This document is a PowerPoint presentation on parts of speech, focusing on nouns and pronouns. It defines nouns as words that name people, places, things, or ideas. It discusses different types of nouns such as common and proper nouns, singular and plural nouns, concrete and abstract nouns, and compound nouns. It also covers collective nouns. The document then defines pronouns as words used in place of nouns to avoid repetition. It discusses different types of pronouns such as personal, demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite, and relative pronouns. Exercises are included for students to identify and classify different nouns and pronouns.
What are Articles.
1. Articles
2. Definite and Indefinite
3. Count and non- count nouns
4. The Definite article with examples
5. Indefinite Articles with exmples
6. Exceptions- Choosing A and An
7. Article before an adjective
8.Indefinite articles with uncountable noun
Answers -
1. An
2. A
3. AN
4.A
5.A
6.AN
7.AN,A
8.AN
9.A
10.A
9. Using Articles with pronouns
10.Omission of articles
What are Articles.
1. Articles
2. Definite and Indefinite
3. Count and non- count nouns
4. The Definite article with examples
5. Indefinite Articles with exmples
6. Exceptions- Choosing A and An
7. Article before an adjective
8.Indefinite articles with uncountable noun
Answers -
1. An
2. A
3. AN
4.A
5.A
6.AN
7.AN,A
8.AN
9.A
10.A
9. Using Articles with pronouns
10.Omission of articles
A presentation giving an overview of common and proper nouns, when to capitalise them and how to make plural with an emphasis on the rules for irregular plurals.
A presentation giving an overview of common and proper nouns, when to capitalise them and how to make plural with an emphasis on the rules for irregular plurals.
Pronouns, Presented by :Taghreed Basabrain.
Course Title Grammar (2)
Course Code& Number Eng 142
Credit hours 2X2= 4 hrs
Pre-requisite Eng 141
Instructor Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
Development of analysis rules to identify proper noun from bengali sentence f...Syeful Islam
- Today the regional economies, societies, cultures and educations are integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade.
- This globalization trend evokes for a homogeneous platform so that each member of the platform can apprehend what other intimates and perpetuates the discussion in a mellifluous way.
- However the barriers of languages throughout the world are continuously obviating the whole world from congregating into a single domain of sharing knowledge and information.
- Therefore researcher works on various languages and tries to give a platform where multi lingual people can communicate through their native language.
- Researcher analyze the language structure and form structural grammar and rules which used to translate one language to other.
- From the last few years several language-specific translation systems have been proposed.
- Since these systems are based on specific source and target languages, these have their own limitations.
- As a consequence United Nations University/Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU/IAS) were decided to develop an inter-language translation program .
- The corollary of their continuous research leads a common form of languages known as Universal Networking Language (UNL) and introduces UNL system.
- UNL system is an initiative to overcome the problem of language pairs in automated translation. UNL is an artificial language that is based on Interlingua approach.UNL acts as an intermediate form computer semantic language whereby any text written in a particular language is converted to text of any other forms of languages.
- UNL system consists of major three components:
- language resources
- software for processing language resources (parser) and
- supporting tools for maintaining and operating language processing software or developing language resources.
- The parser of UNL system take input sentence and start parsing based on rules and convert it into corresponding universal word from word dictionary.
- The challenge in detection of named is that such expressions are hard to analyze using UNL because they belong to the open class of expressions, i.e., there is an infinite variety and new expressions are constantly being invented.
- Bengali is the seventh popular language in the world, second in India and the national language of Bangladesh.
- So this is an important problem since search queries on UNL dictionary for proper nouns while all proper nouns(names) cannot be exhaustively maintained in the dictionary for automatic identification.
In this research project we do this task , Proper noun detection and conversion.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
3. Introduction
Read the following sentences and see how the word fishing is being
used.
In general, it is important to read the sentence and determine how
the word is being used, even though some words are strictly thought
of as verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc.
I am fishing on Sunday.
She has a fishing rod.
Fishing is my favorite sport.
verb
adjective
noun
5. Nouns
A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.
The cat chased the toy.
Toby made macaroni for the picnic.
The leaves on the plant are shriveling.
The author discusses philosophy in her book on liberty.
Nouns
Grammar Rock: Nouns! (3:00)
6. Nouns
Nouns can be singular or plural. Plural nouns usually end in s or es.
Three wolves howled at the moon.
The library has thousands of books.
The professor explained his beliefs.
7. Nouns
Some nouns, called collective nouns, are thought of as one unit. While it would
sometimes be possible to count each individual person or item, the collective noun
is considered as one.
The committee meets on Wednesdays.
Sand is in my bathing suit.
A flock of birds is overhead.
8. Exercise 1: Identifying Collective Nouns Write the collective nouns in
each sentence in the blank at the right.
1. A large crowd stood on the platform. _____________________
2. On Thursday the army marched six miles. ____________________
3. The club held a meeting at my house. _____________________
4. Our family owns a house in the country. _____________________
5. A herd of sheep grazed on the hillside. _____________________
6. The orchestra tuned up before the concert. ____________________
7. Mr. Ferguson spoke to our class. _____________________
8. Gretchen is the president of our committee. ___________________
9. The navy sailed three ships into the harbor. ___________________
10. A large group went swimming at the lake. ____________________
crowd
army
club
family
herd
orchestra
class
committee
navy
group
9. The post office is closed on Sundays. (separate words)
Railroad crossings can be dangerous to those who don’t pay attention.
(combined words)
My sister-in-law married my brother three years ago. (hyphenated words)
A compound noun is made up of two or more words. The words used together
form a new word with a different meaning. They are written in three ways: with
separate words, combined words, or hyphenated words.
10. Exercise 2: Identifying Compound Nouns Underline the common
nouns in each sentence.
1. Large tomatoes are growing in our backyard.
2. My great-grandfather is living with us.
3. A new high school was built last year.
4. Suddenly the doorknob began to turn slowly.
5. The racehorse ran like the wind.
6. I left angry, but I exercised self-control.
7. There are three lifeguards at the beach this summer.
8. The stars lie many light-years away.
9. Two astronauts were flying in the landing-craft.
10. My bedroom is located at the end of the hall.
11. Nouns
It is important to determine whether the noun is singular or plural. If a noun is plural,
it will take a plural verb form; if a noun is singular, it will take a singular verb form.
The officer approaches the jail.
singularsingular
Many lions hunt at night.
plural plural
Will Alberto and Maria go to the party?
plural plural
12. Nouns
A noun will be either common or proper; it cannot be both.
Nouns can be broken into numerous categories.
Proper
A proper noun is the name of a person, organization, official document, holiday,
etc. A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.
Common
A common noun refers to a person, place, thing, or idea in general. A common
noun is capitalized only if it is the first word of the sentence.
Common vs. Proper Nouns (3:41)
14. Exercise 3: Identifying Common and Proper Nouns Underline the
common nouns in the sentences below. Circle the proper nouns.
1. I’ve just read a play by Shakespeare.
2. The Drama Club elected a new president.
3. Soon our family plans to visit Miami.
4. A new house is being built on Elm Street.
5. My father has been transferred to Colorado.
6. She named her new dog Max.
7. Have you ever seen the Statue of Liberty?
8. My favorite holiday is Thanksgiving.
9. My brother went climbing in the Rocky Mountains.
10. I have pictures of Niagara Falls.
15. Nouns
A noun will either be concrete or abstract; it cannot be both.
The puppy chewed my shoes.
Every time Maria cooks, the kitchen smells like garlic.
As quickly as the thought entered her mind, it vanished.
Depression affects millions of Americans.
Concrete
A concrete noun names a person or thing that you can perceive with one of
your senses (touch, smell, hearing, taste, sight).
Abstract
An abstract noun is the opposite of a concrete noun—it cannot be observed by
your senses.
Grammar Time: Mission Noun (3:58)
16. Nouns
Nouns can be possessive. A noun takes an apostrophe + s to show that it owns
something. The apostrophe means of the or belongs to. In these examples, only the
possessive nouns are italicized.
Shannon’s car wouldn’t start this morning.
the car belongs to Shannon
The play will be held on Tuesday at the children’s party.
The mayor’s speech was full of lies.
the party belonging to the children
the speech of the mayor
17. Nouns Exercise
Look at the underlined noun in each sentence and decide which groups it belongs to.
In the first blank, mark a C for common or P for proper; in the second blank, mark
an A for abstract or a C for concrete; in the third blank, mark an S for singular or a
P for plural.
1. __ __ __ The workers poured wet cement.
2. __ __ __ Collette worked on the project all night.
3. __ __ __ I had a notion that she was telling the truth.
4. __ __ __ It is difficult to explain my desires.
5. __ __ __ Carlos sent her flowers for her birthday.
C C S
P C S
C A S
Nouns Exercise
C A P
C C P
18. Nouns Exercise
6. __ __ __ Senator Clark is running for re-election.
7. __ __ __ Nail polish is on sale this week at the pharmacy.
8. __ __ __ Get a broom from the closet, please.
9. __ __ __ People all over the world want peace.
10. __ __ __ Her family takes vacations in Hawaii.
P C S
C C S
C C S
C A S
C C S
Nouns Exercise (cont.)
The Noun Song (2:58)
20. Pronouns
Pronouns
Read the following sentences:
Ava works in a store where Ava gets to meet interesting customers.
Candace, Thomas, and Gregory are visiting relatives in Colorado. When Candace,
Thomas, and Gregory return, I will have Candace, Thomas, and Gregory call Mr.
Ramos back.
These sentences are long and boring because the nouns are repeated. To avoid
repeating a noun, a pronoun can be used instead.
Ava works in a store where she gets to meet interesting customers.
Candace, Thomas, and Gregory are visiting relatives in Colorado. When they
return, I will have them call Mr. Ramos back.
21. Pronouns
Look at the following sentence:
Jacob met with Natalie, and then Jacob met with Will.
To avoid repeating “Jacob,” use the pronoun he.
Jacob met with Natalie, and then he met with Will.
The pronoun them could substitute for the names “Natalie” and “Will.”
Jacob met with them.
To avoid using names altogether, the pronouns he and them could be used. (We
should do this only if we know who “he” and “them” are from previous sentences.)
He met with them.
22. Pronouns
Pronouns allow you to write shorter sentences and use less repetition. There are
different pronouns in English, depending on the noun and its location:
I, you, he, she, it, we, and they are used as subjects.
Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them are used as objects.
My/mine, your/yours, his, her/hers, its, our/ours, and their/theirs are possessive
pronouns.
Pronouns can also end in self or selves, one, or body (e.g., myself, ourselves,
someone, anybody, etc.)
Grammar Rock: PRONOUNS!
23. Pronouns
Antecedents
The word or group of words a pronoun replaces is called an antecedent.
The firefighters described how they did their job.
Finally, the rescue worker reappeared. She appeared to be unharmed.
24. Exercise 1: Identifying Pronouns and Antecedents Underline the personal
pronoun in each sentence. Then circle its antecedents.
1. The explorers sailed their ship across the Pacific.
2. Bill left his homework on the bus.
3. Where are you going, Bob?
4. The champion skater always performed on his newest skates.
5. The woman washed her car every week.
6. The actors practiced their parts at rehearsal.
7. Two deer led their young to the river.
8. The bicycle is yours, Martha.
9. When the astronaut landed his spaceship, the sun had already set.
10. A large sheepdog buries its bones behind the barn.
25. Fill in the sentences with pronouns:
__________ asked ________ to dance.
________ said “No,” because ________ was too shy.
Now __________ is dancing with ________.
_______ feels bad for _______.
She me
He
I
she him
I
me
Pronouns
Pronoun Problems (2:05)
26. Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are either singular or plural. Personal pronouns refer to the
person speaking (first person), the person spoken to (second person), or the person,
place, thing, or idea spoken about (third person).
SINGULAR PLURAL
FIRST PERSON
SECOND PERSON
THIRD PERSON
I, me, my, mine we, us, our,ours
you, your, yours you, your, yours
he, him, his
she, her, hers
it, its
they, them
their, theirs
Personal Pronouns Song
27. Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Pronouns such as this, that, these, and those point out a specific
person, place or thing. BUT BE CAREFUL!! If a noun follows one of these words,
the word is no longer considered a pronoun. For example:
Give me that. that is a pronoun
Give me that pencil. that is not a pronoun
Read the following sentence:
Give the ball to Kisha.
To substitute for “Kisha,” use the pronoun her. Give the ball to her.
To substitute for “ball,” use the pronoun that. Give that to Kisha.
Both nouns can be substituted: Give that to her.
NOTE: When a noun follows an demonstrative pronoun, that pronoun becomes an adjective!
28. Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
The pronouns what, which, who, whom, and whose are interrogative pronouns.
An interrogative pronoun is used to begin a question.
What did the doctor say?
Which is the best treatment?
NOTE: All four demonstrative pronouns begin with a “T”!
All five interrogative pronouns begin with a “W”!
Where did I put my homework?
29. Exercise 2: Distinguishing Between Demonstrative and Interrogative
Pronouns Write whether each underlined word is a demonstrative or
interrogative pronoun.
1. What are we eating for dinner? _____________________________
2. This is the present I gave my mother. ________________________
3. Of all my courses, that is my best. ___________________________
4. What is your name? ________________________________
5. Which is your house? ________________________________
6. These belong to the band. ________________________________
7. Of all the flowers, which bloom earliest in spring? _______________
8. Whose is that bicycle in the driveway? _______________________
9. Those were painted by Monet. _____________________________
10. He said these are the world’s smallest birds. _________________
interrogative
demonstrative
demonstrative
interrogative
interrogative
demonstrative
interrogative
interrogative
demonstrative
demonstrative
It Ain't Nothin' But a Pronoun
30. Pronouns Out of Place: Fix the sentences below that have been confused by the
misplacement of a relative pronoun. Rewrite each sentence on the line provided.
1. The trainer turned to the crowd and said, “We need someone to jump into the
tank with Boris the shark, who is absolutely odorless.”
2. Julio bought cotton candy from a girl at the fair that was way too sweet.
3. I’d like to hire someone to feed and train our horse who doesn’t smoke.
4. Never trust a lady with a dog who walks everywhere in high heels.
5. At the race track, I saw a horse which was oval shaped and 300 yards wide.
6. I met two men carrying smoked fish who wore chrome-plated sunglasses.
The trainer turned to the crowd and said, “We need someone who is
absolutely odorless to jump into the tank with Boris the shark.”
Julio bought cotton candy that was way too sweet from a girl at the fair.
I’d like to hire someone who doesn’t smoke to feed and train our horse.
Never trust a lady who walks everywhere in high heels with a dog.
At the race track which was oval shaped and 300 yards wide, I saw a horse.
I met two men who wore chrome-plated sunglasses carrying smoked fish.
31. Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that is not
specifically named. BUT BE CAREFUL!!! If a noun follows one of these
words, the words is no longer considered a pronoun. For example:
NOTE: When a noun follows an indefinite pronoun, that pronoun becomes an adjective!
Both want to be nurses. Both is a pronoun
Both is not a pronounBoth students want to be nurses.
32. Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Write some examples of indefinite pronouns from the following chart:
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR OR PLURAL
another
anybody
anyone
anything
each
either
everybody
everyone
everything
little
much
neither
nobody
no one
nothing
one
other
somebody
someone
something
both
few
many
others
several
all
any
more
most
none
some
33. Ex. 3: Identifying Indefinite Pronouns
1. We want everybody to have fun at the party.
2. Neither of the trails looks difficult to climb.
3. He knew none of the answers on the test.
4. Somebody left a window open, and rain came in during the storm.
5. Karen gave each of the kittens a dish of food.
6. Several of these homes were built centuries ago.
7. Something tells me that we are going to have a problem.
8. Most of the team members have already boarded the bus.
9. We can accomplish little unless we work together.
10. Nothing succeeds like success.
Pronouns
Numa Numa Pronoun Challenge
(3:43)
34. Pronouns Exercise
Pronouns
ExerciseRead the following sets of sentences and put the appropriate pronoun in the blank.
1. Sandra likes to paint and draw; in fact, ______ are ______ favorite activities.
______ makes portraits of ______ by looking into a mirror.
2. My wife and ______ are taking ______ kids and their friends to the circus.
Since they have never been to a circus before, ______ are excited. ______ will
all be leaving around five.
those her
She herself
I our
they We
35. 3. The boy complained to ______ mother about stomach pains. “______ tummy
hurts,” ______ said to ______. Then, ______ gave ______ some medicine.
“______ tasted awful,” he said.
Pronouns Exercise
him
his
shehe her
That
My
Pronouns Exercise (cont.)
4. A man driving a Volvo hit ______ from behind while ______ was stopped at a
red light. ______ drove off. I hope ________ witnessed the accident so ______
can present more evidence to police.
5. “I want the rosebush over there because ______ leaves are bright green and
______ has many buds,” Kendra said. “Will ______ please get it for ______?”
______ asked a worker at the nursery. “I’m on ______ break,” he replied.
its
it you me
myshe
me I
He someone I