Dcn notea unit 1 ppt
•Download as PPT, PDF•
1 like•660 views
This ppt is brief description about basic concepts of data communication network.this slide shows description about network topologies,network configuration and layers in osi model.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
SPREAD SPECTRUM
The document discusses spread spectrum techniques used to prevent eavesdropping and jamming by adding redundancy. It describes two types of spread spectrum: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) which spreads signals across the frequency domain, and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) which spreads signals across the time domain. The document then compares FHSS and DSSS in terms of performance, issues, acceptance and applications.
Gsm architecture
The document provides an overview of GSM architecture including:
1. GSM uses a cellular network architecture with base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, and databases to manage subscriber identity and location.
2. The network allows for voice calls and data services including SMS, and provides security through subscriber authentication and encryption.
3. GSM is a global standard that enabled international roaming and continues to evolve to support higher data rates through technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and WCDMA.
Transmission impairments(presentation)
Attenuation, distortion, and noise are the main causes of transmission impairments. Attenuation is the reduction of signal strength during transmission, distortion alters the original signal shape, and noise is random electrical interference from internal and external sources that disrupts signal reception. These transmission impairments degrade, weaken, and contaminate signals as they travel through transmission mediums.
Radio resource management in wcdma
This presentation covers:
What is a Radio Resource Unit ?
Why do we need RRM ?
Need of RRM in WCDMA ?
RRM algorithms Objectives
Different RRM functions : Handover, Power control, Admission Control, Code Management
MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOL COMPUTER NETWORKS
Multiple access protocols can be categorized as either random access or controlled access. Random access protocols like Aloha and Slotted Aloha use a probabilistic approach where nodes transmit randomly, while controlled access protocols like TDMA use predetermined allocation of transmission time slots. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols like CSMA/CD used in Ethernet require nodes to first listen for activity on the channel before transmitting to avoid collisions.
1. introduction to wireless communication
Wireless communication transfers information between points without a wired connection. A transmitter sends electromagnetic waves through the air medium to a receiver. Radio propagation allows signals to travel from the transmitter in three modes: direct, ground wave, and sky wave. Multipath propagation occurs when signals reach the receiver along multiple paths, which can cause constructive or destructive interference. Fading describes signal attenuation over time due to factors like multipath delay spread, Doppler spread from mobility, rain, obstacles, and frequency. Shadowing also reduces signal strength from blockage by objects along the transmission path.
Lecture 19 22. transport protocol for ad-hoc
This document discusses transport layer protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and the need for new network architectures and protocols to support new types of networks. It then provides an overview of TCP/IP and how TCP works, including congestion control mechanisms. The document discusses challenges for TCP over wireless networks, where packet losses are often due to errors rather than congestion. It covers different versions of TCP and their approaches to congestion control. The goal is to design transport layer protocols that can address the unreliable links and frequent topology changes in MANETs.
Gprs architecture ppt
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks. It provides higher speed data transmission than previous GSM data services. The GPRS architecture introduces two new network nodes - SGSN and GGSN. SGSN handles mobility management and packet transmission between MS and GGSN, while GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks like the Internet. GPRS enhances the GSM network by allowing dynamic allocation of bandwidth and intermittent data transmission, making it suitable for bursty, low-volume data applications.
Recommended
SPREAD SPECTRUM
The document discusses spread spectrum techniques used to prevent eavesdropping and jamming by adding redundancy. It describes two types of spread spectrum: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) which spreads signals across the frequency domain, and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) which spreads signals across the time domain. The document then compares FHSS and DSSS in terms of performance, issues, acceptance and applications.
Gsm architecture
The document provides an overview of GSM architecture including:
1. GSM uses a cellular network architecture with base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, and databases to manage subscriber identity and location.
2. The network allows for voice calls and data services including SMS, and provides security through subscriber authentication and encryption.
3. GSM is a global standard that enabled international roaming and continues to evolve to support higher data rates through technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and WCDMA.
Transmission impairments(presentation)
Attenuation, distortion, and noise are the main causes of transmission impairments. Attenuation is the reduction of signal strength during transmission, distortion alters the original signal shape, and noise is random electrical interference from internal and external sources that disrupts signal reception. These transmission impairments degrade, weaken, and contaminate signals as they travel through transmission mediums.
Radio resource management in wcdma
This presentation covers:
What is a Radio Resource Unit ?
Why do we need RRM ?
Need of RRM in WCDMA ?
RRM algorithms Objectives
Different RRM functions : Handover, Power control, Admission Control, Code Management
MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOL COMPUTER NETWORKS
Multiple access protocols can be categorized as either random access or controlled access. Random access protocols like Aloha and Slotted Aloha use a probabilistic approach where nodes transmit randomly, while controlled access protocols like TDMA use predetermined allocation of transmission time slots. Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols like CSMA/CD used in Ethernet require nodes to first listen for activity on the channel before transmitting to avoid collisions.
1. introduction to wireless communication
Wireless communication transfers information between points without a wired connection. A transmitter sends electromagnetic waves through the air medium to a receiver. Radio propagation allows signals to travel from the transmitter in three modes: direct, ground wave, and sky wave. Multipath propagation occurs when signals reach the receiver along multiple paths, which can cause constructive or destructive interference. Fading describes signal attenuation over time due to factors like multipath delay spread, Doppler spread from mobility, rain, obstacles, and frequency. Shadowing also reduces signal strength from blockage by objects along the transmission path.
Lecture 19 22. transport protocol for ad-hoc
This document discusses transport layer protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and the need for new network architectures and protocols to support new types of networks. It then provides an overview of TCP/IP and how TCP works, including congestion control mechanisms. The document discusses challenges for TCP over wireless networks, where packet losses are often due to errors rather than congestion. It covers different versions of TCP and their approaches to congestion control. The goal is to design transport layer protocols that can address the unreliable links and frequent topology changes in MANETs.
Gprs architecture ppt
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks. It provides higher speed data transmission than previous GSM data services. The GPRS architecture introduces two new network nodes - SGSN and GGSN. SGSN handles mobility management and packet transmission between MS and GGSN, while GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks like the Internet. GPRS enhances the GSM network by allowing dynamic allocation of bandwidth and intermittent data transmission, making it suitable for bursty, low-volume data applications.
Adjacent channel interference in wireless .
Interference occurs when signals from one wireless channel leak into another, degrading performance. Adjacent channel interference specifically refers to interference between neighboring frequency bands. It results from imperfect receiver filters allowing nearby frequencies to blend together. This causes distorted transmissions, dropped calls, and reduced throughput. Interference can be minimized by carefully assigning non-adjacent channels to different cells and using adequate filtering to separate signals.
Amps
AMPS was the first-generation analog cellular system developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It used analog FM modulation with 30 kHz channel bandwidths. AMPS was deployed across North America in the early 1980s and introduced cellular communications. However, it had limitations like low capacity and lack of privacy. Successor 2G digital standards like NAMPS and D-AMPS improved capacity but have now been replaced by newer 3G and 4G technologies.
Packet radio protocol
Packet radio protocols allow multiple subscribers to access a shared channel for transmitting data packets. They use contention-based random access techniques like ALOHA. Pure ALOHA protocol has low efficiency due to partial packet collisions. Slotted ALOHA synchronizes transmissions to time slots to prevent partial collisions, improving efficiency. Performance is evaluated using metrics like throughput, which is highest at optimal channel load and drops off above and below this point.
Mobile Communication
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
Gsm
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a second-generation cellular technology standard that was first introduced in Europe in 1991. It was developed to address fragmentation issues with first-generation cellular networks and specifies digital network architectures and services. Key features of GSM include international roaming, telephone services like voice calls and SMS, data services up to 9.6 kbps, and supplementary services like call forwarding and caller ID. The GSM network architecture includes mobile stations, base stations, switching systems, databases, and messaging centers.
Wireless local loop
This document defines and compares two types of wireless local loop (WLL) technologies: Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) and Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS). LMDS operates above 20 GHz and provides high-speed broadband, while MMDS operates between 2.1-2.7 GHz and provides lower bandwidth but stronger signals over longer distances. Both can provide voice, data and video services as alternatives to wired local loops. Key differences are that LMDS supports higher data rates over shorter ranges while MMDS has a larger cell size and is more suitable for large networks.
Issues in routing protocol
The document discusses key issues in designing ad hoc wireless routing protocols including mobility, bandwidth constraints from a shared radio channel, and resource constraints of battery life and processing power. It outlines problems like the hidden and exposed terminal problems that can occur on a shared wireless channel. It also provides ideal characteristics for routing protocols, noting they should be fully distributed, adaptive to topology changes, use minimal flooding, and converge quickly when paths break while minimizing overhead through efficient use of bandwidth and resources.
proactive and reactive routing comparisons
This document compares proactive and reactive routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks. It classifies routing protocols as either proactive, which maintain routes at all times, or reactive, which determine routes on demand. Proactive protocols have lower latency but higher overhead, while reactive protocols have higher latency but lower overhead. The document evaluates the performance of AODV, TORA, and DSDV protocols based on packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, and throughput under both CBR and TCP traffic patterns. Simulation results found reactive protocols had better packet delivery and delay, with performance varying based on node number and traffic type.
Wireless transmission
This Presentation describes about the various wireless transmission like radio waves, microwaves,light transmission
Multiple acces techniques
Multiple access techniques allow multiple mobile users to simultaneously share a finite amount of radio spectrum for communication. Common techniques include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA. FDMA allocates different frequency bands to different users. TDMA divides the available bandwidth into time slots that are allocated to users. CDMA spreads user signals over the entire available bandwidth through coding.
Ofdm for wireless
The document discusses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) for wireless communication. It introduces OFDM as a modulation technique that divides the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. This allows for overlapping subchannels and improves spectral efficiency compared to conventional FDM. The document then covers OFDM system modeling, generation of subcarriers, fading effects, use of guard times and cyclic extensions to mitigate multipath interference, windowing techniques, and factors to consider when choosing OFDM system parameters.
CORDLESS SYSTEMS
The document discusses different generations of cordless telephone systems including CT0, CT1, CT2, CT3, DECT, PHS, PACS, PCS and PWTS. It provides details on the operating principles, features and applications of each system. CT0 operates at 916/960MHz using FM modulation. CT2 uses TDMA/TDD and supports two-way calling. DECT is commonly implemented as an office wireless PBX connected to the PSTN. It offers speech and data transmission up to 300kbps. While various cordless systems were used in Tanzania in the past, DECT is now commonly used in offices and PHS declined due to lower cellular costs.
satellite communication- UNIT-III.pptx
satellite communication jntuh
Satellite Link Design: Basic Transmission Theory, System Noise Temperature, and G/T Ratio,
Design of Down Links, Up Link Design, Design Of Satellite Links For Specified C/N, System Design
Examples.
Multiple Access: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Inter modulation, Calculation of C/N,
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frame Structure, Examples, Satellite Switched TDMA
Onboard Processing, DAMA, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Spread Spectrum Transmission
and Reception.
Concept of Diversity & Fading (wireless communication)
This document discusses concepts related to fading and diversity in wireless communication systems. It introduces fading as signal variations caused by multipath interference from multiple signal propagation paths. It describes two types of fading: large-scale fading due to path loss and shadowing, and small-scale fading which includes fast fading due to mobility and slow fading due to shadowing. It also discusses different diversity techniques that can be used to combat fading, including space, polarization, frequency and time diversity.
Introduction to Wireless Communication
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
Cw and fm cw radar
This document discusses continuous wave (CW) radar and frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. It defines radar as an electromagnetic device that can detect objects hidden from view using radio waves. Radar is classified into primary types including CW and modulated radar. CW radar uses the Doppler effect to detect moving targets based on changes in transmitted frequency. However, CW radar cannot determine range. FMCW radar modulates the transmitted frequency over time and compares the received frequency to determine both range and radial velocity of targets. Key applications of radar include military surveillance, weather monitoring, air traffic control and more.
Point To Point Protocol
The document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP consists of encapsulating packets into frames, a Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing and configuring the connection, and Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for network layer configuration. It describes PPP frame formats, byte stuffing for transparency, and authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP. The presentation includes a Wireshark demo and addresses questions about PPP design requirements and non-requirements.
Fisheye State Routing (FSR) - Protocol Overview
Overview of the Fisheye State Routing (FSR) for cellular networks, IDC 2012
By Yoav Francis and Nir Solomon
(Part of a performance comparison of various routing algorithms in cellular networks)
Long Term Evolution (LTE) -
The document discusses the growth of mobile data and the development of LTE technology. It notes that mobile data is growing exponentially, especially for mobile broadband. LTE was developed by 3GPP to handle this growing traffic and provide higher speeds and lower latency compared to 3G. LTE provides connection speeds of up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink using OFDM and MIMO technologies in a simpler network architecture than 3G.
Power control in 3 g
The document discusses power control in 3G networks. It describes the need for power control to address the near-far effect in cellular systems and reduce interference. There are two main types of power control: inner loop power control, which operates fast to compensate for fading and distance, and outer loop power control, which operates slower to maintain signal quality. Inner loop power control can be open-loop, where the transmitting device adjusts its power, or closed-loop, where the receiving device provides feedback to adjust transmission power.
Security in Data Communication and Networking
This document discusses cryptography, security services, and security in the internet. It describes symmetric-key cryptography which uses a shared secret key, and asymmetric-key cryptography which uses a public-private key pair. The document outlines five security services: message confidentiality, integrity, authentication, nonrepudiation, and entity authentication. It also discusses protocols for security at the network layer (IPSec), transport layer (SSL/TLS), and application layer (PGP), as well as the use of firewalls to filter network traffic.
Why synchronization is not required in otn?
OTN was designed to transparently transport synchronization from payload client signals like SDH. As such, OTN itself does not require internal synchronization. Instead, synchronization is carried within the payload via SDH tributaries. This simplifies the OTN design by avoiding the need for a separate synchronization layer. The OTN frame structure accommodates frequency offsets up to ±65 ppm to maintain synchronization transparency across the network. Modern OTN standards define bit-synchronous and asynchronous mapping procedures to transparently transport synchronization from new client signals.
More Related Content
What's hot
Adjacent channel interference in wireless .
Interference occurs when signals from one wireless channel leak into another, degrading performance. Adjacent channel interference specifically refers to interference between neighboring frequency bands. It results from imperfect receiver filters allowing nearby frequencies to blend together. This causes distorted transmissions, dropped calls, and reduced throughput. Interference can be minimized by carefully assigning non-adjacent channels to different cells and using adequate filtering to separate signals.
Amps
AMPS was the first-generation analog cellular system developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It used analog FM modulation with 30 kHz channel bandwidths. AMPS was deployed across North America in the early 1980s and introduced cellular communications. However, it had limitations like low capacity and lack of privacy. Successor 2G digital standards like NAMPS and D-AMPS improved capacity but have now been replaced by newer 3G and 4G technologies.
Packet radio protocol
Packet radio protocols allow multiple subscribers to access a shared channel for transmitting data packets. They use contention-based random access techniques like ALOHA. Pure ALOHA protocol has low efficiency due to partial packet collisions. Slotted ALOHA synchronizes transmissions to time slots to prevent partial collisions, improving efficiency. Performance is evaluated using metrics like throughput, which is highest at optimal channel load and drops off above and below this point.
Mobile Communication
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
Gsm
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a second-generation cellular technology standard that was first introduced in Europe in 1991. It was developed to address fragmentation issues with first-generation cellular networks and specifies digital network architectures and services. Key features of GSM include international roaming, telephone services like voice calls and SMS, data services up to 9.6 kbps, and supplementary services like call forwarding and caller ID. The GSM network architecture includes mobile stations, base stations, switching systems, databases, and messaging centers.
Wireless local loop
This document defines and compares two types of wireless local loop (WLL) technologies: Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) and Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS). LMDS operates above 20 GHz and provides high-speed broadband, while MMDS operates between 2.1-2.7 GHz and provides lower bandwidth but stronger signals over longer distances. Both can provide voice, data and video services as alternatives to wired local loops. Key differences are that LMDS supports higher data rates over shorter ranges while MMDS has a larger cell size and is more suitable for large networks.
Issues in routing protocol
The document discusses key issues in designing ad hoc wireless routing protocols including mobility, bandwidth constraints from a shared radio channel, and resource constraints of battery life and processing power. It outlines problems like the hidden and exposed terminal problems that can occur on a shared wireless channel. It also provides ideal characteristics for routing protocols, noting they should be fully distributed, adaptive to topology changes, use minimal flooding, and converge quickly when paths break while minimizing overhead through efficient use of bandwidth and resources.
proactive and reactive routing comparisons
This document compares proactive and reactive routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks. It classifies routing protocols as either proactive, which maintain routes at all times, or reactive, which determine routes on demand. Proactive protocols have lower latency but higher overhead, while reactive protocols have higher latency but lower overhead. The document evaluates the performance of AODV, TORA, and DSDV protocols based on packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, and throughput under both CBR and TCP traffic patterns. Simulation results found reactive protocols had better packet delivery and delay, with performance varying based on node number and traffic type.
Wireless transmission
This Presentation describes about the various wireless transmission like radio waves, microwaves,light transmission
Multiple acces techniques
Multiple access techniques allow multiple mobile users to simultaneously share a finite amount of radio spectrum for communication. Common techniques include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA. FDMA allocates different frequency bands to different users. TDMA divides the available bandwidth into time slots that are allocated to users. CDMA spreads user signals over the entire available bandwidth through coding.
Ofdm for wireless
The document discusses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) for wireless communication. It introduces OFDM as a modulation technique that divides the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. This allows for overlapping subchannels and improves spectral efficiency compared to conventional FDM. The document then covers OFDM system modeling, generation of subcarriers, fading effects, use of guard times and cyclic extensions to mitigate multipath interference, windowing techniques, and factors to consider when choosing OFDM system parameters.
CORDLESS SYSTEMS
The document discusses different generations of cordless telephone systems including CT0, CT1, CT2, CT3, DECT, PHS, PACS, PCS and PWTS. It provides details on the operating principles, features and applications of each system. CT0 operates at 916/960MHz using FM modulation. CT2 uses TDMA/TDD and supports two-way calling. DECT is commonly implemented as an office wireless PBX connected to the PSTN. It offers speech and data transmission up to 300kbps. While various cordless systems were used in Tanzania in the past, DECT is now commonly used in offices and PHS declined due to lower cellular costs.
satellite communication- UNIT-III.pptx
satellite communication jntuh
Satellite Link Design: Basic Transmission Theory, System Noise Temperature, and G/T Ratio,
Design of Down Links, Up Link Design, Design Of Satellite Links For Specified C/N, System Design
Examples.
Multiple Access: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Inter modulation, Calculation of C/N,
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frame Structure, Examples, Satellite Switched TDMA
Onboard Processing, DAMA, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Spread Spectrum Transmission
and Reception.
Concept of Diversity & Fading (wireless communication)
This document discusses concepts related to fading and diversity in wireless communication systems. It introduces fading as signal variations caused by multipath interference from multiple signal propagation paths. It describes two types of fading: large-scale fading due to path loss and shadowing, and small-scale fading which includes fast fading due to mobility and slow fading due to shadowing. It also discusses different diversity techniques that can be used to combat fading, including space, polarization, frequency and time diversity.
Introduction to Wireless Communication
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
Cw and fm cw radar
This document discusses continuous wave (CW) radar and frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. It defines radar as an electromagnetic device that can detect objects hidden from view using radio waves. Radar is classified into primary types including CW and modulated radar. CW radar uses the Doppler effect to detect moving targets based on changes in transmitted frequency. However, CW radar cannot determine range. FMCW radar modulates the transmitted frequency over time and compares the received frequency to determine both range and radial velocity of targets. Key applications of radar include military surveillance, weather monitoring, air traffic control and more.
Point To Point Protocol
The document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP consists of encapsulating packets into frames, a Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing and configuring the connection, and Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for network layer configuration. It describes PPP frame formats, byte stuffing for transparency, and authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP. The presentation includes a Wireshark demo and addresses questions about PPP design requirements and non-requirements.
Fisheye State Routing (FSR) - Protocol Overview
Overview of the Fisheye State Routing (FSR) for cellular networks, IDC 2012
By Yoav Francis and Nir Solomon
(Part of a performance comparison of various routing algorithms in cellular networks)
Long Term Evolution (LTE) -
The document discusses the growth of mobile data and the development of LTE technology. It notes that mobile data is growing exponentially, especially for mobile broadband. LTE was developed by 3GPP to handle this growing traffic and provide higher speeds and lower latency compared to 3G. LTE provides connection speeds of up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink using OFDM and MIMO technologies in a simpler network architecture than 3G.
Power control in 3 g
The document discusses power control in 3G networks. It describes the need for power control to address the near-far effect in cellular systems and reduce interference. There are two main types of power control: inner loop power control, which operates fast to compensate for fading and distance, and outer loop power control, which operates slower to maintain signal quality. Inner loop power control can be open-loop, where the transmitting device adjusts its power, or closed-loop, where the receiving device provides feedback to adjust transmission power.
What's hot (20)
Concept of Diversity & Fading (wireless communication)
Concept of Diversity & Fading (wireless communication)
Viewers also liked
Security in Data Communication and Networking
This document discusses cryptography, security services, and security in the internet. It describes symmetric-key cryptography which uses a shared secret key, and asymmetric-key cryptography which uses a public-private key pair. The document outlines five security services: message confidentiality, integrity, authentication, nonrepudiation, and entity authentication. It also discusses protocols for security at the network layer (IPSec), transport layer (SSL/TLS), and application layer (PGP), as well as the use of firewalls to filter network traffic.
Why synchronization is not required in otn?
OTN was designed to transparently transport synchronization from payload client signals like SDH. As such, OTN itself does not require internal synchronization. Instead, synchronization is carried within the payload via SDH tributaries. This simplifies the OTN design by avoiding the need for a separate synchronization layer. The OTN frame structure accommodates frequency offsets up to ±65 ppm to maintain synchronization transparency across the network. Modern OTN standards define bit-synchronous and asynchronous mapping procedures to transparently transport synchronization from new client signals.
How otn supercedes over sdh?
OTN has several advantages over SDH/SONET for transporting client signals over long distances and through multiple network domains. OTN uses transparent mapping of client signals and improved forward error correction to increase reach and scalability. It also introduces tandem connection monitoring to improve performance monitoring of signals passing through different network operators. These features make OTN better suited than SDH/SONET for building meshed optical networks.
Mca i-u-5 data communication and network
The document discusses the history and components of data communication and computer networks. It describes how the Internet began as a project of the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) in 1969 and now connects millions of private, public, academic, and government networks worldwide. It outlines several important applications of the Internet including electronic mail, the World Wide Web, file transfer protocol (FTP), instant messaging, and newsgroups. It provides examples of popular email services, web search engines, and explains the basic functions of FTP, instant messaging, and online discussion forums.
Data comminication network
The document summarizes data communication networks and their architectures. It discusses the 7 layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then describes 4 common network topologies: bus networks with devices connected along a single spine; branching networks with branches extending from a central spine; star networks with a central connecting node; and ring networks with devices connected in a circular configuration to form a closed loop.
Xtw01t6v0210 dcn
This document provides an overview of a training presentation on data center networking. The presentation covers: the evolution of networking and challenges in data center environments; Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE); enhancements to Converged Enhanced Ethernet; and an overview of IBM's data center networking products, including top-of-rack, end-of-row, aggregation and core switches. Upon completing the training, attendees will understand data center networking environments, FCoE, enhancements to CEE, and IBM's data center networking product offerings.
2016 02 03 - efficient optical transport layer for high-capacity optical netw...
2016 02 03 - efficient optical transport layer for high-capacity optical netw...Xtera Communications
The document discusses the need for more efficient optical transport networks in Africa to support increasing network traffic and provide terrestrial backup for submarine cables. It presents Xtera's coherent optical technology using Raman amplification as an efficient solution, highlighting a 2,266 km Amazon network case study. This technology maximizes capacity and reach while minimizing components, enabling long spans suitable for Africa's sparse networks along power grids and between population centers.CISSP Prep: Ch 5. Communication and Network Security (Part 1)
These are slides from a college course. For more info see https://samsclass.info/125/125_S16.shtml
Optical Transport Technologies and Trends
Optical Transport Technologies and Trends
Dion Leung, Ph.D
Director, Solutions and Sales Engineering (BTI)
2b switching in networks
This document discusses different types of switched networks, including circuit-switched networks, datagram networks, and virtual-circuit networks. Circuit-switched networks use dedicated connections between stations that remain in place for the duration of a call. Datagram networks divide messages into packets that are routed independently through the network without dedicated connections. Virtual-circuit networks combine aspects of circuit-switched and datagram networks by establishing virtual circuits for packets belonging to the same data flow. The document also describes the components and operation of packet switches used in these different types of switched networks.
Network economics of optical transport networks with sd fec technology
IEEE ANTS 2013 Presentation
This presentation evaluates the impact of SD-FEC technology upon network design and economics in a long haul optical transport network. The network study shows that the SD-FEC technology not only reduces the TCO (total cost of ownership) but also simplifies the network design. A real world network model is utilized to quantify and compare results.
CISSP Prep: Ch 5. Communication and Network Security (Part 2)
This document provides an overview of networking concepts related to communication and network security. It discusses common cabling types used to physically connect networks like twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic and their characteristics. It also covers common LAN technologies and protocols like Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, physical network topologies and WAN protocols. The document then discusses wireless LANs, Bluetooth, RFID and secure network devices like switches, routers, firewalls and routing protocols.
High capacity optical
This document discusses technologies for improving the capacity of optical transport networks. It outlines how networks have evolved from 10G to 100G+ capacities through increased channel counts and complex modulation formats. Key technologies discussed for further improving capacity include space division multiplexing using multi-core or multi-mode fibers, superchannels that pack optical carriers more densely, and elastic optical networks that flexibly allocate spectrum. The document also discusses optimizing network efficiency through port virtualization and reducing transit traffic loads on routers.
Guide otn ang
The document discusses the optical transport network (OTN) standard defined in ITU-T G.709. It describes the OTN layered structure, interfaces and rates, frame structure and overhead, and techniques for testing OTN elements. The OTN architecture allows more efficient transport of client signals using optical channels and standardized overhead to manage network functions like multiplexing and forward error correction.
SDN Summit - Optical SDN: Virtualizing the Transport Network
This document discusses how SDN concepts can be applied to transport networks using optical networking technologies. It describes how transport networks can be virtualized to provide client networks programmatic access to network capabilities through overlay topologies. Initially, transport networks may provide client SDN frameworks with virtualized representations of transport components to integrate transport into the SDN model. Over time, as SDN matures, transport networks can more directly utilize SDN techniques while addressing their unique complexities through techniques like overlay networks.
Optical network architecture
Optical networks use fiber optic technologies and components to transmit data at high speeds. They employ network architectures like synchronous optical networks (SONET) and passive optical networks (PONs) to route data through the core transport network and provide access to customers. SONET uses time-division multiplexing and self-healing ring topologies to interconnect equipment from different vendors. PONs have a star topology and use different wavelengths to transmit data downstream and upstream without electronic regeneration between transmitters and receivers.
Pasolink Neo Training Doc
This document provides information about the PASOLINK family of digital microwave relay systems from NEC, including:
- The PASOLINK systems operate at frequency bands between 3.6-40 GHz and provide PDH, SDH, and LAN interfaces.
- The systems consist of indoor and outdoor units connected by coaxial cable and antennas. Configurations include non-protected 1+0 and protected 1+1 hot standby and twin path systems.
- Key features include high reliability, low power consumption, flexible interfaces, frequency agility, system flexibility, and maintenance facilities. Interface options include E1, E3, STM-1, and Ethernet.
Nec neo microwave equipment introduction
The document introduces the NEC NEO Microwave equipment, including PASOLINK NEO. It discusses microwave communication concepts and applications in mobile networks. It provides an overview of PASOLINK equipment, including the indoor and outdoor units. Key specifications of the indoor unit such as interface cards and configuration are described. The document also covers performance parameters of the outdoor unit such as modulation modes and operating frequencies.
Optical networking
Optical networking technologies provide high-speed, high-bandwidth data transmission over long distances using fiber optic cables. Key technologies include passive optical networks (PON) for access networks, SONET/SDH for metro networks, and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) for long-haul transport networks. DWDM works by transmitting multiple optical signals simultaneously on different wavelengths over the same fiber, vastly increasing network capacity. Proper layer-2 encapsulation is required to transport layer-3 protocols like IP over DWDM.
Optical Transport Network
OTN is an ITU standard that uses optical transport networking to transparently transport client signals such as Ethernet, SDH, and OTN itself over optical fiber. It combines the benefits of SONET/SDH for operations, administration, and management with the high bandwidth of DWDM. OTN aims to provide networking functionality, management capabilities, and performance monitoring for WDM networks using an optical channel data unit framework.
Viewers also liked (20)
2016 02 03 - efficient optical transport layer for high-capacity optical netw...
2016 02 03 - efficient optical transport layer for high-capacity optical netw...
CISSP Prep: Ch 5. Communication and Network Security (Part 1)
CISSP Prep: Ch 5. Communication and Network Security (Part 1)
Network economics of optical transport networks with sd fec technology
Network economics of optical transport networks with sd fec technology
CISSP Prep: Ch 5. Communication and Network Security (Part 2)
CISSP Prep: Ch 5. Communication and Network Security (Part 2)
SDN Summit - Optical SDN: Virtualizing the Transport Network
SDN Summit - Optical SDN: Virtualizing the Transport Network
Similar to Dcn notea unit 1 ppt
CS553_ST7_Ch15-LANOverview (1).ppt
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs) including common applications, architectures, topologies, transmission media, and protocols. Some key points:
1) LANs are used for personal computer networks, connecting large backend systems, high-speed office networks, storage area networks, and interconnecting multiple local networks.
2) Common topologies include bus, ring, star, and tree. Choices consider reliability, expandability, performance and the physical layout/medium.
3) Important protocols are Ethernet at the data link layer and IEEE 802 standards for physical and MAC sublayers which define frame formats and media access control.
CS553_ST7_Ch15-LANOverview.ppt
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs) including common applications, architectures, topologies, transmission media, and protocols. Some key points:
1) LANs are used for personal computer networks, connecting large backend systems, high-speed office networks, storage area networks, and interconnecting multiple local networks.
2) Common topologies include bus, ring, star, and tree. Choices consider reliability, expandability, performance and the physical layout/medium.
3) Ethernet originally used coaxial cable but now focuses on twisted pair cabling. Fiber optic cables provide high speeds but are more expensive to install.
4) The protocol architecture includes the physical, data link
CS553_ST7_Ch15-LANOverview.ppt
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 15 of William Stallings' book "Data and Computer Communications", 7th Edition. It discusses the applications and architectures of local area networks (LANs). The main applications covered are personal computer LANs, back-end networks, storage area networks, and high-speed office networks. Common LAN topologies like bus, ring, star and their characteristics are explained. Issues around transmission media, protocols, and network devices like bridges, hubs and switches are also summarized at a high level.
Lan overview
This document discusses local area networks (LANs) and their applications, architectures, and technologies. It covers:
1) Common LAN applications like personal computer networks, back-end networks, storage area networks, and high-speed office networks.
2) Key aspects of LAN architecture including topology (e.g. bus, star, ring), transmission medium, IEEE 802 standards, and the functions of bridges and switches.
3) Protocol architectures with descriptions of the physical, logical link control, and media access control layers, as well as common frame formats.
Basic networking
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including the basic components of a network, common network topologies, network devices, network addressing using IP addresses and subnet masks, network models like OSI and TCP/IP, and basic network communication. Key topics covered include LANs, WANs, Ethernet, wireless networks, routers, switches, TCP, UDP, ports, MAC addresses, and the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models.
1.CN-PPT.ppt
This document discusses communication networks and provides details about various types of networks:
- It classifies networks according to how information flows, including switching networks and broadcast networks. It describes circuit switching and packet switching in switching networks.
- It discusses different types of networks based on coverage area, including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It provides examples for each type.
- It describes the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model and its seven layers, using the link layer as an example to explain protocols.
Week 3
This document discusses various internet network technologies and protocols. It describes wide area networks that connect across large geographical areas using circuit switching, packet switching, frame relay, or asynchronous transfer mode. Packet switching breaks data into packets that are transmitted individually over the network, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated communications path. Frame relay and ATM aim to improve on packet switching by reducing overhead. The document also discusses local area networks, protocol architecture, protocol data units, standards organizations, and tasks to research standards and translate sections of a reference book.
Topic 1.1 basic concepts of computer network
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including their components, characteristics, and classifications. It defines peer-to-peer and client-server networks, describing their advantages and disadvantages. Various network topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh are explained. The document also outlines the key standards organizations that set networking guidelines and lists common network hardware functions. Learners will gain an understanding of fundamental network concepts.
CISSP - Chapter 4 - Intranet and extranets
This document provides information on various intranet, extranet, and wide area network (WAN) technologies. It discusses unified threat management (UTM), content distribution networks (CDN), software-defined networking (SDN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and common WAN concepts and technologies including CSU/DSU, switching, frame relay, X.25, and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM).
CN L5 — копия.pptx
The document discusses the physical layer of computer networks. It describes the functions of the physical layer, which include getting bits across a physical medium and representing digital bits as analog signals. It then covers various data transmission media like copper cables, optical cables, and radio waves. It also discusses communication channel characteristics and different types of physical layer devices.
MC Lecture 8 67875667767777775677887.pptx
This document discusses ad-hoc and mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It defines an ad-hoc network as a wireless local area network where devices are part of the network only during communication sessions. A MANET is defined as a self-configuring network of mobile routers connected by wireless links. The document outlines the network architecture of MANETs and discusses applications, characteristics, requirements, and challenges of routing in these networks. It describes different types of routing protocols for MANETs including proactive, reactive, table-driven, and hybrid protocols.
Information Networks - (Covered all the Important Topics)
Information Networks - (Covered all the Important Topics) Amity University | FMS - DU | IMT | Stratford University | KKMI International Institute | AIMA | DTU
This document provides an overview of information networks presented by Dr. Kamal Gulati. It covers topics such as networked enterprises, business uses of the internet, intranets and extranets, and distributed/cloud computing. It then details 30 topics related to computer networks including networking terminology, models, classifications, topologies, components, media, and applications. The document concludes with profiles of Dr. Kamal Gulati which outlines his academic and professional experience working in computer science and information technology fields.Networking presentationNetworking presentation.pptNetworking presentation.ppt...
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks allow sharing of hardware, software, files and administration. There are different types of networks classified by transmission medium (wired vs wireless), size (LAN, WAN, MAN), management (peer-to-peer, client/server), and topology. Common transmission media are twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. Local area networks connect computers within a building while wide area networks connect locations further apart like across cities. Protocols like TCP/IP and domains names are used to transmit data packets across interconnected networks.
Unit2.2
A computer network connects two or more computers together to allow sharing of resources and communication between users. Common network types include local area networks (LANs) within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) spanning multiple cities or countries. The topology, or layout of connections between devices, can take bus, star, ring or mesh forms. Protocols and layered network architectures like TCP/IP or OSI model provide standards for communication between networked devices.
Fundamentals of Enterprise Networks
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of enterprise networks including types of communication networks, communication layers and protocols, network design and management, and future trends. It defines communication networks and describes layering concepts and standard organizations. It also discusses personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
Pankaj YADAV
The document discusses the ISO-OSI 7-layer reference model and related IEEE standards. It covers the purpose and functions of each layer, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It also describes how data is formatted and encapsulated as it passes through each layer. Finally, it discusses the IEEE 802 standards group and some of the key standards they developed that apply to networking, particularly at the data link and physical layers.
MOBILE COMPUTING Unit 4.pptx
The document provides information about ad-hoc networks, including their characteristics, applications, design issues, and routing protocols. Some key points:
- Ad-hoc networks are infrastructure-less and use multi-hop wireless links between mobile nodes, requiring distributed routing protocols. They are suitable for situations requiring quick deployment like emergencies or military operations.
- Challenges for routing in ad-hoc networks include the dynamic topology, limited bandwidth and energy of nodes, and lack of a centralized entity. Traditional link-state and distance-vector routing protocols are examined.
- Popular link-state protocols like OSPF work by flooding link-state information to build a shared topology database and calculate the shortest path tree
Manet
This document discusses mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and outlines some key challenges related to routing and security in these networks. It provides background on MANETs, explaining that they are infrastructure-less wireless networks where nodes can freely and dynamically self-organize. It then summarizes some of the main challenges like frequently changing topologies, limited resources of mobile nodes, and security issues like denial of service attacks. The document also gives an overview of different routing protocols for MANETs and requirements for these protocols to address challenges like frequent path breaks and bandwidth constraints. It concludes that comprehensive security solutions are still needed to address both routing and cooperation enforcement issues in these challenging ad hoc network environments.
CISSP - Chapter 4 - Network Topology
Network topologies describe the layout of connections between devices in a network. The main types are ring, star, bus, mesh, tree, and hybrid. Ring topology uses a closed loop connection where data passes through each node sequentially. Bus topology connects all devices to a single cable. Star topology connects all devices to a central node. Mesh topology connects each device to every other device. Tree topology branches out from a root node.
Mobile Ad Hoc Network of Simulation Framework Based on OPNET
This document discusses mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and their simulation in OPNET. It defines MANETs as wireless networks without centralized administration composed of nodes that can freely and dynamically self-organize. The key characteristics of MANETs are that nodes are equal, there is no central control, and topology is dynamic. Common routing protocols for MANETs include DSDV, AODV, DSR. The document outlines modeling MANETs in OPNET including the network model with nodes, node model with routing/wireless modules, and analyzing performance metrics like delay from simulation results.
Similar to Dcn notea unit 1 ppt (20)
Information Networks - (Covered all the Important Topics)
Information Networks - (Covered all the Important Topics)
Networking presentationNetworking presentation.pptNetworking presentation.ppt...
Networking presentationNetworking presentation.pptNetworking presentation.ppt...
Mobile Ad Hoc Network of Simulation Framework Based on OPNET
Mobile Ad Hoc Network of Simulation Framework Based on OPNET
Recently uploaded
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...Paris Salesforce Developer Group
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.Design and optimization of ion propulsion drone
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Recently uploaded (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Dcn notea unit 1 ppt
- 1. IEC-802 : DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORK Unit-1 Basic concepts And ISO-OSI-Model QAZI SAEED AHMAD ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIN ENGINEERING INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW
- 2. A Communication Network • Source – generates data to be transmitted • Transmitter – Converts data into transmittable signals • Transmission System – Carries data • Receiver – Converts received signal into data • Destination – Takes incoming data
- 3. Communications Tasks Transmission system utilization Addressing Interfacing Routing Signal generation Recovery Synchronization Message formatting Exchange management Security Error detection and correction Network management Flow control
- 4. Simplified Communications Model - Diagram
- 5. Simplified Data Communications Model
- 6. Networking • Point to point communication not usually practical – Devices are too far apart – Large set of devices would need impractical number of connections • Solution is a communications network – Wide Area Network (WAN) – Local Area Network (LAN)
- 7. Wide Area Networks • Large geographical area • Crossing public rights of way • Rely in part on common carrier circuits • Alternative technologies – Circuit switching – Packet switching – Frame relay – Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
- 8. Local Area Networks • Smaller scope – Building or small campus • Usually owned by same organization as attached devices • Data rates much higher • Usually broadcast systems • Now some switched systems and ATM are being introduced
- 9. LAN Configurations • Switched – Switched Ethernet • May be single or multiple switches – ATM LAN – Fibre Channel • Wireless – Mobility – Ease of installation
- 10. Metropolitan Area Networks • MAN • Middle ground between LAN and WAN • Private or public network • High speed • Large area
- 15. Network Topology
- 16. Mesh Topology
- 17. Mesh Topology
- 18. Star Topology
- 19. Tree Topology
- 20. Ring Topology
- 21. Hybrid Topology
- 23. Simplex
- 24. Half-Duplex
- 25. Full-Duplex
- 26. ISO-OSI Model
- 27. OOO OSI MODEL
- 28. OSI LAYERS
- 29. An Exchange using OSI Model
- 30. Physical Layer
- 31. Duties • 1. Physical Characteristics of Interfaces and Medium • 2. Representation of Bits • 3. Data Rate • 4. Synchronization of Bits • 5. Line Configuration • 6. Physical Topology • 7. Transmission Mode
- 32. Data Link Layer
- 33. Duties • 1. Framing • 2. Physical Addressing • 3. Flow Control • 4. Error Control • 5. Access Control
- 34. Data Link Layer example
- 35. Network Layer
- 36. Duties • 1. Logical Addressing • 2. Routing
- 37. Transport Layer
- 38. Duties
- 40. Transport Layer
- 41. WCB/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Session Layer
- 44. Summary of Layer Functions
- 45. Thank You