The document discusses various statistical graphs and methodologies, including histograms, pie charts, cubic graphs, and response surface methodology (RSM). Histograms are used for organizing and displaying continuous sample data, while pie charts visualize the distribution of data in sectors. RSM aids in optimizing processes influenced by multiple variables and finds applications across several scientific and industrial fields.

1. BIOSTATISITCS & RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

2. Presented by-:
• 1) Yogesh Pawar
• 2) Prashant Jatkar
• 3) Gaurav Deshpande
• 4) Prashant Ingawale
• 5) Krishna Jamdar-Gujarathi

3. Graphs
• 1)Histogram
• 2)Pie Chart
• 3)Cubic Graph
• 4)Response surface plot
• 5)Counter Plot graph

4. Histogram
• What is Histogram?
Histogram is the graphical representation that is
helpful to organize and display the data in more user-friendly
format. Histogram displays shape and spread of continues
sample data.
Histogram was first introduced by "Karl Pearson"

5. Uses-:
• 1) It helps in comparing process with specified limits.
2) It summaries large data.
3) It assists in decision making .

6. Pie Chart
• What is Pie chart?
 A pie chart (also called as pie graph or circle
graph) makes use of sectors in circle. The angle
of sector is proportional to the frequency of
data.
Pie chart is a good way of displaying data when
you want to show how something is shared or
divided
Formula to determine angle of sector :-
Angle of sector = Frequency of data/Total frequency × 360°

7. EXAMPLE
• In a school, there are 750 students in Year1, 420
students in Year 2 and 630 students in Year 3.
Draw a circle graph to represent the numbers of
students in these groups.

8. SOLUTION

9. Graphs of x 3 (cubic graphs)
• In mathematics, a cubic graph is defined as a graph
with it’s representing equation having it’s degree or
it’s highest power three with the general form:
y = ax3 + bx2 + c x+ d
Where a, b and c are the co- efficents of x3, x2 and
x respectively and d is the y-intercept.

10. This is a simple Graph of x3 where it’s coefficient is 1 and no other
terms are present, including the y-intercept ‘d’. Therefore, this
line passes through the origin.
Effect of the
co-efficient of X3

11. Response surface methodology (RSM)
• Response surface methodology (RSM) uses various
statistical, graphical, and mathematical techniques to
develop, improve, or optimize a process, also use for
modeling and analysis of problems if our response
variables in influenced by several independent variables.
• Main objectives are as follow.
– Optimize.(main objective)
– Develop.
– Improve. (if necessary).

12. Application
The most frequent applications of RSM are in the
industrial area.
RSM is important in designing formulating and
developing and analyzing new specific scientific
studying and product.
It is also efficient in improvements of existing studies
and products
Most common application of RSM are in industrial,
biological and clinical sciences, social sciences ,food
sciences and physical and engineering sciences

13. Counter Plot
• Are 2-D (X1 & X2) graphs in which some
variables are held at one desired level & specific
response noted.
• Both axes are in experimental units.
• Sometimes both the contour & RSM plots are
drawn
• together for better optimum values.

15. Reference
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_chart
• https://www.slideshare.net/

16. Thank You
!!!!