., 2011
Figure-1: Daily biogas production profile PF (palm fronds) and PF:CD (blend of palm fronds and cow
dung).
Volumeofgasproduction(L)
Time (days)
PF: CD
PF
9. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.4, 2013
33
‘
Figure- 2: Changes in pH profiles of feedstock during production of biogas;
Time (days)
pH
PF: CD
PF
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