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1. This, that, these, those, etc. (the
pointing-out adjectives and pronouns.)
Demonstrative adjectives and
pronouns
(Los adjetivos y pronombres demostrativos)
Demonstrative
adjectives point out
people and objects
and the relative
position and distance
between the speaker
and the object or
person modified.
Demonstrative
adjectives are
usually placed
before the modified
noun and agree with
it in number and
gender.
2. El viejo y
el mar
Este libro que
yo tengo aquí
es una novela.
este
Este refers to a masculine singular
noun that is close to the speaker.
3. Es de
matemáticas.
¿De qué
materia es ese
libro que tú
tienes allí?
El viejo y
el mar
ese
Ese refers to a masculine singular
noun that is close to the listener.
4. ¡Exacto!
El viejo y
el mar
Aquel libro que
está allá en la
mesa es un
diccionario, ¿no?
aquel
Aquel refers to a masculine singular
noun that is far from both the
speaker and the listener.
5. Estos libros los
debo devolver a
la biblioteca.
El viejo y
el mar
estos
Estos* refers to a masculine plural
noun that is close to the speaker.
*Notice that the plural of este is estos,
not estes.
6. ¡Sí, mucho!
¡Sí, estos
libros son muy
buenos!
El viejo y
el mar
¿Esos libros son
interesantes?
esos
Esos* refers to a masculine plural
noun that is close to the listener(s).
*Notice that the plural of ese is esos,
not eses.
7. El viejo y
el mar
Yo
tampoco.
No, no las
conozco.
¿Conocen Uds. a
las chicas que leen
aquellos libros?
aquellos
Aquellos refers to a masculine
plural noun that is far from both
the speaker and the listener(s).
8. ¡Esta mochila
es muy bonita!
esta
Esta refers to a feminine singular
noun that is close to the speaker.
9. Esa mochila no es
tan grande como
esta mochila. No, pero es
más barata.
esa
Esa refers to a feminine singular
noun that is close to the listener.
10. Aquella mochila
es muy similar a
esta mochila.
Sí, es
idéntica.
aquella
Aquella refers to a feminine
singular noun that is far from both
the speaker and the listener.
11. estas
¿De quiénes son
estas mochilas,
me pregunto?
Estas refers to a feminine plural
noun that is close to the speaker.
13. aquellas
De
acuerdo.
No sé de
quiénes son.
Aquellas mochilas y
éstas deben estar
perdidas, yo creo.
Aquellas refers to a feminine plural
noun that is far from both the
speaker and the listener(s).
14. Summary
• Este, esta = this
• Estos, estas = these
• Ese, esa = that
• Esos, esas = those
• Aquel, aquella = that (over there)
• Aquellos, aquellas = those (over there)
This and these have t’s; that and those don’t.
If it has a t, it’s close to me.
If it has a t, then it’s touchable.
Here are some memory devices that may help:
15. Summary
It should be pointed out that, in actual usage, ese, esa, esos and esas
(that, those) are often used instead of aquel, aquella, aquellos and
aquellas (that over there, those over there), particularly if the object
or person being referred to is relatively close.
Esa (aquella) muchacha es mi prima, Isabel.
That girl is my cousin, Isabel.
However, if the object or person is quite far away, the aquel forms are
preferred.
Aquella casa allí en el cerro es de mi tío.
That house over there on the hill is my uncle’s.
17. Notice that, in this scene,
the speakers are referring to
the hats but have omitted
the word sombrero, which
now turns aquél and éste
into pronouns.
In English, the man would
say “I like that one a lot.”
and his friend would say
“Umm . . . and this one?”
When written, these
pronominal forms bear an
accent on the stressed e.
18. Summary
• éste, ésta = this one
• éstos, éstas = these (ones)
• ése, ésa = that one
• ésos, ésas = those (ones)
• aquél, aquélla = that one (over there)
• aquéllos, aquéllas = those (ones) (over there)
19. esto, eso, aquello
The neuter forms esto, eso, and aquello do not take a written accent
nor do they have plural forms. They are used to point out ideas,
actions or concepts, or to refer to unspecified objects or things.
Aquello no me gusta. I don’t like that (business, matter).
No dije eso. I didn’t say that.
Esto está mal. This is wrong.
These forms are also used to ask for a definition of something.
¿Qué es eso? What is that?
Es una biblioteca. It’s a library.
¿Qué es esto? What is this?
Es una pulsera. It’s a bracelet.
