This document discusses pesticide formulations and application technology. It describes different types of pesticide formulations including emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, solutions, dusts, aerosols, granular formulations, baits, and microencapsulated products. It also discusses various application techniques and methods like banding, broadcasting, spot treatment, and methods of applying formulations using different types of equipment like sprayers, granular applicators, and seed treaters. Proper calibration and maintenance of application equipment is also emphasized along with safety precautions.

1. PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS
AND APPLICATION
TECHNOLOGY
Divya Chhabra
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar

2. INTRODUCTION
– A pesticide formulation is a mixture of chemicals
which effectively controls a pest. Formulating a
pesticide involves processing it to improve its
storage, handling, safety, application, or
effectiveness.
– Pesticide formulation may consist-
– Active Ingredient
– Carrier
– Surface active Ingredient and Other Ingredient

3. FORMULATIONS
– Emulsifiable Concentrates
– Wettable powders
– Solution
– Dusts
– Aerosols
– Granular formulations
– Baits
– Microencapsulated products

4. EMULSIFIABLE
CONCENTRATE
– AI + solvent + emulsifier = EC
– One of the most versatile formulation.
– They do not require constant agitation prior to
each application
– Binds well to soil particles
– Disadvantages- – Mild to strong odors
– Errors in mixing the concentrate with water

5. WETTABLE POWDERS
– AI + carrier + wetting agent = WP
– WP + water = suspension
– No oil based solvents
– Little hazard of burning plants and penetrating
skin
– Disadvantages – Inhalation of particles while
mixing concentrate
– Constant agitation of suspension prior to and
during application

6. SOLUTION
– Technical pesticide + diluent = solution
– Designated with SP = Soluble Powder, or SC =
Soluble Concentrate
 Ready to use Low concentrate solution
 Ultra low volume
– Easy to handle and little agitation is required
– Chances of high drift hazard

7. DUST
– Technical pesticide + dry carrier = dust
– Dusts cannot be mixed with water and must be
applied dry
– Common carriers are clay, talc, silica gel, or
diatomaceous earth
– Easy to apply and does not absorbed into
surfaces and are readily picked up by pests
– Disadvantage-Readily become airborne

8. Aerosols
– AI + solvent + propellent = aerosol
 Ready to use Aeroslos
 Formulation for smoke or fog generation
– Ease of use and storage
– No dilution or storage of concentrates
– Disadvantage-Expensive and Odour of solvent

9. Granular Formulations
– Technical pesticide + clay = granules
– Clay, Corncobs and walnuts are used for coarse
particles
– Amount of active Ingredient is low
– Low drift and Ease of application
– Disadvantage-Limited to outdoor application
– calibrated equipment is must

10. BAITS
– AI + food base = bait
– Active Ingredient is quite low
– Mainly used to control vertebrate pests like
rodents, other mammals and birds
– Readily control pests moving into or out of an
area
– Disadvantage- Can be attractive to children or
pets

11. MICROENCAPSULATED
PRODUCTS
– AI + plastic polymer + emulsifiers = ME
– Often referred to as ME ,FM or CS
– Delayed or slow release of the active ingredient
prolongs its effectiveness, allowing for fewer and
less precisely timed applications.
– May leave visible residues on dark surfaces

12. FUMIGANTS
– Gaseous insecticides
– Some are tablets or pellets that release gas
when mixed with water
– Can penetrate cracks, crevices, wood, and tightly
packed areas such as soil or stored grains.
– Non-specific can harm other organisms.

13. APPLICATION
TECHNIQUE
– To cover the target with maximum efficiency and
minimum efforts to keep the pest under control
as well as minimum contamination of non-
targets.
– Knowledge of pest problem
– Knowledge of pesticides
– Knowledge of formulations
– Knowledge of techniques & equipments

14. METHODS OF
APPLICATION
Band Basal Broadcast
Crack and
crevice
Directed-
spray
Foliar Soil
Space
treatment
Spot
treatment
Tree
injection

15. APPLICATION
EQUIPMENTS
– Sprayers
– Granular Applicators or Spreaders
– Seed Treaters
 Dust treaters
 Slurry treaters
 Liquid or direct treaters

16. USING THE
EQUIPMENT
– Equipment Calibration
– Calculating Areas
– Maintaining and Cleaning Equipment
– Inspect Your Equipment
– Safety Precautions
– Cleaning of equipment