This document discusses various behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It defines behavior management as the means by which the dental team performs treatment to instill a positive dental attitude. Factors that influence a child's cooperative behavior like parental anxiety, medical experiences, and communication techniques are described. Methods of behavior shaping include desensitization, modeling, and contingency management. Specific behavior management techniques addressed include audio analgesia, biofeedback, voice control, hypnosis, humor, coping, and aversive conditioning.
Non –pharmacological behavior management in childrenDr. Harsh Shah
Overview on nonpharmacological managent of behaviour in children
Presented by : Mayuri Karad
SDDCH Parbhani
Guided by : Dr. Rehan Khan
Dept, of Pediatric and preventive dentistry
Stainless steel crowns in Pediatric DentistryRajesh Bariker
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
Non –pharmacological behavior management in childrenDr. Harsh Shah
Overview on nonpharmacological managent of behaviour in children
Presented by : Mayuri Karad
SDDCH Parbhani
Guided by : Dr. Rehan Khan
Dept, of Pediatric and preventive dentistry
Stainless steel crowns in Pediatric DentistryRajesh Bariker
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
self correcting anomalies in the development of occlusion. this ppt includes the anomalies of a child's developing occlusion which get corrected by itself in some time as the development continues. This includes Retrognathic mandible,infantile swallow,anterior open and deep bite,etc. these topics are important in BDS final examination
self correcting anomalies in the development of occlusion. this ppt includes the anomalies of a child's developing occlusion which get corrected by itself in some time as the development continues. This includes Retrognathic mandible,infantile swallow,anterior open and deep bite,etc. these topics are important in BDS final examination
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
pedodontics.....non pharmacological methods of behaviour management
1.
2. BEHAVIOUR
MANAGEMENT(WR
IGHT 1975)-IS
DEFINED AS THE
MEANS BY WHICH
THE DENTAL
HEALTH TEAM
EFFECTIVELY AND
EFFICIENTLY
PERFORMS DENTAL
TREATMENT AND
THEREBY INSTILLS
A POSITIVE
DENTAL ATTITUDE.
3. PARENTAL ANXIETY-maternal anxiety and child’s co
operative behaviour at the first dental visit has significant
corelation.it is because of child parent symbiosis that begins in
infancy and gradually diminishes.
The effect is greatest with those younger than 4yr of age.
MEDICAL EXPERIENCES-
children who view medical experiences positively are more
likely to be co-operative.
Surgical experiences adversely influence behaviour at the first
dental visit.
4. RATING1:DEFINITELY NEGATIVE-complete refusal
of treatment,forceful crying,fearfulness
RATING2:NEGATIVE-uncooperativeness,some
evidance of negative attitude but not pronounced
RATING3:POSITIVE-acceptance of
treatment,cautious behaviour,is cooperative but
may become uncooperative once treatment
starts.
RATING4:DEFINITELY POSITIVE-good rapport with
dentist,interested in dental procedure
8. The means by which the dentist gets his point
across,making himself understood by use of
words or expressions.
9. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION--
1)VERBAL
COMMUNICATION(SPEECH)
2)NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
which includes-body
language,eye contact,showing
concern,smiling,giving a hug or a
pat
10. Communication should be comfortable and
relaxed sitting and speaking at the eye level
allows a friendlier atmosphere.address him
by his name compliment him about his
appearance.Ask questions about his class
his likes/dislikes.
11. Use of euphemisms-euphemism are
substitute words which can be used in
presence of children
1)Anesthetic solution is referred as water to put
teeth to sleep
2)Rubberdam as rain coat
3)Radiograph as tooth picture
Reframing-by this both original threat and the
threatened situation can be handled
12.
13. DEFINITION:is the procedure
which slowly develops
behaviour by reinforcing a
successive approximation of
desired beaviour untill the
desired behaviour comes into
being.
14. 1)state the general goal or task to the child at
the outset.
2)explain the necessity for the procedure.
3)divide explanation for the procedure.
4)give all explanation at childs level of
understanding. Use euphemisms.
15. DESENSITIZATION(tell-show-do)technique
A)Tell and show every step and instruments
and explain what is going to be done.
Continuosly and in grades from the level fear
promoting objects or procedure move to
higher grades to more fearfull objects.
16.
17. INDICATION-
1)first visit
2)subsequent visits when introducing new
dental procedure
3)fearful child
4)apprehensive child because of information
received from peers/parents
18. TSD TECHNIQUE IS APPLIED AS FOLLOWS:
A)The dentist uses the language that child
can understand and tells the patient what is
to be done.
B)the dentist demonstrates the procedure to
the child using model or himself.
C)dentist proceeds to do the dental
procedure exactly as described.
19. Procedure involves allowing a patient to
observe one or more individual (models) who
demonstrate a positive behavior in a
particular situation therefore, the patient will
frequently inact the models behavior.
IT CAN BE DONE BY
A) live model – siblings.
B) Filmed models
C) Posters
D) Audiovisual aids
20. It is a method of modifying the behavior of child by
presentation or withdrawal of reinforces. Reinforces
can be:
Positive reinforcer is one whose contingent
presentation increases the frequency of behavior
Negative reinforcer is one whose contingent
withdrawal increases frequency of behaviour.
Negative reinforcer is usually a termination of an
aversive stimulus Eg. withdrawal of mother
21.
22. Social : Example:
Praise, Positive facial
expression, shaking
hands, holding hands
and patting shoulder.
Material: may be given
in form of toy and
game.
Activity Reinforces:
Involving child in some
activity, like watching
tv show fixed on
ceiling at eye level.
23. Child can be managed by following methods:
Audio Analgesia: Also called as white noise. It is method of
reducing pain. This technique, consists of providing sound
stimulus of such intensity that patient finds difficult to attend
anything else. Auditory stimulus such as music reduces stress
and reaction to pain.
Biofeedback :Involves use of certain instruments to detect
certain physiological process. Example: If blood pressure is
high instruments give stimulation, useful in anxiety and
echocardiogram can also be used.
24.
25. Humor: Helps to elevate mood of child. Few
functions are:
-Social: forming and maintaining relationship
-Emotional: Anxiety release
-Informative: Transmits essential information.
-Motivation: It increases interest.
-Cognitive : Distracts from fearful stimulus.
26. Coping: It is defined as the cognitive and behavioral
effort made by individual to master, tolerate or reduce
stressful situation.
Coping effect is of two types:
Behavioral: Physical and verbal activities ,in which
child engages to overcome stressful situation.
Cognitive: The child may be silent and thinking in his
mind to keep calm.
Signal System: when it hurts, we ask child to raise his
hand.
27.
28. It is modification of intensity and pitch of
ones own voice in attempt to dominant
interaction between dentist and child
Use of conjunction with some form of
physical restrainer and hand over mouth
exercise.
Change in tone from gentle to firm is
effective in gaining child’s attention and
reminding him that dentist is authoritive
figure to be obeyed.
29. It is altered state of consciousness, when
used in dentistry ,it is termed hypodontics.
Implosion Therapy: Sudden flooding with
barrage of stimuli which has affected him
adversely, and child has no option but to face
stimuli, until negative response disappears.
Relaxation: It is technique to reduce stress
and is based on principle of elimination of
anxiety.
30. It can be safe and effective method of
managing extremely negative behavior.
2 important method used in clinical
practice are:
1) HOME
2) PHYSICAL RESTRAINT
31. HOME(hand-over-mouth exercise):behavior
modification method of aversive
conditioning is called HOME introduced by
Evangeline jordan 1920
The purpose of home is to gain the attention
of a child so that communication can be
achieved
INDICATION:
A healthy child who can understand but who
exhibits hysterical behavior during treatment
3 to 6yr old child
Children displaying uncontrollable behavior
32.
33. CONTRAINDICATION:
Child under 3yrs of age
Frightened child
physical,mental and emotional handicap
It should not be set as routine
procedure,inform the parent about the
procedure
34. THE TECHNIQUE:
After determining the child’s behaviour,the
dentist firmly places his hand over the child’s
mouth and behavioral expectation are calmly
explained close to child’s ear.when the childs
verbal outburst is stopped and child indicates
his willingness to co-operate,the dentist
removes his hand.once the child co operates he
should be complimented for being quite and
praised for good behaviour.The whole
procedure should not last for more than 20-
30sec
35. SEVERAL VARIATIONS OF HOME
a)hand over mouth with airway unrestricted
b)hand over mouth and nose with airway
restricted
c)towel held over mouth and nose
d)wet towel held over mouth and nose
36. The advantage behind airway
restriction is that child will be quite
so as to breath and sreaming will
decrease.
Together with home,nostrils are
pinched for 15secs only.
BELANGER believed that airway
restriction was critical element and it
should be avoided.
37.
38. It is the last resort for handling uncooperative
patient
physiological restraints involves restriction of
head,hand,feet or body it can be
ACTIVE:restraints performed by the dentist
staff or parent without the aid of restraining
device
PASSIVE:with aid of restraining device
39. FOR BODY:
pediwrap,papooseboard,sheets,beanbag with
straps,towel tapes
For EXTREMITIES-velcro straps,posey
straps,towel and tape
FOR HEAD-head positioner,forearm body
support
FOR MOUTH-mouth blocks,banded tongue
blades,mouth props