The document discusses dental caries, providing definitions and explanations of key concepts. It states that dental caries is a microbial disease characterized by demineralization of tooth structure. The caries process is dynamic and influenced by many factors, including biofilm formation, diet, and saliva. Certain bacteria like Streptococcus mutans play an important role in driving the process through acid production, while factors like sugar consumption and frequency can increase risk by prolonging the time that acid is in contact with teeth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Dental caries etiology / orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Microbiology of dental caries/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This presentation aims to explain the history of dental caries, the theories of dental caries and delves into each etiological factor in depth- Microflora, diet, saliva, tooth, dental plaque, time and some systemic factors. also talks about the dietary studies and caries relation
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to:
Develop understanding of the classification
Describe how a cyst develops.
Describe the origin and identifying characteristics of the radicular cyst.
Describe the origin and identifying characteristics of the Dentigerous cyst.
Describe the origin and identifying characteristics of the Odontogenic Keratocyst cyst.
Describe the radiographic characteristics of the dentigerous cyst and the odontogenic keratocyst.
Discuss the radiographic appearance of the lateral periodontal cyst. 8. List the factors involved in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
State the histologic finding that is a key diagnostic feature of Radicular, Dentigerous & Keratocysts.
Describe the origin and identifying characteristics of non odontogenic cysts.
Describe different treatment options available, and their clinical importance.
Dental caries /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Dental caries etiology / orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Microbiology of dental caries/ orthodontic course by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This presentation aims to explain the history of dental caries, the theories of dental caries and delves into each etiological factor in depth- Microflora, diet, saliva, tooth, dental plaque, time and some systemic factors. also talks about the dietary studies and caries relation
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to:
Develop understanding of the classification
Describe how a cyst develops.
Describe the origin and identifying characteristics of the radicular cyst.
Describe the origin and identifying characteristics of the Dentigerous cyst.
Describe the origin and identifying characteristics of the Odontogenic Keratocyst cyst.
Describe the radiographic characteristics of the dentigerous cyst and the odontogenic keratocyst.
Discuss the radiographic appearance of the lateral periodontal cyst. 8. List the factors involved in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
State the histologic finding that is a key diagnostic feature of Radicular, Dentigerous & Keratocysts.
Describe the origin and identifying characteristics of non odontogenic cysts.
Describe different treatment options available, and their clinical importance.
Dental caries /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
As a biochemist, I was floored by this presentation by Dr. Lustig of UCSF on high-fructose corn syrup. I watched him on the UC channel on cable and downloaded a copy of the presentation to share.
Success of any dental procedure is determined by a good isolation. Here is a seminar on how to isolate the oral cavity from fluids and maintain a good dry field while working on a patient
ORAL BIOPSY:
Introduction
Definition
History
Uses of Oral Biopsy
Indication for Oral Biopsy
Contraindication of Oral Biopsy
Precaution in Oral Biopsy
Armamentarium
Types of Oral Biopsy
Special consideration
Biopsy Arifact
Obtaining a Good Oral Biopsy
Complication of Oral Biopsy
Conclusion
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy, Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University. Oral biopsy; why, when, and how? Biopsy is the removal of the tissue from the living organism for the purpose of microscopic examination and diagnosis. Looking for a definitive diagnosis is the aim of biopsy. Types of Biopsy include incisional, excisional, drill, fine needle and frozen section biopsy.
Development of dentition & occlusion / /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Oral microbiology:normal oram microflora and Dental plaqueKarishma Sirimulla
this seminar includes microbiolofical aspects of bacteria and their living systems and oral microflora along with detailed description about plaque which includes composition,classification,formation of plaque and the plaque hypothesis followed by pathogenesis of plaque
Dental materials are specially fabricated materials, designed for use in dentistry. There are many different types of dental material, and their characteristics vary according to their intended purpose. Examples include temporary dressings, dental restorations (fillings, crowns, bridges), endodontic materials (used in root canal therapy), impression materials, prosthetic materials (dentures), dental implants, and many others
Oral micro flora/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. ? Dental Caries
Dental caries is a demineralization/ not decalcification of the tooth surface
caused by bacteria.
Caries= Carious process?
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
Caries= Carious lesion?
3. Dental caries
major concepts
Definition: It is a microbial diseasenotthedisease tissues of the teeth,
Caries is a process, of a calcified
characterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction
Driven by biofilm, but initiated by the host –
of the organic substance of the tooth.
Closely linked to specific microenvironments –
The process is dynamic and reversible
Oral ecological shifts are normal and cyclical
–
Many factors influence the outcome
Microbes are necessary, but not sufficient
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
–
4. , It is the most prevalent disease affecting the human race •
Some isolated populations like Eskimos, some African natives, and •
inhabitants of rural India are “immune” to dental caries because they
.are not exposed to western food habits
Affects both sexes and all races, all socio-economic strata and people •
,of all ages
.Starts soon after teeth erupt into the oral cavity •
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
6. What is Dental Caries?
The word ‘caries’ is derived from the Latin word ‘rot’.
It is a microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth, characterized by
demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substance
of the tooth.
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
7. Carbohydrates
When sucrose is hydrolyzed it forms a 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose
It promote colonization of S. mutans
Rapidly diffuse into dental plaque and converted to acids
If Sucrose is injected by oesophageal tube = No caries = Its effect is directly local
Fructan is essential in formation of adhesive insoluble plaque polysaccharide
SUGAR
6-carbon
5-carbon
POLYMER
Glucose
Glucan
Dextrose
Dextran
Fructose
Fructan
Levulose
Levan
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
8. Microbiology of caries:
1. Specific plaque hypothesis (Loesche, 1976)Out of the diverse collection of micro-organisms that constitute the plaque
microflora, only a very limited number are actively involved in causing disease.
Specific cariogens- Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus Acidophilus
2. Non-Specific plaque hypothesis(Theilade,1986)Heterogenous mixture of organisms in plaque could play a role in disease, and that
disease is a result of the overall interaction of the plaque microflora with the host.
-“low pH non-mutans streptococci”
3. Ecological plaque hypothesis (Marsh,1991)-A change in a key environmental factor (or factors) will trigger a shift in the
balance of the resident plaque microflora, and this might predispose a site to disease.
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
11. Demineralization/ remineralization
Human teeth are made from biological apatite. It can dissociate slightly in
water, especially in low pH situation. For example Coca-cola, which has a pH
2.5-4.2.
However, you teeth will not be gone after a can of soda because the
enamel pellicle shields the surface of teeth from oral environment.
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
12. Dental Plaque is a biofilm
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
13. Equilibrium at normal pH
Remineralization
Demineralization
Dietary CHO + biofilm CHO; salivarydiffusion into enamel normal pH drop
Saliva flow clears = lactic acid; HCO3 returns pH to = local
Saliva is supersaturated with respect to enamel
Saliva
Ca+statherin [HCO3] Ca+aPRP [HCO3]
& [PO ]
[Ca] [PO4] [Ca] [PO4] [Ca] to saliva
exit
[Ca], & [PO4]
move into enamel
4
Enamel
Enamel becomes
Less soluble
CHO
Demineralization
Demineralization
[H+]
Remineralization
Remineralization
CHO
CHO
[H+]
[H+] Ca (PO ) OH
10
4 6
2
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
[H+]
[H+]
Enamel
solubility
increases
15. Extracellular Glucan/ Dextran
1. Attachment of Bacteria to tooth
surface
Intracellular Fructan/ Levan
1.Bacteria Utilize it to gain energy in
absence of substrates
2. Bacteria use it to produce acids
Streptococcus ……………
Lactobacillus Acidophilus
Streptococcus mutans +IC fructan+ EC Glucan
Dextran
First stage
Second stage
Third stage
Initial transport of B. to tooth surface
Reversible adsorption
Firm attachment
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
Demineralization
Fourth stage
Surface colonization
16. Extracellular Glucan/ Dextran
1. Attachment of Bacteria to tooth
surface
Intracellular Fructan/ Levan
1.Bacteria Utilize it to gain energy in
absence of substrates
2. Bacteria use it to produce acids
Streptococcus ……………
Lactobacillus Acidophilus
Streptococcus mutans +IC fructan+ EC Glucan
First stage
Initial B. transport to tooth surface
Second stage
Reversible adsorption
Third stage
Firm attachment
Fourth stage
Surface colonization
Dextran
Demineralization
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
17. Dental plaque
Every time we eat or drink
A layer of dental plaque
accumulate on the surfaces of
our teeth
Saliva can reduce acid attack
towards our teeth but it must
have enough time to work
If we are eating and drinking
frequently, saliva will not have
enough time to work
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
18. FACTOR
HIGH RISK
LOW RISK
Amount of plaque
Large amount of plaque on the
teeth, meaning many bacteria
that can produce acids (low pH,
(demineralization
Few bacteria = "good" oral
hygiene
Type of bacteria
Large proportion of "cariogenic"
types of bacteria, resulting in
lower pH and sticky plaque and
also prolonged acid production
Low proportion of "cariogenic"
types
Type of diet
High in carbohydrates, in
particular sucrose; "sticky" diet
leading to low pH longer time
Low sugar content; non- "sticky"
type of diet
Frequency of carbohydrates
High sugar frequency resulting
in longer time per day with low
pH
Low sugar frequency
Saliva secretion
Reduced saliva flow leading to
prolonged sugar clearance time
and to a reduced amount of
other saliva protective systems
Optimal, helps to wash out
sugars and acids
Saliva buffer capacity
Low buffer capacity resulting in
prolonged time with low pH
Optimal, time with low pH
shorter
Fluorides
Absent: reduced
remineralization
Available: increased
remineralization
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam
19. Acidogenic Theory (Miller, 1882)
Most believe bacterial acids decalcify enamel first then remove enamel proteins.
Miller, recognized two stages in the carious process:
1( decalcification of enamel,
2( dissolution of protein enamel matrix.
Decalcification of enamel, the first step in the process, was, Miller believed, caused by
metabolism of carbohydrate food residues by microorganisms.
Proteolytic Theory
A few believe that bacteria first attack enamel proteins then decalcify enamel.
The idea here is that Keratinolytic bacterial first invade malformations commonly found
in enamel. The most common of these are incompletely calcified occlusal grooves and
protein lamellae that extend through the entire enamel thickness in some teeth. As
bacterial acids accumulate in these sites, surrounding protein is destroyed exposing
calcified enamel to bacterial acids.
Proteolysis-Chelation Theory (Schatz and Martin, 1962)
They suggested that. Proteolytic breakdown of the protein of enamel releases chelating
agents that dissolve the mineral content of Enamel
Monday, January 20, 2014Dr. Wael Swelam