The document provides an overview of hydropower and hydroelectricity. It outlines the course topics which include various renewable energy sources with a focus on hydro power, hydrogen fuel cells, and energy storage technologies. It then discusses key aspects of hydropower including the hydrologic cycle, converting potential and kinetic energy to electricity, major producers and technologies, the history and development of hydropower turbines, and examples of different types of hydroelectric installations including impoundment dams, run-of-river diversions, micro-hydro, and pumped storage systems.
Introduction about hydropower, types of intakes, classification of hydropower plants, estimation of water potential, and planning aspects of hydropower.
Micro hydro power background concepts, including general electric energy production, large scale hydroelectric production, small scale and run of the river micro hydro, pelton wheels, classifications, case studies, etc.
Introduction about hydropower, types of intakes, classification of hydropower plants, estimation of water potential, and planning aspects of hydropower.
Micro hydro power background concepts, including general electric energy production, large scale hydroelectric production, small scale and run of the river micro hydro, pelton wheels, classifications, case studies, etc.
Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that exploits the rise and fall in sea levels due to the tides, or the movement of water caused by the tidal flow. Because the tidal forces are caused by interaction between the gravity of the Earth, Moon and Sun, tidal power is essentially inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source.
Tidal power can be classified into two types. Tidal stream systems make use of the kinetic energy from the moving water currents to power turbines, in a similar way to underwater wind turbines. This method is gaining in popularity because of the lower ecological impact compared to the second type of system, the barrage. Barrages make use of the potential energy from the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides, and their use is better established.
The presentation covers: History of Development in India, Current Status & Potential of Hydro Power, Necessity of HP Development, Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower, Comparison between Hydro Power, Thermal Power and Nuclear Power, Challenges/Barriers in Development of HP, Place of Hydro-Power in Power System
Hydroelectric Power Plant (and Pumped Storage Power Plant)Ryan Triadhitama
I would like to share some materials as a basic information about hydroelectric power plant and pumped storage power plant. I might not be able to provide all the detail information on the slides, but feel free to contact me if you have any questions.
Small Hydro power plant. Small Hydro Power (SHP) is hydro plant with power under 10 MW as defined by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO):
Choice of technology and site
Small hydro technology is mature and well-established in the market
Improvements: equipment designs, differents materials, control sistem
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
b) Pondage Plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
A Run of River plant uses the available river flow
A Run of River plant has a little cumulative water
High cost
Typologies of Hydropower plants
b) Pondage Plants
Cumulative water flows permits storage of water for few weeks
Pondage Plant can works when the level of river is low.
Typology of hydropower plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Energy prodution of a Reservoir Plant is based on cumulative water flows
Construction of a very large dam to cumulate water
Usually this kind of plant is not a SHP
Plan SHP
Control national and regional law
Who using the water and how
Story analisis of river flow
Study hidrogeologic and hidrografic of site
Chek principal parameters (Q) river flow avieble and (H) head for calculate power of site
Pubblicity of project and consalting citizen.
Hydroelectric plants
Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
SHP emissions
As all other renewable energy sources, SHP plays an important role in reducing the emissions.
Externality of SHP are very low.
This is very important and positive, expecially for Kyoto protocol.
What to do for goal with SHP
Act cordinated strategy:
Informing
Including the people in the projects
Dialogue with opponents
Implementing social compain
Comenius Water for Life - presentation by Martyna Borek, Paulina Borek, Piotr Rzepka and Mateusz Kot - students of Gimnazjum Publiczne im. A. Wajdy w Rudnikach
Environmental and Social Impacts of Hydro-Electric Dams in Chamba District o...Hasrat Arjjumend
Having 4300 large dams already constructed and many more in pipeline, India is one of world's most prolific dam-builders. Large dams in India are estimated to have submerged about 37500 km2 land area and displaced tens of millions of people. Himachal Pradesh is proceeding towards power-surplus state and there are as many as 401 projects of different magnitude in different stages of installation on 5 river basins of the state i.e. Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Yamuna. State has identified its hydropower generation potential at 23,000 MW. The ecological devastation caused by various projects at lower altitudes of Himachal Pradesh has been alarming; while the prospect of what will happen to the fragile alpine ecosystem is frightening. These projects will change the microclimate that will result in accelerated melting of the snow and glaciers at high altitudes. Like other river basins of the state, hydro-electric power generation in Chamba district was started in 1980s, with 117 mini & micro power projects in different stages of execution at present. Having the special focus on Hul projects the present paper explores the impacts of various dams on environment and local people in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. About 6000 local people are being affected by Hul-I project only. The consequences to nature and wildlife will also prove disastrous. As of now, the wildlife such as deer, bear, goat, tiger and peacock do not enter the fields of farmers. Deforestation and soil erosion are even more devastating. Making the situation even more absurd is that the benefits of these power plants do not go to the community suffering the consequences. Gujjar and Gaddi tribes in the state of Himachal Pradesh have been agitating against 4.5 MW hydropower plant from diverting the entire flow of the Hul stream, on which their lives depend. These communities have for more than two decades protected and preserved the forests from which Hul stream originates. The project’s pipeline is said to destroy about 2000 of slow-growing oak trees. Livelihood and social impacts of poorly planned mini-hydel projects can be thus devastating, as exemplified in this case.
A Prototype model of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Based Nine Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter is to be designed and Implemented to produce AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency.
Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that exploits the rise and fall in sea levels due to the tides, or the movement of water caused by the tidal flow. Because the tidal forces are caused by interaction between the gravity of the Earth, Moon and Sun, tidal power is essentially inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source.
Tidal power can be classified into two types. Tidal stream systems make use of the kinetic energy from the moving water currents to power turbines, in a similar way to underwater wind turbines. This method is gaining in popularity because of the lower ecological impact compared to the second type of system, the barrage. Barrages make use of the potential energy from the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides, and their use is better established.
The presentation covers: History of Development in India, Current Status & Potential of Hydro Power, Necessity of HP Development, Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower, Comparison between Hydro Power, Thermal Power and Nuclear Power, Challenges/Barriers in Development of HP, Place of Hydro-Power in Power System
Hydroelectric Power Plant (and Pumped Storage Power Plant)Ryan Triadhitama
I would like to share some materials as a basic information about hydroelectric power plant and pumped storage power plant. I might not be able to provide all the detail information on the slides, but feel free to contact me if you have any questions.
Small Hydro power plant. Small Hydro Power (SHP) is hydro plant with power under 10 MW as defined by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO):
Choice of technology and site
Small hydro technology is mature and well-established in the market
Improvements: equipment designs, differents materials, control sistem
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
b) Pondage Plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Typologies of Hydropower plants
a) Run of River Plants
A Run of River plant uses the available river flow
A Run of River plant has a little cumulative water
High cost
Typologies of Hydropower plants
b) Pondage Plants
Cumulative water flows permits storage of water for few weeks
Pondage Plant can works when the level of river is low.
Typology of hydropower plants
c) Reservoir Plants
Energy prodution of a Reservoir Plant is based on cumulative water flows
Construction of a very large dam to cumulate water
Usually this kind of plant is not a SHP
Plan SHP
Control national and regional law
Who using the water and how
Story analisis of river flow
Study hidrogeologic and hidrografic of site
Chek principal parameters (Q) river flow avieble and (H) head for calculate power of site
Pubblicity of project and consalting citizen.
Hydroelectric plants
Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
SHP emissions
As all other renewable energy sources, SHP plays an important role in reducing the emissions.
Externality of SHP are very low.
This is very important and positive, expecially for Kyoto protocol.
What to do for goal with SHP
Act cordinated strategy:
Informing
Including the people in the projects
Dialogue with opponents
Implementing social compain
Comenius Water for Life - presentation by Martyna Borek, Paulina Borek, Piotr Rzepka and Mateusz Kot - students of Gimnazjum Publiczne im. A. Wajdy w Rudnikach
Environmental and Social Impacts of Hydro-Electric Dams in Chamba District o...Hasrat Arjjumend
Having 4300 large dams already constructed and many more in pipeline, India is one of world's most prolific dam-builders. Large dams in India are estimated to have submerged about 37500 km2 land area and displaced tens of millions of people. Himachal Pradesh is proceeding towards power-surplus state and there are as many as 401 projects of different magnitude in different stages of installation on 5 river basins of the state i.e. Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Yamuna. State has identified its hydropower generation potential at 23,000 MW. The ecological devastation caused by various projects at lower altitudes of Himachal Pradesh has been alarming; while the prospect of what will happen to the fragile alpine ecosystem is frightening. These projects will change the microclimate that will result in accelerated melting of the snow and glaciers at high altitudes. Like other river basins of the state, hydro-electric power generation in Chamba district was started in 1980s, with 117 mini & micro power projects in different stages of execution at present. Having the special focus on Hul projects the present paper explores the impacts of various dams on environment and local people in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. About 6000 local people are being affected by Hul-I project only. The consequences to nature and wildlife will also prove disastrous. As of now, the wildlife such as deer, bear, goat, tiger and peacock do not enter the fields of farmers. Deforestation and soil erosion are even more devastating. Making the situation even more absurd is that the benefits of these power plants do not go to the community suffering the consequences. Gujjar and Gaddi tribes in the state of Himachal Pradesh have been agitating against 4.5 MW hydropower plant from diverting the entire flow of the Hul stream, on which their lives depend. These communities have for more than two decades protected and preserved the forests from which Hul stream originates. The project’s pipeline is said to destroy about 2000 of slow-growing oak trees. Livelihood and social impacts of poorly planned mini-hydel projects can be thus devastating, as exemplified in this case.
A Prototype model of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Based Nine Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter is to be designed and Implemented to produce AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency.
Head
Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy.
The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head Dams:
three categories
high-head (800 or more feet)
medium-head (100 to 800 feet)
low-head (less than 100 feet)
Power is proportional to the product of head x flow
Modelling Of Underground Cables for High Voltage Transmissiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
12. World’s Largest Dams
Max Annual
Name Country Year Generation Production
Three Gorges China 2009 18,200 MW
Itaipú Brazil/Paraguay 1983 12,600 MW 93.4 TW-hrs
Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 MW 46 TW-hrs
Grand Coulee United States 1942/80 6,809 MW 22.6 TW-hrs
Sayano Shushenskaya Russia 1983 6,400 MW
Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5,616 MW
Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5,429 MW 35 TW-hrs
Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2,280 MW 11.3 TW-hrs
Ranked by maximum power.
12
“Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org
21. Grand Coulee Dam Statistics
Generators at Grand Coulee Dam
Location Description Number Capacity (MW) Total (MW)
Pumping Plant Pump/Generator 6 50 300
Station Service Generator 3 10 30
Left Powerhouse
Main Generator 9 125 1125
Right Powerhouse Main Generator 9 125 1125
Main Generator 3 600 1800
Third Powerhouse
Main Generator 3 700 2100
Totals 33 6480
21
22. Uses of Dams – US
22
Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm
23. Hydropower Production by US State
23
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
24. Percent Hydropower by US State
24
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
31. Terminology (Jargon)
Head
Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to
release its stored energy.
The difference between these elevations (the water
levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head
Dams: three categories
high-head (800 or more feet)
medium-head (100 to 800 feet)
low-head (less than 100 feet)
Power is proportional to the product of
head x flow
31
http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm
32. Scale of Hydropower Projects
Large-hydro
More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
Medium-hydro
15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
Small-hydro
1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
Mini-hydro
Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
Micro-hydro
From 5kW up to 100 kW
Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry
in remote areas away from the grid.
Pico-hydro
From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
Remote areas away from the grid. 32
www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf
33. Types of Hydroelectric Installation
33
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
34. Meeting Peak Demands
Hydroelectric plants:
Start easily and quickly and change power
output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and
nuclear), which are most efficient in serving
base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
34
35. Types of Systems
Impoundment
Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee
Diversion or run-of-river systems
Niagara Falls
Most significantly smaller
Pumped Storage
Two way flow
Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned
to a lower elevation for power generation
A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy
production
35
43. Pumped Storage System
43
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
44. Example
Cabin Creek Pumped Hydro (Colorado)
Completed 1967
Capacity – 324 MW
Two 162 MW units
Purpose – energy storage
Water pumped uphill at night
Low usage – excess base load capacity
Water flows downhill during day/peak periods
Helps Xcel to meet surge demand
E.g., air conditioning demand on hot summer days
Typical efficiency of 70 – 85%
44
46. Turbine Design
Francis Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
Pelton Turbine
Turgo Turbine
New Designs
46
47. Types of Hydropower Turbines
47
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
48. Classification of Hydro Turbines
Reaction Turbines
Derive power from pressure drop across turbine
Totally immersed in water
Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power
Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
Impulse Turbines
Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets
No pressure drop across turbines
Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines
48
49. Schematic of Francis Turbine
49
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
66. Efficiency of Hydropower Plants
Hydropower is very efficient
Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to the
“busbar”) ÷ (potential energy of head water)
Typical losses are due to
Frictional drag and turbulence of flow
Friction and magnetic losses in turbine &
generator
Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95%
66
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
67. Hydropower Calculations
P g Q H
P 10 Q H
P = power in kilowatts (kW)
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
= turbo-generator efficiency (0<n<1)
Q = quantity of water flowing (m3/sec)
H = effective head (m)
67
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
68. Example 1a
Consider a mountain stream with an effective head of
25 meters (m) and a flow rate of 600 liters (ℓ) per
minute. How much power could a hydro plant
generate? Assume plant efficiency () of 83%.
H = 25 m
Q = 600 ℓ/min × 1 m3/1000 ℓ × 1 min/60sec
Q = 0.01 m3/sec
= 0.83
P 10QH = 10(0.83)(0.01)(25) = 2.075
P 2.1 kW
68
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
69. Example 1b
How much energy (E) will the hydro plant generate
each year?
E = P×t
E = 2.1 kW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr
E = 18,396 kWh annually
About how many people will this energy support
(assume approximately 3,000 kWh / person)?
People = E÷3000 = 18396/3000 = 6.13
About 6 people
69
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
70. Example 2
Consider a second site with an effective head of
100 m and a flow rate of 6,000 cubic meters per
second (about that of Niagara Falls). Answer the
same questions.
P 10QH = 10(0.83)(6000)(100)
P 4.98 million kW = 4.98 GW (gigawatts)
E = P×t = 4.98GW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr
E = 43,625 GWh = 43.6 TWh (terrawatt hours)
People = E÷3000 = 43.6 TWh / 3,000 kWh
People = 1.45 million people
(This assumes maximum power production 24x7)
70
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
73. Capital Costs of Several Hydro Plants
Note that these are for countries where costs are bound to be
lower than for fully industrialized countries
73
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
74. Estimates for US Hydro Construction
Study of 2000 potential US hydro sites
Potential capacities from 1-1300 MW
Estimated development costs
$2,000-4,000 per kW
Civil engineering 65-75% of total
Environmental studies & licensing 15-25%
Turbo-generator & control systems ~10%
Ongoing costs add ~1-2% to project NPV (!)
74
Hall et al. (2003), Estimation of Economic Parameters of US Hydropower Resources, Idaho National Laboratory
hydropower.id.doe.gov/resourceassessment/ pdfs/project_report-final_with_disclaimer-3jul03.pdf
75. Costs of Increased US Hydro Capacity
75
Hall, Hydropower Capacity Increase Opportunities (presentation), Idaho National Laboratory, 10 May 2005
www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/pdf/hall_may10.pdf
76. Costs of New US Capacity by Site
76
Hall, Hydropower Capacity Increase Opportunities (presentation), Idaho National Laboratory, 10 May 2005
www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/pdf/hall_may10.pdf
77. High Upfront Capital Expenses
5 MW hydro plant with 25 m low head
Construction cost of ~$20 million
Negligible ongoing costs
Ancillary benefits from dam
flood control, recreation, irrigation, etc.
50 MW combined-cycle gas turbine
~$20 million purchase cost of equipment
Significant ongoing fuel costs
Short-term pressures may favor fossil fuel
energy production
77
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
80. Ecological Impacts
Loss of forests, wildlife habitat, species
Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to
inundation of reservoir area
Rotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gases
Loss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other
downstream services
Cumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding
Disrupt transfer of energy, sediment, nutrients
Sedimentation reduces reservoir life, erodes turbines
Creation of new wetland habitat
Fishing and recreational opportunities provided by new
reservoirs
80
81. Environmental and Social Issues
Land use – inundation and displacement of people
Impacts on natural hydrology
Increase evaporative losses
Altering river flows and natural flooding cycles
Sedimentation/silting
Impacts on biodiversity
Aquatic ecology, fish, plants, mammals
Water chemistry changes
Mercury, nitrates, oxygen
Bacterial and viral infections
Tropics
Seismic Risks
Structural dam failure risks
81
82. Hydropower – Pros and Cons
Positive Negative
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX, Frequently involves impoundment of large
SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates amounts of water with loss of habitat due to
land inundation
Renewable resource with high conversion Variable output – dependent on rainfall and
efficiency to electricity (80+%) snowfall
Dispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology,
including fish migration and oxygen
depletion
Usable for base load, peaking and pumped Social impacts of displacing indigenous
storage applications people
Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Health impacts in developing countries
Low operating and maintenance costs High initial capital costs
Long lifetimes Long lead time in construction of large
82
projects
83. Three Gorges – Pros and Cons
83
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
85. Energy Policy Act of 2005
Hydroelectric Incentives
Production Tax Credit – 1.8 ¢/KWh
For generation capacity added to an existing facility
(non-federally owned)
Adjusted annually for inflation
10 year payout, $750,000 maximum/year per facility
A facility is defined as a single turbine
Expires 2016
Efficiency Incentive
10% of the cost of capital improvement
Efficiency hurdle - minimum 3% increase
Maximum payout - $750,000
One payment per facility
Maximum $10M/year
Expires 2016
5.7 MW proposed through June 2006 85
86. World Commission on Dams
Established in 1998
Mandates
Review development effectiveness of large dams and
assess alternatives for water resources and energy
development; and
Develop internationally acceptable criteria and
guidelines for most aspects of design and operation
of dams
Highly socially aware organization
Concern for indigenous and tribal people
Seeks to maximize preexisting water and
energy systems before making new dams
86
87. Other Agencies Involved
FERC – Federal Energy Regulatory Comm.
Ensures compliance with environmental law
IWRM – Integrated Water & Rsrc Mgmt
“Social and economic development is
inextricably linked to both water and energy.
The key challenge for the 21st century is to
expand access to both for a rapidly increasing
human population, while simultaneously
addressing the negative social and
environmental impacts.” (IWRM)
87
92. Opportunities for US Hydropower
92
Hall, Hydropower Capacity Increase Opportunities (presentation), Idaho National Laboratory, 10 May 2005
www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/pdf/hall_may10.pdf
93. Summary of Future of Hydropower
Untapped U.S. water energy resources are immense
Water energy has superior attributes compared to other
renewables:
Nationwide accessibility to resources with significant power potential
Higher availability = larger capacity factor
Small footprint and low visual impact for same capacity
Water energy will be more competitive in the future because of:
More streamlined licensing
Higher fuel costs
State tax incentives
State RPSs, green energy mandates, carbon credits
New technologies and innovative deployment configurations
Significant added capacity is available at competitive unit costs
Relicensing bubble in 2000-2015 will offer opportunities for
capacity increases, but also some decreases
Changing hydropower’s image will be a key predictor of future
development trends
93
Hall, Hydropower Capacity Increase Opportunities (presentation), Idaho National Laboratory, 10 May 2005
www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/pdf/hall_may10.pdf
107. Historically…
Pumped hydro was first used in Italy and
Switzerland in the 1890's.
By 1933 reversible pump-turbines with motor-
generators were available
Adjustable speed machines now used to improve
efficiency
Pumped hydro is available
at almost any scale with
discharge times ranging
from several hours to a
few days.
Efficiency = 70 – 85%
107
http://www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_pumpedhydro.htm