This document discusses the epidemiology and prevention of dental caries. It defines dental caries as an infectious disease caused by bacteria that leads to destruction of tooth enamel. Key factors that influence the development of caries include diet high in fermentable carbohydrates, poor oral hygiene, and the presence of cariogenic bacteria like Streptococcus mutans. Historically, developed nations had higher rates of caries due to diets high in refined sugars, while developing nations had lower rates. Prevention strategies aim to reduce bacterial levels, neutralize acid production, and remineralize early lesions through improved hygiene, fluoride treatments, and other antimicrobial approaches.