This document discusses indirect objects and indirect object pronouns in Spanish. It explains that an indirect object indicates to or for whom an action is carried out. The indirect object pronouns in Spanish are me, te, le, nos, os, les and they are identical to direct object pronouns except for third person forms. These pronouns are accompanied by prepositional forms like a mí, a ti, etc. Indirect object pronouns come before or after the verb and clarify relationships like to, for, and from which are expressed with a single preposition in Spanish.

1. Indirect Objects and Indirect
Object Pronouns
(Los complementos indirectos y los
pronombres de complemento indirecto)
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2. An indirect object is almost always a person
(occasionally a thing) that is indirectly
affected by the action of the verb.
Paco gave the book to me.
Paco me dio el libro.
What did Paco
give? The book.
That’s our direct
object.
To whom did
Paco give the
book? To me.
That’s our
indirect object.
It is important to distinguish direct
objects from indirect objects.

3. The indirect object pronouns in Spanish
are as follows:
me
te
le
nos
os
les
for people
mostly for
people and
sometimes
things Notice that the forms of the indirect
object pronouns are identical to the direct
object pronouns, except for the third-
person singular and plural forms.
These are used
These are used

4. The prepositional forms that often accompany
the object pronouns are as follows:
me
te
le
nos
os
les
(a mí)
(a ti)
(a usted)
(a él)
(a ella)
(a nosotros)
(a vosotros)
(a ustedes)
(a ellos)
(a ellas)
These are mandatory
(for clarification or emphasis)
(a Juan)
(a Marta)
etc.
(More about this shortly)
These are optional

5. An indirect object indicates to or for whom an action is
carried out. An indirect object can also be used to indicate
from whom something is bought, borrowed, or taken
away. In English these relationships are simply expressed
with prepositions.
I’ll send the book to Alfredo.
I’ll buy the book for Alfredo.
I’ll take the book from Alfredo.

6. In Spanish, the to, for, and from relationships are all
expressed with an indirect object pronoun and the single
preposition a. The verb, then, or the situational context will
clarify whether a represents to, for, or from.
Le voy a mandar el libro a Alfredo.
Le voy a comprar el libro a Alfredo.
Le voy a quitar el libro a Alfredo.
The repetition of Le with a Alfredo may seem redundant, but
Spanish grammar requires the co-occurrence of the indirect object
pronoun and the indirect object itself, unless the latter has already
been established in the conversation or is understood.
to send to
to buy for (or from, depending
on context)
to take away from

7. Notice the following example:
¿Alfredo quiere leer los cuentos?
Sí, le voy a mandar el libro.
Since the question establishes that Alfredo is the one
being referred to, a Alfredo is omitted in the answer.
Does Alfredo want to read the stories?
Yes, I’m going to send the book to him.

8. Clarification and Emphasis
¿A quién le vas a mandar el libro?
Le voy a mandar el libro a Alfredo.
The pronouns le and les are ambiguous since they can
refer to many different individuals or groups,
respectively; thus, the prepositional forms are used to
clarify. Notice the following exchange:
To whom are you going to send the book?
I’m going to send the book to Alfredo.
An answer such as Le voy a mandar el libro
would obviously not be sufficient.

9. Voy a mandar el libro a Alfredo.
. . . is considered ungrammatical.
. . . proper Spanish requires the use of the indirect
object pronoun.
Le voy a mandar el libro a Alfredo.
In this case, for instance, le must co-occur with a Alfredo.
Clarification and Emphasis
Some might then logically ask “Why not just say Voy a
mandar el libro a Alfredo.” But . . .

10. Tanto Alfredo como Isabel quieren leer el libro.
¿A quién le vas a mandar el libro primero?
Clarification and Emphasis
Prepositional forms are also used to emphasize. Notice
the following exchange.
Both Alfredo and Isabel want to read the book. Who are
you going to send it to first?
Primero le voy a mandar el libro a él (a Alfredo).
First I’m going to send the book to him (to Alfredo).
Again, an answer such as Primero le voy a
mandar el libro would not be sufficient.

11. The indirect object pronoun is normally not used,
however, when the indirect object is considered
corporate, as opposed to personal.
Omission of the indirect object pronoun
Voy a mandar el libro a la biblioteca.
I’m going to send the book to the library.
Donamos dinero a la Cruz Roja.
We donate money to the Red Cross.

12. Indirect object pronouns, like all object pronouns,
come in front of the conjugated verb . . .
. . . or after and attached to an infinitive . . .
Le voy a mandar el libro a Alfredo.
Voy a mandarle el libro a Alfredo.
. . . or a gerund.
Estoy mandándole el libro a Alfredo.

13. As mentioned, occasionally a thing can be expressed
as an indirect object.
They’re going to put a new engine in the car.
Van a ponerle un motor nuevo al coche.
Think of the installation of the new engine as
an action that is being carried out on the car.

14. Remember that the indirect object pronoun in Spanish
can represent (at least) three different relationships.
Paco gave the book to me.
Paco me dio el libro (a mí).
Paco took the book from me.
Paco me quitó el libro (a mí).
Paco bought the book for me.
Paco me compró el libro (a mí).
All three—to, from
and for— are
represented by the
single preposition a
in Spanish.

15. FIN