This document provides a glossary of common grammatical terms used when learning Spanish, including examples in Spanish. It defines and gives examples of articles, nouns, adjectives, possessive adjectives, prepositions, verb conjugations, subjects, subject pronouns, direct objects, indirect objects, and reflexive verbs. The terms are defined in English and examples are provided in both English and Spanish.

1. Spanish II Terms Glossary Terms used when learning any language, with examples of Spanish counterparts.

2. Article (only goes before nouns) Definite: Goes before something specific. “The” “I don’t just want any chair, I want the good one.” “El, La, Los, Las” Indefinite: Goes before a general term. “A, an, some” “I need a chair.” “Un, Una, Unos, Unas”

3. Nouns People, places, things Spanish nouns  Masculine or Feminine Singular or Plural

5. Possessive adjectives Describewho owns the noun. “My, your, his/her, our, their” “Mi, tu, su/sus, nuestro (a)(s), su(s)”

6. Prepositions Show relation or place. Over the river and through the woods, to grandmother’s house we go. To, from, of, around, between, next to, above, below, close, far, through, in, inside, etc.

7. Verb: Infinitive The most basic form of any verb, does not tell who/when. Always has “to” in front of it in English. “To run, to be, to go, to sneeze, to sleep” “Correr, Ser, Ir, Estornudar, Dormir” I want to sleep.

8. Verb: Conjugation Changing the verb to fit the subject The conjugation of the infinitive “To be” is: I am, you are, he is Conjugation in Spanish usually requires you to find the “stem” of the verb, then add certain endings. Infinitive: Estornudar Yoestornudo, túestornudas, nosotrosestornudamos, etc.

9. Subjects Tell who or what does the action. To easily find which word is the subject: first find the VERB and then see who/what is the one doing that. “Marie reads the book.” “The book has 400 pages.”

11. Direct Objects Directly receive the action of the verb. “John reads the book.” Can also be replaced by pronouns. Which ones? Me, you, him/her, us, them Me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las John reads the book. John reads it. “It” is the direct object pronoun that refers to “the book”

12. Indirect Objects Nouns that indirectly receive the action of the verb. “I throw the ball.” “I throw the ball to Sara.” “I throw the ball to her.” Usually will have a preposition in front of it: to, for, around, from, next to, etc.

13. Reflexives Verbs that only relate action done to oneself. Test to tell: Are the subjects and objects the same? “I bathe.” Reflexive, because “I” am doing the action, and I am also the one being cleaned. “I bathe my dog.” NOT reflexive. I’m doing the work, but the dog is getting clean. Reflexives in Spanish always have “se” at the end of the infinitive. Acostarse, lavarse, levantarse, etc. When conjugating, take “se” off infinitive and add reflexive pronouns in FRONT. Yomelavo, Tute lavas, Ella se lava, Nosotrosnoslavamos, Ellosselavan.

14. In-notes practice: Copy the sentences in your notes, then draw arrows and label each one. I like to study after school. Cuzco is the oldest city in South America. My friend told me (that) she is happy.