The document discusses different levels of data organization in databases from lowest to highest - character, field, record, file, and database. It then outlines objectives and types of databases including operational, analytical, data warehouse, distributed, end user, and external databases. Finally, it describes database management systems (DBMS), their components like data definition and manipulation languages, data dictionaries, and functions like organizing, integrating, and retrieving data.
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Author: Carlos Coronel | Steven Morris
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• About data modeling and why data models are important
• About the basic data-modeling building blocks
• What business rules are and how they influence database design
• How the major data models evolved
• About emerging alternative data models and the needs they fulfill
• How data models can be classified by their level of abstraction
Author: Carlos Coronel | Steven Morris
What is data and information? What is data base? What is data base management system? What are various data base models??? Components of data base function of data base. Advantages of data base. And what is system language query???
Basic Data Management Concept
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Database Management Systems
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2. Problems with file processing systems
Inconsistent data
Inflexibility
Limited data sharing
Poor enforcement of standards
Excessive program maintenance
3. Levels of Data
Character :The most basic logical element is character.Which
consists of alphabetic, numeric or other symbol.
Field : It consists of grouping of characters.For example, the
grouping of alphabetic characters.For example grouping of
alphabetic characters in a person’s name form a name field.
Record :Related fields of data are grouped to form a record.
File :A group of related records is a data file, or table.
Database :The highest level in the hierarchy is the database.A
database is an integrated collection of logically related records or
files.
4. Objectives of Data Base
Controlled Redundancy
Ease of learning and use
Data independence
Accuracy and Integrity
Privacy and security
Shared
Recovery from failure
Performance
5. Types of Data Bases
Operational Data Base
Analytical Data Base
Data Warehouse Data Base
Distributed Data Base
End User Data Base
External Data Base
6. Operational Database
Data Bases store detailed data needed to support operations of
entire organization
They are also called Subject Area Databases ,transaction
database and production database
A customer database, inventory database, and other database
containing data generated by business operations
7. Analytical Database
Databases store data extracted from selected operational and
external databases
Consists of data mostly needed by an organization’s managers
and other end users
They are also called management databases or information
databases
They are the databases accessed by the online analytical
processing (OLAP) systems, decision support systems and
executive information systems
8. Data Warehouse Databases
Stores data from current and previous years that has been
extracted from various operational and analytical databases of
an organization
It is a central source of data that has been standardized and
integrated so it can be used by managers and other end user
professionals throughout an organization
9. Distributed Database
Databases of local work groups and departments at regional
offices, branch offices, manufacturing plants and other work
sites
Can include segments of common operational and common
user databases as well as data generated and used only at a
user’s own site
Ensuring that all the data in distributed databases are
consistently and concurrently updated
10. End User Database
These databases consist of a variety of data files developed by
end users at their workstations
For example, users may have their own electronic copies of
documents they generated with word processing packages or
received by electronic mail.
11. External Database
Access to external online databases or data banks is available
for a fee from commercial information services , or for free of
price from many sources on the internet
For example, data are available in the form of statistics on
economic and demographic activity from statistical data banks
Abstracts from newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals
from bibliographic data banks
12. Database Management System
DBMS is the software that permits an organization to
centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to
the stored data by application programs .
DBMS acts as an interface between the application program
and the physical data files
DBMS has three components
A data definition language
A data manipulation language
A data dictionary
13. Data Definition Language
The data definition language is the formal language used by
the programmers to specify the content and structure of
database
It defines each data element as it appears in the database before
that data element is translated into the forms required by
application programs
14. Data Manipulation Language
This language contains commands that permits end users and
programmers to extract data from the database to satisfy
information requests and develop applications
The most prominent data manipulation language today is
structured query language (SQL)
15. Data Dictionary
This is an automated or manual file that stores definitions of
data elements and data characteristics such as usage, physical
representation, ownership, authorization and security
Many data dictionaries can produce lists and reports of data
utilization, groupings, program location and so on
16. Functions of DBMS
Organizes data
Integrates data
Separates data
Controls data
Retrieves data
Protects data
17. Benefits of DBMS
Reduced programming costs
Reduced development and implementation time
Reduced program and file maintenance costs
Reduced data Redundancy
Increase flexibility
18. Data Storage and Retrieval
Data is not stored in a random fashion. It is organized for
efficient retrieval.
Sequential organization
Indexed Sequential Organization
Inverted List Organization
Direct Access Organization
19. Sequential Organization
It simply means storing and sorting in physical, contiguous
blocks within files on tape or disk
Records are also in sequence within each block
It is best suited in reading one record after another without a
search delay
The records can be added only at the end of the file
20. Indexed Sequential Organization
Data is stored in physically contiguous blocks and uses indexes
to locate records
Indexed Sequential Organization reduces the magnitude of the
sequential search and provides quick access for sequential and
direct processing
The drawback is the extra storage space required for the index.
It also takes long to search the index for data access or retrieval
21. Inverted List Organization
It differ from the previous in the index level and record storage
The indexed sequential method has a multiple index for a
given key, whereas the inverted list method has a single index
for each key type
In inverted list records are not needed to be stored in a
particular sequence. They are placed in data storage area but
indexes are updated for the record keys and location
Inverted lists are best for applications that request specific data
on multiple keys
22. Direct Access Organization
In direct access file organization, records are placed randomly
throughout the file
New records are added at the end of the file or inserted in
specific locations based on software commands
Records are accessed by addresses that specify their disk
locations. An address is required for locating a record, for
linking records , or for establishing relationships
25. Relational Data Model
Dept .no
Dep. A
Dep. B
Dep. C
D
D Emp
name loc
no
Emp E
E
E Dep.
. no name title sal no
E1
E2
E3
DA
DA
DB
E4
E5
DB
DC
E6
DA
26. Data Schemes
The schemes (schema) define categories of data and their
properties .
External Schema or user schema is the user’s view of a part
of the database
Conceptual Schema is the overall logical view of the database
Internal Schema or data storage definition is the way the data
is physically organized in storage
28. External Schema
Each user of the database (an application program or a person
formulating a query ) is concerned with only a small portion of
the database
Each user is interested in only a part of the entities in the
database, only part of the attributes of those entities, and
certain relationships among the entities
External schema consists basically of definitions of each of the
various external record types in the external view
The external schema is written using the DDL portion of the
user’s data sub language
29. Conceptual Schema
The conceptual schema is the logical view of the entire
database . It represents as closely as possible the real entities
and their relationships .
It contains integrity rules and authorization rules, but it does
not contain information about how the data items are stored
30. Internal Schema
The internal schema or physical data model describes how the
database is organized for physical storage and access
The internal schema includes information on ordering of
records, block sizes, storage indexes, use of pointers and access
strategies being used
31. Mapping
A mapping is a transaction of one schema to another
In order for a user to access data, the user view of the data as
reflected in the external schema must be translated into the
overall conceptual schema
In the same way, the conceptual/internal mapping translates
logical descriptions of data in the conceptual schema to
physical locations and access paths in the internal scheme