Graphs & Charts of Pharmaceutical use

1. Graphs in Biostatistics
Dr Vandana Gupta
Associate Professor
Mittal Institute of Pharmacy
Opposite Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Centre
Bhopal3/29/2020 1

2. Graphs give a bird’s –eye view of the entire data .
It help one in making quick accurate comparison of
data.
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3. What is Graph?
• A graph is a figure drawn to a scale. But
this is possible only for metric data. The
scale could be on horizontal axis or on
vertical axis or both.
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4. Why do we need Graph?
• The information presented in the form of
graph is easily understood.
• The impressions created by graphs last
much longer than those created by the
figures presented in a tabular form.
• They facilitate comparison of data.
• They bring out hidden fact and
relationship & can stimulate as well as aid
analytical thinking and investigation.
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5. How?
Types of Graphs
There are several different types of charts and graphs.
The most common are probably:
 Line graphs,
 Bar graphs
 Histograms,
 Pie charts, and
 Response Surface graphs
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6. Continue………..
• Line Graph
A line graph is a type of chart or graph which
shows information when a series of data is
joined by a line. It shows the changes in the
data over a period of time. In a simple line
graph, we plot each pair of values of (x, y).
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7. Continue……
Example: Here, the x-axis denotes the various time point (t), and the y-
axis denotes the observation : cumulative % of drug release from
sustained release dosage form based on the time .
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8. Continue……
• Bar Graph
A bar graph is a graphical representation of the
data in the form of rectangular bars or columns
of equal width.
A bar graph can be either vertical or horizontal
depending upon the choice of the axis as the
base. The horizontal bar diagram is used for
qualitative data. The vertical bar diagram is
used for the quantitative data or time series
data.
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9. Continue……….
•
Example: Here, the x-axis denotes the various vehicle or media and the y-axis
denotes the observation for solubility of the drug (ramipril) in various
vehicles or media.
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10. Continue……
• Histograms
A histogram is similar to a bar graph except for the
fact that there is no gap between the rectangular
bars. The rectangular bars show the area
proportional to the frequency of a variable and the
width of the bars represents the class width or
class interval.
Frequency means the number of times a variable is
occurring or is present. It is an area graph. The
heights of the rectangles are proportional to the
corresponding frequencies of similar classes.
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11. Continue……….
• Example: Here, the x-axis denotes the group of people into ten-year age
categories, 0–10, 11–20, 21–30 and so on and the y-axis denotes the
observation for number of people in each age category.
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12. Continue……….
• Pie Charts
A pie chart looks like a circle (or a pie) cut up into segments. Pie
charts are used to show how the whole breaks down into parts.
Pie charts, unlike bar graphs, show dependent data. Pie charts
show percentages of a whole and the segments of the pie chart
are proportionally sized to represent the percentage of the total.
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13. Continue……
• Example: Here, the pie chart shows the dependent data for drug delivery
by various routes of administration.
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14. Continue……….
• Response surface Graph or Contour plot
A Contour plot(sometimes called Level Plot) is a way
to show a three-dimensional surface on a two-
dimensional plane. It graphs two predictor variables
X Y on the y-axis and a response variable Z
as contours. These contours are sometimes called z-
slices or iso-response values.
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15. Continue……
• Example: Here, the Contour plots show the effect of predictor variables (%
of starch and % of Stearic acid) in tablet on response variables (Hardness
and dissolution)
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16. THANK YOU
Stay-Home
Stay-Safe
……..To beat the COVID-19
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