This document discusses decision making, including defining decision making, recognizing the need for decisions, characteristics of decision making, and the significance and process of decision making. It outlines several techniques used in decision making, such as pros and cons, cost-benefit analysis, and lexicographic and scientific methods. It also discusses types of decisions like programmed versus non-programmed and organizational versus personal decisions. Finally, it covers styles of decision making and levels of decision making within an organization.

1. Divya Chhabra
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar

2. WHAT DOES THIS PICTURE
DEPICTS ??

3.  Square wheels at the place of round wheels
 More human resource
 Round wheels in the cart
WRONG DECISIONS

4.  Definition
 Recognising the requirement of decision
 Characteristics of decision making
 Significance of decision making
 Process of decision making
 Techniques used in decision making
 Types of decision making
 Styles of decision making
 Levels of decision making

5.  Decision = choice made from available alternatives
 Decision Making = process of identifying problems
and opportunities and resolving them
 “Decision-making is the selection based on some criteria
from two or more possible alternatives.”
—George R.Terry

6. •situation in which organizational
accomplishment have failed to meet
established goals
PROBLEM
•situation in which managers see potential
in organizational accomplishments that
exceed current goals.
OPPORTUNITY

7.  Rational Thinking
 Process
 Selective
 Purposive
 Commitment
 Evaluation:
1. Evaluation of alternatives
2. Evaluation of results

8.  Pervasive Function : done at all levels i.e. top, level,
middle level and operating level.
 Indispensable Component: It determines all
management functions and covers every part of the
organizational structure.
 Evaluation Of Managerial Function
 Selection Of Best Alternatives
 Establishment Of Plans And Policies
 Successful Operation Of Business

10.  Pros and Cons- The manager usually chooses the
alternative with the strongest pros and the weakest cons
 Cost Benefit- involves evaluating each alternative on its
monetary costs and benefits. This means that the net
present value of each alternative needs to be calculated,
and the alternative with the highest net present value is
selected.
 Other decision-making techniques include the
lexicographic and scientific methods.

11. 1. PROGRAMMED DECISIONS:
 Programmed decisions are routine and repetitive
 the organization typically develops specific ways to
handle them.
2. NON PROGRAMMED DECISIONS:
 Non programmed decisions are typically one shot
decisions that are usually less structured than
programmed decision.

12. 3. Major and minor decisions:
 some decisions are considerably more important than
others and are prioritized.
4. Organizational and personal decision:
 Organizational decision is taken by top executives for
official purpose and affect the organizational activities
directly.
 Personal decisions are concerned to an employee.

13. Decision Styles
 Differences among people with respect to
how they perceive problems and make
decisions
 Not all managers make decisions the same
– Directive style
– Analytical style
– Conceptual style
– Behavioral style

14. 14
Directive Style
 People who prefer simple, clear-cut
solutions to problems
 Make decisions quickly
 May consider only one or two
alternatives
 Efficient and rational
 Prefer rules or procedures

15. 15
Analytical Style
 Complex solutions based on as much
data as they can gather
 Carefully consider alternatives
 Base decision on objective, rational data
from management control systems and
other sources
 Search for best possible decision based
on information available

16. 16
Conceptual Style
 Consider a broad amount of information
 More socially oriented than analytical style
 Like to talk to others about the problem and
possible solutions
 Consider many broad alternatives
 Relay on information from people and systems
 Solve problems creatively

17. 17
Behavioral Style
 Have a deep concern for others as individuals
 Like to talk to people one-on-one
 Understand their feelings about the problem
and the effect of a given decision upon them
 Concerned with the personal development of
others
 May make decisions to help others achieve their
goals

18.  Leadership- No matter who represents the leadership of an
organization, he will ultimately be responsible for a decision that is
made at any level.
 Management Teams-affect daily operations of an organization. Items
such as staffing needs, work flow processes, resources and the handling
of day-to-day events fall on the shoulders of managers.
 Committees - for particular projects or issues and require sufficient time
for research and evaluation. An organization chooses committee
members based on expertise in the subject.
 Group Consensus-Feedback from all levels of the business can garner
different perspectives that will help leaders make a more educated
decision.
 Individual- Decisions made by an individual are often a reaction to a
situation that is perceived to be an emergency.

20. You must have tried such ways to solve that
puzzle.. Isn’t??

21. Correct solution..