Dental caries, also known as tooth decay, is one of the most common health problems worldwide. It is caused by bacteria in the mouth that produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel. There are five stages of tooth decay. Cavities start small but can grow larger and deeper if not treated, potentially leading to tooth pain, infection, and loss. Regular dental visits and proper brushing and flossing can help prevent cavities. Treatment options depend on the stage of decay and include options like fillings, root canals, or tooth extractions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Saliva plays an important role in oral health by forming a protective coating, regulating pH, and providing minerals that strengthen teeth. Reduced saliva flow can be caused by radiation, certain drugs, or illness and increases the risk of dental caries. For patients with dry mouth, conservative measures like drinking water and avoiding irritants can help. Stimulating saliva production with gum or lozenges and using saliva substitutes can also relieve symptoms. Close dental monitoring and preventive strategies like excellent plaque control, fluoride use, and chlorhexidine application are needed to manage caries risk.
This document provides information on the etiology and classification of dental caries. It discusses the multifactorial nature of caries, involving bacteria, susceptible tooth surfaces, and diet playing major roles. It describes theories of caries development including Miller's chemoparasitic theory involving acid production by bacteria leading to demineralization. It also discusses host factors like tooth composition, plaque, diet and its effects on bacteria, the role of time and saliva, and systemic and genetic factors in caries development and susceptibility.
Dental fluorosis is a defect caused by excessive fluoride intake during tooth development in children under 8 years old. It results in hypomineralization and porosity of the enamel. The severity depends on the fluoride dose and can range from white flecks to pitting and brown stains. It is diagnosed using the Dean Index. While fluorosis cannot be reversed, mild cases require no treatment and more severe cases can be improved through procedures like bonding, veneers or crowns. Prevention focuses on reducing fluoride intake from sources like water, toothpaste and supplements.
Fluoride is a mineral that is naturally present in varying amounts in water sources. Studies from the early 20th century found correlations between fluoride levels in water and rates of dental caries as well as dental fluorosis. This led to further research demonstrating that optimal levels of fluoride in community water supplies could reduce rates of dental caries. Several large-scale studies in the 1940s-1960s provided strong evidence that water fluoridation at levels around 1 part per million can reduce dental caries by around 25% on average. Fluoride works both systemically during tooth development before eruption and topically on tooth surfaces after eruption to strengthen enamel and make it more resistant to decay.
Lec 10, 11 level 4-de (biochemistry of teeth, saliva and dental caries)dream10f
This document discusses the biochemistry of teeth, saliva, and dental caries. It describes the composition and functions of saliva, including its role in buffering, digestion, mineralization, and lubrication. The document outlines the major inorganic and organic components of teeth, such as hydroxyapatite crystals, collagen, enamel proteins, and dentin proteins. It also discusses the role of saliva and its components like mucins, amylase, and immunoglobulins in protecting teeth and maintaining oral health.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Saliva plays an important role in oral health by forming a protective coating, regulating pH, and providing minerals that strengthen teeth. Reduced saliva flow can be caused by radiation, certain drugs, or illness and increases the risk of dental caries. For patients with dry mouth, conservative measures like drinking water and avoiding irritants can help. Stimulating saliva production with gum or lozenges and using saliva substitutes can also relieve symptoms. Close dental monitoring and preventive strategies like excellent plaque control, fluoride use, and chlorhexidine application are needed to manage caries risk.
This document provides information on the etiology and classification of dental caries. It discusses the multifactorial nature of caries, involving bacteria, susceptible tooth surfaces, and diet playing major roles. It describes theories of caries development including Miller's chemoparasitic theory involving acid production by bacteria leading to demineralization. It also discusses host factors like tooth composition, plaque, diet and its effects on bacteria, the role of time and saliva, and systemic and genetic factors in caries development and susceptibility.
Dental fluorosis is a defect caused by excessive fluoride intake during tooth development in children under 8 years old. It results in hypomineralization and porosity of the enamel. The severity depends on the fluoride dose and can range from white flecks to pitting and brown stains. It is diagnosed using the Dean Index. While fluorosis cannot be reversed, mild cases require no treatment and more severe cases can be improved through procedures like bonding, veneers or crowns. Prevention focuses on reducing fluoride intake from sources like water, toothpaste and supplements.
Fluoride is a mineral that is naturally present in varying amounts in water sources. Studies from the early 20th century found correlations between fluoride levels in water and rates of dental caries as well as dental fluorosis. This led to further research demonstrating that optimal levels of fluoride in community water supplies could reduce rates of dental caries. Several large-scale studies in the 1940s-1960s provided strong evidence that water fluoridation at levels around 1 part per million can reduce dental caries by around 25% on average. Fluoride works both systemically during tooth development before eruption and topically on tooth surfaces after eruption to strengthen enamel and make it more resistant to decay.
Lec 10, 11 level 4-de (biochemistry of teeth, saliva and dental caries)dream10f
This document discusses the biochemistry of teeth, saliva, and dental caries. It describes the composition and functions of saliva, including its role in buffering, digestion, mineralization, and lubrication. The document outlines the major inorganic and organic components of teeth, such as hydroxyapatite crystals, collagen, enamel proteins, and dentin proteins. It also discusses the role of saliva and its components like mucins, amylase, and immunoglobulins in protecting teeth and maintaining oral health.
This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its history, epidemiology, classification, etiology, histogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the evolution of dental caries throughout history from ancient civilizations to modern times. Key points include that dental caries is caused by bacteria in the mouth, affects most people worldwide, and has been found in human remains from 25,000 years ago. The document also provides various ways of classifying dental caries based on location, progression, extent, rate, age pattern, and number of tooth surfaces involved.
Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in Malaysians
Kannan et al.
JOE — Volume 41, Number 3, March 2015
Pulp stones are discrete calcified bodies found in the dental pulp.
They have calcium phosphorous ratios similar to dentin and can be seen in healthy, diseased, or even unerupted teeth
Radiographically, pulp stones appear as radiopaque structures in the pulp space that frequently act as an impediment during endodontic treatment
The document provides an overview of saliva, including its historical significance, composition, functions, and regulation. Some key points:
- Saliva has several functions including lubricating food, aiding taste and digestion, protecting teeth and mouth, and regulating pH.
- It is produced by major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) and minor oral glands.
- Both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves regulate salivary secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation increasing watery flow and sympathetic decreasing thick, mucus-rich flow.
- Saliva has digestive, protective, excretory and other roles important for oral and overall health.
Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering the roots of teeth that provides attachment for collagen fibers linking the tooth to surrounding bone. It begins at the cementoenamel junction and continues along the root to the apex. Cementum is avascular and less hard than dentin. It contains both inorganic minerals and organic materials including collagen. Cementoblast cells synthesize cementum by laying down an organic matrix that subsequently mineralizes. Cementum thickness varies along the root and increases with age. It provides for functional adaptation and resistance to resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.
Aging is a continuous, detrimental, and innate phenomenon in an organism. It is a time-related process, which happens in a constant and steady manner right from birth and continues till death. Ageing is seen in teeth as well like other parts of body
Antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. They work by donating electrons to unstable free radicals to make them stable. Common antioxidants include vitamins A, C, E, and minerals like selenium and zinc. Antioxidants may help prevent diseases like cancer and periodontal disease by neutralizing free radicals produced through inflammation and metabolism. While antioxidants have benefits, high doses of certain antioxidants like beta-carotene and vitamin A can increase health risks. Lycopene is an antioxidant found in tomatoes that may help treat oral conditions like leukoplakia and mouth sores.
This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its:
- History from ancient fossils to modern concepts
- Definitions from various sources
- Etiology and theories about its causes including microbial, chemical, and proteolytic theories
- Classification and factors related to susceptibility in the host like tooth morphology, position, and composition
THEORIES OF ERUPTION
ERUPTION SEQUENCE
PHYSIOLOGY OF TOOTH ERUPTION
CELLULAR BASIS
MOLECULAR BASIS
PRODUCTION OF OSTEOCLAST
ANOMOLIES OF TOOTH ERUPTION
The document discusses the toxicity and hazards of mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. It notes that amalgam fillings are 50% mercury and their removal can generate mercury vapors which are inhaled or ingested. It outlines the various ways mercury is released during dental procedures and the toxic effects it can have on the body. The document provides recommendations for dental offices to reduce mercury exposure through improved ventilation, equipment, hygiene practices and waste disposal. It also discusses alternatives to dental amalgam like mercury-free alloys and treatments for mercury toxicity like chelation therapy.
This document discusses various theories of tooth eruption and the phases of tooth eruption. It summarizes six main theories of tooth eruption: root elongation theory, bone remodeling theory, periodontal ligament contraction theory, hydrostatic pressure theory, pulp constriction theory, and dental follicle theory. It states that the periodontal ligament contraction theory, whereby fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament contract to apply an axial force, is the most widely accepted. It also outlines the three phases of tooth eruption: pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases.
This document provides an overview of tooth discoloration. It begins with definitions of tooth discoloration and discusses factors that affect tooth color like age and lighting conditions. It then classifies tooth discoloration based on location (intrinsic vs extrinsic) and cause. Intrinsic discoloration occurs internally and can be from genetic disorders, medications, or pulpal issues. Extrinsic discoloration is on tooth surfaces and caused by things like staining, poor hygiene, or restorations. Common types of intrinsic discoloration discussed include amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, and porphyrias which affect tooth development and cause discolored teeth. Treatment depends on the specific cause and location of the
Cleidocranial dysplasia is a genetic condition characterized by incomplete penetrance that primarily affects the skull, clavicles, and dentition. Key features include a brachycephalic skull with sunken sutures and depressed nasal bridge, absence or malformation of clavicles causing shoulders to meet in the midline, retained primary teeth and delayed permanent tooth eruption, and supernumerary teeth. Radiographs show open skull sutures, absence or malformation of clavicles, and dental anomalies. Diagnosis is based on the shoulder meeting in the midline and dental and skeletal features. Management focuses on dental care including extraction of supernumerary teeth while skull and clavicle anomalies require no
This document provides an overview of dentin, including:
- A brief history of discoveries related to dentin structure.
- Dentinogenesis, the process of dentin formation carried out by odontoblasts. Primary dentin formation beneath the enamel and root dentin formation are described.
- The physical properties, chemical composition, and structural components of dentin including dentinal tubules, predentin, peritubular and intertubular dentin.
- Features such as von Ebner's lines, lines of Schreger, and contour lines of Owen which represent incremental growth patterns in dentin.
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary condition that affects the development of dental enamel. There are three main types - hypoplastic, hypocalcified, and hypomaturation. The enamel is either not fully formed, not properly mineralized, or does not mature correctly. Treatment depends on the specific type but can include preventative care with sealants, bonding, crowns, veneers, and in severe cases, full coverage restorations. Managing the condition over many years using various techniques can lead to excellent functional and aesthetic outcomes.
This document summarizes the microbiology of dental caries. It defines caries as a chronic infection caused by normal oral bacteria metabolizing dietary carbohydrates. The main causative microbes are Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. Caries develops when acids produced by these bacteria in dental plaque demineralize enamel. Prevention focuses on reducing sugars, increasing fluoride, sealing pits/fissures, and controlling cariogenic bacteria through antimicrobials like chlorhexidine or replacement with probiotics.
Fluoride reduces dental caries through multiple mechanisms including:
1) Incorporation into tooth enamel and dentin during development and after eruption, making the tooth structure less soluble in acid.
2) Interacting with the bacterial enzymes and metabolic processes that produce acid in dental plaque, reducing acid production.
3) Promoting remineralization of enamel and dentin that have been demineralized by acid from plaque bacteria.
The periodontal ligament is a connective tissue that connects the tooth to the alveolar bone. It contains collagen fibers, fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts and other cells. The principal collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament originate on the cementum and insert into the alveolar bone in different orientations to provide structural support to the tooth and resist various forces. The periodontal ligament is essential for functions such as tooth eruption and maintains the space between the tooth and bone.
Dental caries is caused by an interaction between fermentable carbohydrates, bacteria in dental plaque, and susceptible tooth surfaces over time. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species in plaque produce acid as they metabolize carbohydrates, lowering the pH and demineralizing enamel. Factors like restoration of teeth, diet, saliva, age, and fluoride exposure influence caries risk. Caries was historically attributed to worms or humors but is now understood as a chemicoparasitic process initiated by acid from plaque bacteria.
Hypercementosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of cementum on tooth roots. It can be localized, affecting a single tooth due to conditions like periapical osteitis, or generalized, affecting many teeth as an age-related factor or due to diseases like Paget's disease of bone. Radiographically, it appears as thickening and blunting of roots with a bulbous or irregular apex. Diagnosis is clinical based on the bulbous root appearance. Treatment focuses on managing any underlying primary causes.
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a major public health problem affecting children worldwide. It is caused by an interaction of bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates, and susceptible tooth structure. Risk factors include bottle feeding practices, lack of oral hygiene, and socioeconomic status. ECC begins as white spot lesions on maxillary incisors and can progress rapidly without treatment. Prevention involves reducing sugar intake, brushing with fluoride toothpaste, and dental care.
The document summarizes strategies for controlling dental caries, including fluoride treatment, reducing sugary food consumption, applying pit and fissure sealants, caries vaccination, and maintaining good oral hygiene. It describes the stages of dental caries, provides details on various fluoride treatment methods, and emphasizes reducing sugary snacks and drinks, increasing anticariogenic foods, and the benefits of pit and fissure sealants. The document also discusses caries vaccination routes and maintaining oral hygiene through regular brushing, flossing, and dental visits.
This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its history, epidemiology, classification, etiology, histogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the evolution of dental caries throughout history from ancient civilizations to modern times. Key points include that dental caries is caused by bacteria in the mouth, affects most people worldwide, and has been found in human remains from 25,000 years ago. The document also provides various ways of classifying dental caries based on location, progression, extent, rate, age pattern, and number of tooth surfaces involved.
Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in Malaysians
Kannan et al.
JOE — Volume 41, Number 3, March 2015
Pulp stones are discrete calcified bodies found in the dental pulp.
They have calcium phosphorous ratios similar to dentin and can be seen in healthy, diseased, or even unerupted teeth
Radiographically, pulp stones appear as radiopaque structures in the pulp space that frequently act as an impediment during endodontic treatment
The document provides an overview of saliva, including its historical significance, composition, functions, and regulation. Some key points:
- Saliva has several functions including lubricating food, aiding taste and digestion, protecting teeth and mouth, and regulating pH.
- It is produced by major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) and minor oral glands.
- Both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves regulate salivary secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation increasing watery flow and sympathetic decreasing thick, mucus-rich flow.
- Saliva has digestive, protective, excretory and other roles important for oral and overall health.
Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering the roots of teeth that provides attachment for collagen fibers linking the tooth to surrounding bone. It begins at the cementoenamel junction and continues along the root to the apex. Cementum is avascular and less hard than dentin. It contains both inorganic minerals and organic materials including collagen. Cementoblast cells synthesize cementum by laying down an organic matrix that subsequently mineralizes. Cementum thickness varies along the root and increases with age. It provides for functional adaptation and resistance to resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.
Aging is a continuous, detrimental, and innate phenomenon in an organism. It is a time-related process, which happens in a constant and steady manner right from birth and continues till death. Ageing is seen in teeth as well like other parts of body
Antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. They work by donating electrons to unstable free radicals to make them stable. Common antioxidants include vitamins A, C, E, and minerals like selenium and zinc. Antioxidants may help prevent diseases like cancer and periodontal disease by neutralizing free radicals produced through inflammation and metabolism. While antioxidants have benefits, high doses of certain antioxidants like beta-carotene and vitamin A can increase health risks. Lycopene is an antioxidant found in tomatoes that may help treat oral conditions like leukoplakia and mouth sores.
This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its:
- History from ancient fossils to modern concepts
- Definitions from various sources
- Etiology and theories about its causes including microbial, chemical, and proteolytic theories
- Classification and factors related to susceptibility in the host like tooth morphology, position, and composition
THEORIES OF ERUPTION
ERUPTION SEQUENCE
PHYSIOLOGY OF TOOTH ERUPTION
CELLULAR BASIS
MOLECULAR BASIS
PRODUCTION OF OSTEOCLAST
ANOMOLIES OF TOOTH ERUPTION
The document discusses the toxicity and hazards of mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. It notes that amalgam fillings are 50% mercury and their removal can generate mercury vapors which are inhaled or ingested. It outlines the various ways mercury is released during dental procedures and the toxic effects it can have on the body. The document provides recommendations for dental offices to reduce mercury exposure through improved ventilation, equipment, hygiene practices and waste disposal. It also discusses alternatives to dental amalgam like mercury-free alloys and treatments for mercury toxicity like chelation therapy.
This document discusses various theories of tooth eruption and the phases of tooth eruption. It summarizes six main theories of tooth eruption: root elongation theory, bone remodeling theory, periodontal ligament contraction theory, hydrostatic pressure theory, pulp constriction theory, and dental follicle theory. It states that the periodontal ligament contraction theory, whereby fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament contract to apply an axial force, is the most widely accepted. It also outlines the three phases of tooth eruption: pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases.
This document provides an overview of tooth discoloration. It begins with definitions of tooth discoloration and discusses factors that affect tooth color like age and lighting conditions. It then classifies tooth discoloration based on location (intrinsic vs extrinsic) and cause. Intrinsic discoloration occurs internally and can be from genetic disorders, medications, or pulpal issues. Extrinsic discoloration is on tooth surfaces and caused by things like staining, poor hygiene, or restorations. Common types of intrinsic discoloration discussed include amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, and porphyrias which affect tooth development and cause discolored teeth. Treatment depends on the specific cause and location of the
Cleidocranial dysplasia is a genetic condition characterized by incomplete penetrance that primarily affects the skull, clavicles, and dentition. Key features include a brachycephalic skull with sunken sutures and depressed nasal bridge, absence or malformation of clavicles causing shoulders to meet in the midline, retained primary teeth and delayed permanent tooth eruption, and supernumerary teeth. Radiographs show open skull sutures, absence or malformation of clavicles, and dental anomalies. Diagnosis is based on the shoulder meeting in the midline and dental and skeletal features. Management focuses on dental care including extraction of supernumerary teeth while skull and clavicle anomalies require no
This document provides an overview of dentin, including:
- A brief history of discoveries related to dentin structure.
- Dentinogenesis, the process of dentin formation carried out by odontoblasts. Primary dentin formation beneath the enamel and root dentin formation are described.
- The physical properties, chemical composition, and structural components of dentin including dentinal tubules, predentin, peritubular and intertubular dentin.
- Features such as von Ebner's lines, lines of Schreger, and contour lines of Owen which represent incremental growth patterns in dentin.
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary condition that affects the development of dental enamel. There are three main types - hypoplastic, hypocalcified, and hypomaturation. The enamel is either not fully formed, not properly mineralized, or does not mature correctly. Treatment depends on the specific type but can include preventative care with sealants, bonding, crowns, veneers, and in severe cases, full coverage restorations. Managing the condition over many years using various techniques can lead to excellent functional and aesthetic outcomes.
This document summarizes the microbiology of dental caries. It defines caries as a chronic infection caused by normal oral bacteria metabolizing dietary carbohydrates. The main causative microbes are Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. Caries develops when acids produced by these bacteria in dental plaque demineralize enamel. Prevention focuses on reducing sugars, increasing fluoride, sealing pits/fissures, and controlling cariogenic bacteria through antimicrobials like chlorhexidine or replacement with probiotics.
Fluoride reduces dental caries through multiple mechanisms including:
1) Incorporation into tooth enamel and dentin during development and after eruption, making the tooth structure less soluble in acid.
2) Interacting with the bacterial enzymes and metabolic processes that produce acid in dental plaque, reducing acid production.
3) Promoting remineralization of enamel and dentin that have been demineralized by acid from plaque bacteria.
The periodontal ligament is a connective tissue that connects the tooth to the alveolar bone. It contains collagen fibers, fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts and other cells. The principal collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament originate on the cementum and insert into the alveolar bone in different orientations to provide structural support to the tooth and resist various forces. The periodontal ligament is essential for functions such as tooth eruption and maintains the space between the tooth and bone.
Dental caries is caused by an interaction between fermentable carbohydrates, bacteria in dental plaque, and susceptible tooth surfaces over time. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species in plaque produce acid as they metabolize carbohydrates, lowering the pH and demineralizing enamel. Factors like restoration of teeth, diet, saliva, age, and fluoride exposure influence caries risk. Caries was historically attributed to worms or humors but is now understood as a chemicoparasitic process initiated by acid from plaque bacteria.
Hypercementosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of cementum on tooth roots. It can be localized, affecting a single tooth due to conditions like periapical osteitis, or generalized, affecting many teeth as an age-related factor or due to diseases like Paget's disease of bone. Radiographically, it appears as thickening and blunting of roots with a bulbous or irregular apex. Diagnosis is clinical based on the bulbous root appearance. Treatment focuses on managing any underlying primary causes.
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a major public health problem affecting children worldwide. It is caused by an interaction of bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates, and susceptible tooth structure. Risk factors include bottle feeding practices, lack of oral hygiene, and socioeconomic status. ECC begins as white spot lesions on maxillary incisors and can progress rapidly without treatment. Prevention involves reducing sugar intake, brushing with fluoride toothpaste, and dental care.
The document summarizes strategies for controlling dental caries, including fluoride treatment, reducing sugary food consumption, applying pit and fissure sealants, caries vaccination, and maintaining good oral hygiene. It describes the stages of dental caries, provides details on various fluoride treatment methods, and emphasizes reducing sugary snacks and drinks, increasing anticariogenic foods, and the benefits of pit and fissure sealants. The document also discusses caries vaccination routes and maintaining oral hygiene through regular brushing, flossing, and dental visits.
The document discusses modern trends in minimal intervention dentistry. It begins by discussing how Black's traditional "drill and fill" approach is being replaced by a more conservative and biological approach that focuses on remineralization and prevention over surgical removal of tooth structure. Key aspects of minimal intervention dentistry include accurate diagnosis, assessing caries risk, controlling the disease, and repairing restorations when possible rather than replacement. The document then discusses diagnostic tools and approaches used in minimal intervention dentistry such as digital radiography, subtraction radiography, and computer image analysis that allow for more precise diagnosis and monitoring of caries.
Dental caries, also known as tooth decay, is caused by certain types of acid-producing bacteria in the mouth that damage tooth structures when fermentable carbohydrates like sugar are present. It can lead to pain, tooth loss, infection, and in severe cases, death. While early signs may include white spots on teeth, untreated caries will form cavities. Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, frequent sugar consumption, dry mouth, and tobacco use. Treatment involves removing decay, restoring teeth, or extracting severely damaged teeth to prevent further destruction and infection. Preventive measures include proper brushing, flossing, limiting sugar intake, dental sealants, and fluoride therapy.
Tooth decay, also known as dental caries is an epidemic, microbiological contagious disease of the teeth that ends in localized dissolution and damage of the calcified structure of the teeth. ... The time factor is significant for the commencement and development of caries in teeth.
Dental caries is caused by the interaction of four main factors: the tooth, dental plaque, diet, and time. Dental plaque is a soft biofilm containing bacteria like Streptococcus mutans that produce acid from sugars in the diet, causing demineralization of tooth enamel and leading to cavities. Diet plays a key role, as frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates like sucrose promotes acid production. Other factors like saliva, fluoride, socioeconomic status, and education can also influence risk. Dental caries is diagnosed visually, tactilely, and radiographically and can be classified based on location, extent, and rate of progression. Prevention focuses on reducing sugar intake, maintaining oral hygiene to
Dental caries is caused by bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize sugars, producing acids that demineralize tooth enamel over time. The main bacteria involved are Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli. For caries to initiate and progress, multiple factors are involved, including diet, fluoride intake, oral hygiene, and saliva. Early lesions may be arrested, but more advanced lesions may not remineralize. Clinical examination involves inspecting wet and dry tooth surfaces under adequate lighting. Radiographs can aid in diagnosis but may not detect very early lesions. Assessing caries risk factors helps determine a patient's risk of future decay and guides preventive treatment and education. Managing high-risk patients
This document summarizes a study that compared the effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes in preventing dental decay. The study reviewed 4 eligible studies and found that pit and fissure sealants were more effective than fluoride varnishes at preventing decay based on results from one high-quality split-mouth study and one cluster-randomized study. However, the results could not be combined due to clinical and methodological differences between the studies. In conclusion, pit and fissure sealants were shown to be more effective than fluoride varnishes for preventing decay on occlusal surfaces.
Dentistry is the branch of medicine involving the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases of the oral cavity. Dentists and their supporting team provide oral health services and specialize in areas like endodontics, orthodontics, and periodontics. Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms naturally on teeth and can lead to issues like gingivitis and tooth decay if not removed regularly. Calculus is hardened dental plaque that is too difficult to remove with a toothbrush and requires professional removal. Tooth decay damages tooth structure through bacterial processes and is prevented through proper brushing, flossing, and cleanings.
Dental caries is caused by acid-forming bacteria in dental plaque that metabolize fermentable carbohydrates. The process involves alternating periods of demineralization and remineralization of tooth enamel based on the pH level in the mouth. Streptococcus mutans is the primary cariogenic bacteria. Risk factors include frequent sugar consumption, poor oral hygiene, fluoride deficiency, and low saliva flow. Caries can be detected clinically, radiographically, and newer methods involving electrical resistance, light illumination, and digital imaging. Remineralization through fluoride and controlling bacteria and diet can prevent or reverse early caries.
This document discusses pediatric dentistry and early childhood caries. It defines early childhood caries as caries affecting primary teeth within a month of eruption that spreads rapidly. Risk factors include prolonged bottle feeding with sugary liquids, acidogenic bacteria, poor oral hygiene, and a cariogenic diet. Treatment involves comprehensive restorative care including provisional restorations, diet assessment, oral hygiene instruction, and home/professional fluoride therapy. The goal is to control the disease through emergency treatment, operative restoration and extractions, and ongoing preventive care and education.
This document provides an overview of common dental diseases and conditions. It discusses periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis, tooth decay caused by bacteria breaking down sugars, mouth odor from bacterial breakdown, sensitive teeth due to enamel damage, and oral cancer which has a high rate of occurrence in India linked to use of paan masala and gutka. It also mentions noma which affects children in Africa, congenital tooth anomalies, oral trauma, dental erosion, dry mouth, and the role of diet and oral hygiene in prevention. Dentifrices and oral care products are mentioned as tools to promote oral health.
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease caused by an interaction between cariogenic microbes, susceptible tooth surfaces, and fermentable carbohydrates. The document summarizes the epidemiology of dental caries globally and in Nepal. It describes that dental caries prevalence has decreased in western countries but increased in developing nations. In Nepal, 58% of children ages 5-6 have caries and 64% of adults have tooth decay. Environmental factors like climate, fluoride levels, and socioeconomic status also impact caries rates between different geographic locations.
Dental caries and periodontal diseases.pptFyslZargary
1. Dental plaque is a biofilm that develops on teeth and comprises living and dead bacteria and their products embedded in an organic matrix. The microbial composition of plaque varies between individuals and locations in the mouth.
2. Gingivitis is a reversible form of periodontal disease caused by dental plaque. It involves inflammation of the gingiva without loss of attachment to the tooth. The gingiva become red, swollen and bleed easily but are not painful. Early plaque is dominated by streptococci while established lesions contain increased levels of anaerobic bacteria like Porphyromonas and Prevotella.
3. Dental caries is caused by acid-producing plaque bacteria metabolizing ferment
Epidemiology and prevention of Dental cariesShiji Antony
This document discusses the epidemiology and prevention of dental caries. It defines dental caries as an infectious disease caused by bacteria that leads to destruction of tooth enamel. Key factors that influence the development of caries include diet high in fermentable carbohydrates, poor oral hygiene, and the presence of cariogenic bacteria like Streptococcus mutans. Historically, developed nations had higher rates of caries due to diets high in refined sugars, while developing nations had lower rates. Prevention strategies aim to reduce bacterial levels, neutralize acid production, and remineralize early lesions through improved hygiene, fluoride treatments, and other antimicrobial approaches.
The document discusses dental cavities, including what they are, how they form, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Cavities are holes in teeth caused by tooth decay from bacteria in the mouth interacting with sugars. They start small in the enamel and get deeper over time. Risk factors include diet, saliva flow, and genetics. Cavities are often diagnosed through dental exams and X-rays. Treatment focuses on prevention through diet and hygiene, remineralization of small cavities, and restoration of larger cavities with fillings or other procedures.
This document discusses various oral health conditions and their treatment through cosmeceutical formulations. It summarizes dental caries (cavities), causes like plaque and sugar leading to acid formation and symptoms like spots and holes. Diagnosis is visual exam and x-rays. Prevention focuses on fluoride toothpaste, limiting sugar and dental visits. Treatment includes fillings, crowns, root canals, or extractions. It also summarizes gingivitis and periodontitis caused by plaque, symptoms like bleeding gums, and treatments like cleanings, medications, surgery, and grafts. Mouth odor is discussed, often caused by plaque, and treated by improving oral hygiene and using antimicrobial mouthwashes. Sensitive
Dental caries is a localized pathological process caused by an imbalance between demineralization and remineralization of teeth. It requires the presence of acid-producing bacteria, dietary substrate, and host factors. Early childhood caries and rampant caries can develop when children consume sugary foods and drinks frequently, especially at bedtime. While caries can progress to cavitation if left untreated, remineralization is possible if the oral environment becomes favorable again through reduced bacteria and increased protective factors like fluoride and saliva. Dental caries risk depends on multiple factors and can be assessed using tools like Cariogram to help predict future disease.
Dental caries is a progressive bacterial disease that causes damage to teeth. It is caused by bacteria in dental plaque that produce acid by fermenting sugars from the diet. This acid causes demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth decay, pain, and potentially serious systemic infections.
Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, is an infection caused by bacteria that causes demineralization and destruction of the hard tissues of the teeth. It results from the production of acid by bacterial fermentation of food debris accumulated on the tooth surface. If demineralization exceeds remineralization factors like saliva and fluoride, the hard tissues of the teeth break down, producing cavities. Globally, over 2.3 billion people suffer from dental caries of permanent teeth and more than 530 million children suffer from dental caries of primary teeth. Prevention focuses on proper oral hygiene through brushing and flossing, a diet low in sugars, dental sealants, fluoride, and
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Biochemistry of dental caries
1. {
OF DENTAL
CARIES
Presented By :
Gunjan Singh (29)
Shreya Singh (86)
Shristy Dubey (87)
Srishti Swaraj (92)
Srishti Verma (93)
Under The Guidance Of Dr. Alka Yadu
6. Cavities and tooth decay are
among the world's most common
health problems. They're
especially common in children,
teenagers and older adults. But
anyone who has teeth can get
cavities, including infants.
If cavities aren't treated, they get
larger and affect deeper layers of
your teeth. They can lead to a
severe toothache, infection and
tooth loss. Regular dental visits
and good brushing and flossing
habits are your best protection
against cavities and tooth decay.
7. STAGES OF TOOTH DECAY
Did you know there are five distinct stages of tooth
decay? And, that in the first stage of decay, you can
actually take steps to reverse the progression of the
disease? Indeed, it’s true. In the first stage of decay,
whether you’re a child or an adult, the application
of fluoride via fluoride treatments, your toothpaste
and even the local water supply can stop a cavity
from penetrating through the enamel and reaching
its second stage. Even the saliva in your mouth and
the foods you eat help to re-mineralize a tooth in
jeopardy. But that’s just the first stage! What about
the rest?
14. The development of carious lesion requires
the presence of the bacteria Streptococcus
mutans.
This is generally seen in the oral mucosa and
in dental plaque.
When there is a decrease in saliva flow, the
pH of the plaque drops, allowing the acid
tolerant bacteria like S. mutans to proliferate.
S. mutans forms dextran and causes a sticky
plaque, trapping bacteria, calcium and
phosphate ions.
Microbial Organisms Cause Caries
15. Sucrose is a low molecular weight
disaccharide that can be rapidly metabolized
by the plaque flora.
A sucrose high diet favours the growth of
bacteria that has an enzyme (a
glucosyltransferase), which transfers glucose
units from sucrose to the dextran polymer.
The bacteria in plaque metabolizes fructose from
the sucrose to lactate , and this acid causes a drop
in pH that dissolves the minerals in the teeth.
Sucrose and Caries
16. Even though sugars and poor oral hygiene
are major causes of caries.
In adults, chewing of tobacco and
exposure to lead, cadmium (metals that
can replace calcium) are implicated in the
genesis of caries.
Excess iodine is found to be able to
penetrate enamel, dental pulp and
periodontal tissues.
Other Causes Of Dental Caries
23. Conc. of IgA in saliva ∝ 1/Dental Caries
Lysozyme, lactoperoxidase & lactoferrin in saliva
have a direct antibacterial action on plaque.
Salivary proteins could increase the thickness of the
acquired pellicle & help to retard the movement of Ca
& phosphate ion out of enamel.
The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system,
ammonia & urea constituents of saliva act as
buffer.
Dry Mouth : Home for
Caries
24.
25. Intake of 2.4 microgram fluoride per day leads to
decrease in the incidence of dental caries.
Several possible mechanisms are postulated, which
include:
a.) Effect on hard tissued to modulate mineralization,
demineralization and remineralization.
b.) Effect of cariogenic bacteria by altering their
metabolism.
c.) Effect on soft tissues to modify the development of
teeth.
Fluoride Rich Toothpaste is
Highly Recommended
26.
27. Arginine, a common amino
acid found in saliva is broken
down by oral plaque bacteria
to acid neutralizing base.
Production of ammonia by oral
bacteria can positively
influence the balance between
remineralization and
demineralization of the tooth
and may help to prevent the
emergence of a cariogenic
microflora.
Therefore, the capacity of oral
biofilms to generate alkali
appears to be a major caries
inhibiting factor.
Arginine
28. Wolinsky et al. investigated the
inhibitory effects of aqueous
extracts from Neem (Azadirachta
indica) upon bacterial aggregation,
growth and adhesion to
hydroxyapatite and production of
insoluble glycan, which may
effect in vitro plaque formation.
Neem dental care products
contains Neem leaf or bark
extract. Neem leaf is rich in
antioxidants and helps to boost
the immune response in gums
and tissues of the mouth. Neem
offers a good remedy for curing
mouth ulcers, tooth decay and
acts as a pain reliever in toothache
problems.
Neem
29. Various components of green & black
tea have anticariogenic activity. These
include a direct bactericidal effect
against S.mutans & S.sobrinus,
prevention of bacterial adherence to
teeth, inhibition of glucosyl transferase ,
thus limiting the biosynthesis of sticky
glucan, inhibition of human and
bacterial amylases.
Ferrazzano et al. concluded that the
anticariogenic effect against hemolytic
streptococci by polyphenols from
cocoa, coffee & tea suggest further
possible application of these beverages
in the prevention & pathogenesis of
dental caries.
Tea
30. Cow’s milk contains lactose which is
the least cariogenic of all
monosaccharides & disaccharides.
It also contains calcium phosphate
& casein which prevents
demineralization of enamel.
Antibacterial factors in milk may
interfere with the oral microbial
flora.
Cheese contains casein
phosphopeptides (CPP) which make
it anticariogenic. So, a cube of
cheese consumed after a sugary
snack reduces demineralization. It
also stimulates the salivary flow.
Milk & Cheese
31. Propolis is a natural beehive product
which has also shown antibacterial
activity against S.mutans & S.sobrinus
in vitro.
Propolis extract when used as a
mouthwash exhibits an in vivo
antimicrobial activity against
S.mutans and might be used as an
alternative measure to prevent dental
caries.
Topical applications of chemically
characterized propolis extracts have
also been shown to be highly
effective in reducing the incidence &
severity of smooth surface & sulcal
caries.
Propolis
32. Patients who are at high risk for
dental caries are recommended
to chew xylitol gums for 5 to 30
minutes after eating of
snacking.
Advantages of chewing xylitol
gum are :
a. Increases salivary flow.
b. Enhances mineralization.
c. Prevents S.mutans from
binding to sucrose.
d. Bacteriostatic (as they are non
fermentable).
Xylitol
33. 1. LASERS
Recent research has shown that Carbon dioxide lasers can be efficiently
absorbed by tooth minerals and rapidly transformed into heat to form a
ceramic like surface that is highly resistant to acid attack.
2. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
Attempts are being made to create strains of S.mutans that lack lactate
dehydrogenase enzyme which is responsible for production of lactic acid. This
will prevent the development of caries.
Another attempt is to produce microorganisms capable of destroying S.mutans.
One such organism is Lactobacillus zeae.
3. GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS
Scientists have developed genetically modified fruits to protect us against
tooth decay. They interfere with the enzymatic pathways of S.mutans and
prevent their binding onto tooth surfaces.
4. POLYMERIC COATINGS
A new technology is under investigation to develop a thin polymeric coating
over tooth surfaces which would increase the resistance of tooth to dental
caries.
Advance Methods Of Caries
Prevention
34.
35. Root canal treatment is a treatment sequence for the
infected pulp of a tooth which results in the elimination of
infection and the protection of the decontaminated tooth
from future microbial invasion.
Root Canal Treatment
36. Chemo mechanical caries removal is a non
invasive technique eliminating infected
dentin via a chemical agent.
This process not only removes infected
tissues, it also preserves healthy dental
structure, avoiding pulp irritation and
patient discomfort.
Restoration of cavities prepared by this
technique requires materials such as
composite resins or glass ionomer which
bind to the dentin surface rather than
materials such as amalgams which involve
cutting a cavity designed to mechanically
retain.
It has following advantages over traditional
drilling :
• Less perception of pain, leads to less
discomfort to patients especially children.
• Removes only infected layer & leads to more
tissue preservation.
Chemomechanical Caries Removal
37. Recently, ozone has been proposed as a
preventive mode for caries. Ozone
treatment has shown to eliminate bacteria
associated with caries; it can also lead to
lesion reversal.
It is delivered to the tooth surface for 10-
40 seconds. The ozone delivery should be
followed by remineralization solutions
and fluoride rinses.
How does it act ? : Carious enamel and
dentin is ozone permeable. Ozone
deactivates 99% of the bacteria. Acids
from bacteria are thus largely neutralized.
Reductant fluid neutralizes residual acid
and supplies fluorides and minerals. A
neutral medium enriched with minerals is
now available. Remineralization occurs
within 4-12 weeks.
Ozone Therapy
39. In present scenario, dental caries is a
major health problem in most
industrialized countries, affecting 60-90%
of school children and a vast majority of
adults.
It is the most prevalent oral disease in
several Asian and Latin American
countries, while it appears to be less
common and less severe in most African
countries.
The WHO records a Global DMFT of 1.61
for 12 year old in 2004, a reduction of
0.13 as compared to a DMFT of 1.74 in
the year 2001.
Various studies conducted in different
countries at different time periods have
given evidence that a substantial
decrease in caries prevalence in the last
decade has been found among western
countries whereas in case of developing
and underdeveloped countries,
prevalence of caries seems to be
increasing.
40. Toothpastes in India do not contain
fluoride.
As India has few pockets rich in
Fluoride deposits, thus to avoid
Fluoride toxicity Indian government
has banned toothpastes rich in fluoride.
Too much of fluoride in our body can
cause many problems like:
• Softening of the enamel making it
hypersensitive.
• Discoloured, scarred & brittle teeth.
• Causes toxicity, more in children.
• Becomes lethal overtime causing
damage to brain, skeletal and endocrine
system.
• Causes lower IQ levels in humans. Also
hampers neurological development in
children.
Did You Know ?
41. Toothpastes are just a saltified form of
mouthwash, all having almost same contents.
Even if we consider the traditional ways of
brushing such as usage of Neem twig or
brushing it with coal powder, constituents
were correct but the techniques used were
incorrect.
Thus all that matters is the technique of
brushing which can keep your teeth healthy.
Conclusion