This document discusses acid-base regulation in the body. It defines acids and bases and describes the three main buffer systems - protein, phosphate, and carbonic acid-bicarbonate. It also explains the respiratory and renal mechanisms that act as secondary defenses to precisely regulate hydrogen ion concentration. Conditions like acidosis and alkalosis are discussed. Diagnosis and treatments for acid-base disorders are mentioned as well.
This lecture is based on National guidelines(Sri Lanka) and guidelines by NHS UK. all the materials used to prepare the lecture are trusted and high in quality. also the books referred are internationally recognized. both hyper and hypokalemia management included in the lecture. lecture is free and you can even download. i kept no copy rights. i appreciate your support, comments and suggestions. also i would be grateful if you can make these lectures popular. wishing your success.
Biochemical mechanismsof acid base balance and acid base disordersrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Biochemical Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance and Acid Base disorders for undergraduate medical, dental, biotechnology and pharmacology students for self –learning. pH maintained in tissues under physiological conditions are mentioned.
Basic concepts of buffers & their types (Acidic buffer & alkaline) are illustrated. Mechanisms of action of Buffer system for acid base balance is explained for perusal of students. Acids produced in a human body during metabolisms are listed.
Front line defense, second line defense (kidney) and dilution factor in regulation of pH in human body for acid-base balance are presented.
Blood buffers involved in acid base balance are classified. Ratio involved, Advantages and Disadvantages of Bicarbonate Buffer / Phosphate buffer system in acid base balance elaborated for their clinical applications.
Comparison of Buffering action of hemoglobin verses plasma proteins is presented under Protein buffer system. Mechanism of Buffering action of plasma proteins in Acidic and alkaline conditions is explained. Working of Hemoglobin buffer system in lung and tissue is illustrated.
Mechanisms involving hypo ventilation and hyperventilation of respiratory system in acid base balance is presented. Importance of Imidazole group of Histidine of hemoglobin in maintaining blood pH is explained
Role Renal Mechanism during acidosis and alkalosis using Bicarbonate mechanism, Phosphate mechanism, Ammonia mechanism, HCO³⁻ reabsorption and NH ₃ production is simplified. pCO₂, Concentration of K⁺ in ICF (intracellular fluid). Plasma Concentration of Cl⁻ ions and Concentration of adrenal-corticoids Hormones as factors affecting bicarbonate re absorption in proximal renal tubular cells are explained in lucid manner.
Phosphate buffer mechanism (Distal tubular cells) for acid base balance is illustrated.
Importance of Anion Gap in detection of metabolic acidosis & alkalosis presented. Anion Gap in Metabolic acidosis (acid accumulation and bicarbonate ion loss) is elucidated. Urinary anion gap as indicator of effective renal acid secretion during acidosis is explained diagrammatically. Clinical Conditions associated with increase and decrease in Anion Gap are listed. Comparison of Anion Gap between Metabolic acidosis And Metabolic alkalosis is explained diagrammatically.
Importance of Glutaminase, Glutaminase, L- amino acid oxidase, and Glycine oxidase in Ammonia mechanism in kidney-Distal tubular cells for acid base balance is presented.
Comparison of Definition, Ratio, Biochemical findings in Uncompensated and Compensatory phase of between different types of acidosis & alkalosis is done for their laboratory diagnosis. Clinical conditions associated in different types of acidosis & alkalosis are listed. Google images are used to convey the concept of the subject to self-learners.
This lecture is based on National guidelines(Sri Lanka) and guidelines by NHS UK. all the materials used to prepare the lecture are trusted and high in quality. also the books referred are internationally recognized. both hyper and hypokalemia management included in the lecture. lecture is free and you can even download. i kept no copy rights. i appreciate your support, comments and suggestions. also i would be grateful if you can make these lectures popular. wishing your success.
Biochemical mechanismsof acid base balance and acid base disordersrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Biochemical Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance and Acid Base disorders for undergraduate medical, dental, biotechnology and pharmacology students for self –learning. pH maintained in tissues under physiological conditions are mentioned.
Basic concepts of buffers & their types (Acidic buffer & alkaline) are illustrated. Mechanisms of action of Buffer system for acid base balance is explained for perusal of students. Acids produced in a human body during metabolisms are listed.
Front line defense, second line defense (kidney) and dilution factor in regulation of pH in human body for acid-base balance are presented.
Blood buffers involved in acid base balance are classified. Ratio involved, Advantages and Disadvantages of Bicarbonate Buffer / Phosphate buffer system in acid base balance elaborated for their clinical applications.
Comparison of Buffering action of hemoglobin verses plasma proteins is presented under Protein buffer system. Mechanism of Buffering action of plasma proteins in Acidic and alkaline conditions is explained. Working of Hemoglobin buffer system in lung and tissue is illustrated.
Mechanisms involving hypo ventilation and hyperventilation of respiratory system in acid base balance is presented. Importance of Imidazole group of Histidine of hemoglobin in maintaining blood pH is explained
Role Renal Mechanism during acidosis and alkalosis using Bicarbonate mechanism, Phosphate mechanism, Ammonia mechanism, HCO³⁻ reabsorption and NH ₃ production is simplified. pCO₂, Concentration of K⁺ in ICF (intracellular fluid). Plasma Concentration of Cl⁻ ions and Concentration of adrenal-corticoids Hormones as factors affecting bicarbonate re absorption in proximal renal tubular cells are explained in lucid manner.
Phosphate buffer mechanism (Distal tubular cells) for acid base balance is illustrated.
Importance of Anion Gap in detection of metabolic acidosis & alkalosis presented. Anion Gap in Metabolic acidosis (acid accumulation and bicarbonate ion loss) is elucidated. Urinary anion gap as indicator of effective renal acid secretion during acidosis is explained diagrammatically. Clinical Conditions associated with increase and decrease in Anion Gap are listed. Comparison of Anion Gap between Metabolic acidosis And Metabolic alkalosis is explained diagrammatically.
Importance of Glutaminase, Glutaminase, L- amino acid oxidase, and Glycine oxidase in Ammonia mechanism in kidney-Distal tubular cells for acid base balance is presented.
Comparison of Definition, Ratio, Biochemical findings in Uncompensated and Compensatory phase of between different types of acidosis & alkalosis is done for their laboratory diagnosis. Clinical conditions associated in different types of acidosis & alkalosis are listed. Google images are used to convey the concept of the subject to self-learners.
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2. • Definition & types of acid and base
• Sources of acid
• Why regulation is important?
• Defences against change in {H+}
• Acid base disorders
• Compensation
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
3. • Definition of an acid and a base
• Types of acids and bases
based on different criteria
• Is the precise regulation of free(unbound) hydrogen
ion concentration in the body fluids
4. • Carbonic acid formation
• Inorganic acids produced during breakdown of nutrients
sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid…
• Organic acids resulting from intermediary
metabolism
lactic acid,fatty acids…
5. • Changes in excitability of nerve and muscle cells
acidosis - depression of the central nervous system
(CNS)
alkalosis- overexcitability of the nervous system
• Exerts a marked influence on enzyme activity
• Influence K+ levels in the body
• Even to death
6. (1) chemical buffer systems,
(2) respiratory mechanism of pH control,and
(3) renal mechanism of pH control
7. • Is a mixture in a solution of two chemical
compounds that minimize pH changes when either
an acid or a base is added to or removed from the
solution
• by converting strong acids and bases into weak
acids and weak bases with in fractions of a second
• It is the first line of defense
8.
9. Types of buffer
• Protein buffer system
is the most abundant buffer in intracellular fluid(Hb)
and blood plasma(albumin)
Approximately 60 to 70 percent of the total chemical
buffering of the body fluids is inside the cells, and most
of this results from the intracellular proteins
COOH as an acid and NH2 as a base
11. • Phosphate buffer system
Uses dihydrogen phosphate and monohydrogen
phosphate
It plays a major role in buffering renal tubular fluid
and intracellular fluids
13. • Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System
is based on the bicarbonate ion(HCO3) and carbonic
acid(H2CO3)
Can not protect against pH changes due to respiratory
problems in which there is an excess or shortage of CO2
15. • As a second line of defense
• Through its ability to alter pulmonary ventilation and
consequently to alter excretion of H+-generating CO2
• Doubling the ventilation increases pH by about 0.23 units,
from 7.4 to 7.63
• Reducing ventilation to one-quarter of normal lowers the
pH by 0.4 units, from 7.4 to 7.0.
• one to two times as much acid or base can normally be
buffered by this mechanism as by the chemical buffers
16. Changes in either pulmonary ventilation or the rate of CO2
formation by the tissues can change the extracellular fluid
Pco2
17. Not only does the alveolar ventilation rate influence H+
concentration by changing the Pco2 of the body fluids, but
the H+ concentration affects the rate of alveolar ventilation
18.
19. is third line of defense
Uses
(1) H+ excretion,
(2) Reabsorption of filtered HCO3–
(3) ammonia (NH3) secretion
(4) filtered phosphate
Ammonia and phosphate mechanism produce new
bicarbonate
27. • Respiratory compensation
Is only for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
For metabolic acidosis - hyperventilation
For metabolic alkalosis – hypoventilation
• Renal compensation
For both metabolic and respiratory
For acidosis – absorb bicarbonate
For alkalosis - excrete bicarbonate
28. • For acidosis
sodium bicarbonate
sodium lactate
sodium gluconate
• For alkalosis
ammonium chloride
lysine monohydrochloride
29. • Guyton,12e
• Principles of ANATOMY &PHYSIOLOGY,13e
• Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology,23e
• Fundamentals of Human Physiology,4e
• Kaplan