Deep Ocean
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The document discusses the deep ocean environment, focusing on the Tonga Trench as the deepest point at over 10,000 meters deep. It notes the extreme pressure of over 7 tons per square inch and cold temperatures between 1-4 degrees Celsius, except near hydrothermal vents. The document also outlines how the human body would be severely impacted by the deep ocean's pressure, causing lungs and bones to implode and hypothermia to stop blood flow. Safety equipment like submersibles are needed to survive the extreme pressure of the deep ocean.
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Decompression illness
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The document discusses the physiology of high pressure experienced during deep sea diving. It explains that as depth increases, pressure increases linearly and gas volumes in the body decrease. Issues that can arise include nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity, carbon dioxide buildup, and decompression sickness during ascent. Decompression sickness occurs when nitrogen dissolved in tissues comes out of solution rapidly, forming bubbles that block blood vessels. Treatment involves recompression in a hyperbaric chamber to resolve bubbles.
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caissons disease
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Sea water is approximately 800 times more dense than air. Therefore, it exerts much greater pressure on the body of a diver.
The weight exerted by the atmosphere on an area of 1m2, is approximately 10,000kg at sea level. This value of pressure (10,000 kg m-2) is thus referred to as 1 atmospheric absolute (1 ATA), or 1 atmospheric pressure.
For every 10m(~32feet) below the surface a person dives, he is subjected to an additional pressure of 1ATA. Therefore, at 30m, a diver will experience a pressure of 4 ATA (1 ATA exerted by the atmosphere, & 3 ATA exerted by the 30m of water above him).
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Tropical cyclones are caused by warm sea water evaporating and rising into the atmosphere, where the Coriolis effect causes it to rotate clockwise and form a low pressure system. As more warm, moist air is drawn in and rises, releasing latent heat, the low pressure strengthens and rotation increases, eventually forming a tropical storm or cyclone if it strengthens further.
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Decompression sicknessppt
Decompression sickness, also known as "the bends", is caused when nitrogen bubbles form inside the body after ascending too quickly from diving or mining. Nitrogen enters the bloodstream during diving or mining due to breathing compressed air at depth, and if a diver ascends too quickly, the nitrogen cannot exit the body fast enough. Symptoms can include joint pain, itching, rash, or paralysis and can occur from one to six hours after improper diving or decompression. While there is no cure for decompression sickness, treatment involves giving the patient high-concentration oxygen, staying hydrated, and keeping warm.
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This document discusses weather patterns associated with fronts and cyclones. It describes how weather changes as cold fronts and warm fronts approach and pass through a region. Cold fronts bring rapid weather changes like thunderstorms, while warm fronts pass more slowly with steady precipitation. Occluded and stationary fronts are associated with large areas of rainy weather. The document also outlines the four stages of cyclogenesis as a low pressure system develops - early, open, occluded, and dissolving stages - and the weather patterns at each stage.
3 Body Systems
Three body systems are most affected by diving:
1. Decompression sickness causes stiff joints and is treated with recompression in a hyperbaric chamber to slowly dissolve nitrogen bubbles.
2. Nitrogen narcosis symptoms include altered emotions and thoughts due to increased nitrogen pressure between 100-130 feet deep, similar to intoxication.
3. Oxygen toxicity occurs when oxygen in the body exceeds safe levels, potentially causing seizures, regulator loss, and drowning if oxygen levels are too high during diving.
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Cyclones are intense rotating storms that form over bodies of water. They are classified as either extra tropical or tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones develop over tropical oceans and organize into a surface-level wind circulation. Cyclones form through a process where air rises and causes winds to rotate faster, forming a large swirling storm. Cyclones can cause damage through strong winds, heavy rain, power outages, injury and loss of life, and destruction of crops and vegetation. Preparation and mitigation efforts are important to reduce risks from cyclones.
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2) Temperature measures molecular motion, while heat is the transfer of thermal energy. Temperature can be measured in Fahrenheit, Celsius or Kelvin.
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A tropical revolving storm (TRS) is a rotating low-pressure system that forms over warm tropical waters and brings strong winds, heavy rain, and flooding. To detect a TRS, one should monitor for circular isobars, intense pressure gradients, and formation within the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Onboard equipment like barometers and navigation radios can provide warnings, while environmental cues like anomalous wind patterns and cloud formations from 300-600 miles out also indicate an approaching storm. The best course of action is to obtain the storm's bearing and path, estimate its movement based on latitude, and maintain a distance of at least 50 miles from the eye at a speed of 20 knots to safely outrun the storm.
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The deep ocean has very low light levels, low oxygen, and high pressure that can negatively impact the human respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems if proper precautions are not taken. Risks to the respiratory system include drowning and pneumomediastinum from holding one's breath. Risks to the cardiovascular system include abnormal heart rhythms from outside pressure changes. Risks to the nervous system include decompression sickness and nitrogen narcosis from coming to the surface too quickly from depth. Humans have developed equipment like scuba gear, wet suits, and techniques like shivering and buoyancy to adapt and safely explore the deep ocean environment.
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Sea water is approximately 800 times more dense than air. Therefore, it exerts much greater pressure on the body of a diver.
The weight exerted by the atmosphere on an area of 1m2, is approximately 10,000kg at sea level. This value of pressure (10,000 kg m-2) is thus referred to as 1 atmospheric absolute (1 ATA), or 1 atmospheric pressure.
For every 10m(~32feet) below the surface a person dives, he is subjected to an additional pressure of 1ATA. Therefore, at 30m, a diver will experience a pressure of 4 ATA (1 ATA exerted by the atmosphere, & 3 ATA exerted by the 30m of water above him).
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1) Cyclones form due to low atmospheric pressure and spiral inward in a counterclockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere. They are known as hurricanes, typhoons, or cyclones depending on the region.
2) Cyclones form from either cold or warm cores and consist of a northern and southern hemisphere surrounding a low pressure center.
3) Major factors for cyclone disasters include human-caused climate change, destruction of coastal barriers, and poverty exacerbating storm impacts.
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1) An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
2) Earthquakes occur along fault lines in the Earth's lithosphere where tectonic plates meet. As the plates slowly move and push against each other, stress builds up until the fault slips, releasing energy in the form of seismic waves.
3) Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale based on the logarithm of the wave amplitude as recorded by a seismograph. The magnitude indicates the amount of energy released by an earthquake.
cyclone
Cyclones are rapidly rotating storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans. They are known as hurricanes in the Atlantic/Northeast Pacific, typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, and tropical cyclones in the South Pacific/Indian Ocean. Cyclones form through the rising of warm, moist air which causes an area of low pressure and draws in surrounding higher pressure air, fueling the storm system through heat release. They can cause extensive damage upon making landfall through strong winds, storm surge, heavy rain, and tornadoes.
Weather disturbance
Typhoons, hurricanes, and tropical cyclones are all names for similar tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters and have wind speeds over 74 mph. Typhoons specifically occur in the western Pacific Ocean while hurricanes occur in the Atlantic Ocean and eastern Pacific. Both cause damage from high winds, rain, storm surge and can spawn tornadoes. Tsunamis are large ocean waves caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or landslides under the sea which can reach heights of 100 feet and devastate coastal areas with flooding and destruction when the waves reach land.
Dot and Jot Notetaking
Tropical cyclones are caused by warm sea water evaporating and rising into the atmosphere, where the Coriolis effect causes it to rotate clockwise and form a low pressure system. As more warm, moist air is drawn in and rises, releasing latent heat, the low pressure strengthens and rotation increases, eventually forming a tropical storm or cyclone if it strengthens further.
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пресс релиз поможем детям!
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