The document outlines the differences between data and information, emphasizing that data is raw and uncertain, while information is processed and certain. It discusses the organization of data in databases, including various models such as hierarchical, network, and relational models. Additionally, it touches on the role of database management systems (DBMS) in managing and accessing data, as well as the importance of security and integrity in data management.

2. g
A
h
H

4. w
Data
consist on Raw facts &
figures
Data is lengthy and uncertain
Difficult to regenerate
Information
is process foam of
data and it is certain.
Information is short and
certain
Easy to regenerate

5. A component of a database which contains a single item such as
name, number, or combination of characters that describes some
aspect of an object
Collection of related fields that describe some object or activity

Collection of related records
Collection of integrated and related files or tables

8. Generalized class of people, places, or things for which data is
collected, stored, and maintained
Characteristic of an entity
For example, employee number or last name
The specific value of an attribute is called a data item
Field in a record used to identify the record
Uniquely identifies the record in a database file
A data anomaly such as a two people with the same name can be
resolved

10. 








Collection of interrelated data
Set of programs to access the data
DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and
efficient to use.
Banking: all transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions

11. 
A collection of data organized to meet users’ needs

A group of programs that manipulate the database and
provide an interface between the database and the user or
the database and application programs

Comprised of database, DBMS, and application programs

12. DBMS
Hardware
software
Data
Users
Procedures

13. Store important data such as phone
numbers, addresses, text, images, audi
o signals
Perform routine tasks such as
preparing income tax forms or
produce paychecks for employees
Make better decisions by using
information gathered from databases
and creating reports
Protect data from attacks and
unauthorized access

14. Data
dictionary
Access &
security
utilities
Report
generator
Backup
&
recovery
Query
language

15. refers to both the practice and the study of the activities people
perform in order to acquire, organize, maintain, retrieve and
use information items such as documents (paper-based and
digital), web pages and email messages for everyday use to
complete tasks (work-related and not) and fulfill a person’s
various roles (as parent, employee, friend, member of
community, etc.)
 Address Book
 Email

18.  PC databases
 Centralized database
 Client/server databases
 Distributed databases
 Database models
Data
information
knowledge

19. Central
Computer
Client
Client
Network
Database
Server
Client

20. Data (the database)
Software
Hardware
Users

We focus mainly on
the software
Store
Update
Retrieve
Organise
Protect
their data

22. Reduced
data
redundancy
Standardization
of data access
Easier
modification
and updating
Improved
data
integrity
Shared data
and
information
resources

24. defines the logical design of data.
 Describes the relationships between different parts
of data.
Hierarchical model
3 models

Network model
Relational model

27. 





Determines where data are actually stored on the storage device.
Low-level access method
Defines the logical view of the data
The main functions of DBMS are in this level.
Interacts directly with the user.
Change the data coming from the conceptual level to a format and
view that are familiar to the users.

28. Data are organized as an upside down tree.
Each entity has only one parent but can have
several children

29. The entities are organized in a graph.
 Some entities can be accessed through
several paths


30. 


Data are organized in two-dimensional
tables called relations.
The tables are related to each other.
The most popular model.

32. Standardized by ANSI and ISO for use on relational
databases.
 It is a declarative (not procedural) language, which
means that the users declare what they want without
having to write a step-by-step procedure.
 First implemented by Oracle in 1979.
 SQL allows you to combine the following
statements to extract more complex information
from database.


34. 




It is not a new model. It is based on relational model.
The data are stored on several computers that communicate
through the Internet or some private WAN.
Data are either fragmented, with each fragment stored at
one site, or data are replicated at each site.
Fragmented distributed databases
Replicated distributed databases

35. Some application like to see data as a
structure such as a record made of fields.
 Tries to keep the adv. of the relational
model and allows applications to access
structured data.
 In an OODB, objects and their relations are
defined. In addition, each object can have
attributes that can be expressed as fields.
