Data Warehouse Physical Design,Physical Data Model, Tablespaces, Integrity Constraints, ETL (Extract-Transform-Load) ,OLAP Server Architectures, MOLAP vs. ROLAP, Distributed Data Warehouse ,
DDBMS, characteristics, Centralized vs. Distributed Database, Homogeneous DDBMS, Heterogeneous DDBMS, Advantages, Disadvantages, What is parallel database, Data fragmentation, Replication, Distribution Transaction
Advance Database Management Systems -Object Oriented Principles In DatabaseSonali Parab
An OODBMS is the result of combining object oriented programming principles with database management principles. Object oriented programming concepts such as encapsulation, polymorphism and inheritance are enforced as well as database management concepts such as the ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability) which lead to system integrity, support for an ad hoc query language and secondary storage management systems which allow for managing very large amounts of data. The Object Oriented Database Manifesto specifically lists the following features as mandatory for a system to support before it can be called an OODBMS; Complex objects, Object identity, Encapsulation , Types and Classes , Class or Type Hierarchies, Overriding, overloading and late binding, Computational completeness , Extensibility,Persistence , Secondary storage management, Concurrency, Recovery and an Ad Hoc Query Facility.
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain databases and control all access to them. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient for users to retrieve and store information.
An overview of object oriented programming including the differences between OOP and the traditional structural approach, definitions of class and objects, and an easy coding example in C++. This presentation includes visual aids to make the concepts easier to understand.
Data Warehouse Physical Design,Physical Data Model, Tablespaces, Integrity Constraints, ETL (Extract-Transform-Load) ,OLAP Server Architectures, MOLAP vs. ROLAP, Distributed Data Warehouse ,
DDBMS, characteristics, Centralized vs. Distributed Database, Homogeneous DDBMS, Heterogeneous DDBMS, Advantages, Disadvantages, What is parallel database, Data fragmentation, Replication, Distribution Transaction
Advance Database Management Systems -Object Oriented Principles In DatabaseSonali Parab
An OODBMS is the result of combining object oriented programming principles with database management principles. Object oriented programming concepts such as encapsulation, polymorphism and inheritance are enforced as well as database management concepts such as the ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability) which lead to system integrity, support for an ad hoc query language and secondary storage management systems which allow for managing very large amounts of data. The Object Oriented Database Manifesto specifically lists the following features as mandatory for a system to support before it can be called an OODBMS; Complex objects, Object identity, Encapsulation , Types and Classes , Class or Type Hierarchies, Overriding, overloading and late binding, Computational completeness , Extensibility,Persistence , Secondary storage management, Concurrency, Recovery and an Ad Hoc Query Facility.
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain databases and control all access to them. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient for users to retrieve and store information.
An overview of object oriented programming including the differences between OOP and the traditional structural approach, definitions of class and objects, and an easy coding example in C++. This presentation includes visual aids to make the concepts easier to understand.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
1. Chapter 1: Introduction
Purpose of Database Systems
View of Data
Data Models
Data Definition Language
Data Manipulation Language
Transaction Management
Storage Management
Database Administrator
Database Users
Overall System Structure
2. Database Management System (DBMS)
Collection of interrelated data
Set of programs to access the data
DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient
and efficient to use.
Database Applications:
Banking: all transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
Databases touch all aspects of our lives
3. Purpose of Database System
In the early days, database applications were
built on top of file systems
Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
Data redundancy and inconsistency
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
different files
Difficulty in accessing data
Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
Data isolation — multiple files and formats
Integrity problems
Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become
part of program code
Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
4. Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)
Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
Atomicity of updates
Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial
updates carried out
E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either
complete or not happen at all
Concurrent access by multiple users
Concurrent accessed needed for performance
Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same
time
Security problems
Database systems offer solutions to all the above
problems
5. File Management Systems
Uncontrolled Redundancy
Inconsistent data
Limited data sharing
Difficulty in accessing data
Security problems
Huge data storage problem
Excessive program maintenance
Excessive data maintenance
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Drawbacks 5
6.
7. Applications of Database System
Banking
Airlines
University
Railways
Finance
Sales
Telecommunication
Pay roll system
Manufacturing
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8. Levels of Abstraction
Physical level describes how a record (e.g., customer) is
stored.
Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the
relationships among the data.
type customer = record
name : string;
street : string;
city : integer;
end;
View level: application programs hide details of data
types. Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for
security purposes.
9. 9
Three-Schema Architecture
External Level
(describe the various
user views)
Conceptual Level
(describe the structure
and constraints for the
whole database)
Internal Level
(physical storage
structures and access
paths)
END USERS
External View
External View
Conceptual Schema
Internal Schema
Stored Database
. . .
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Three-Schema Architecture
Example:
Customer Name
Customer Address
Customer Name
Customer Address
Customer SSN
Customer Name: String
Customer Address: String
Customer SSN: Number (PK)
Name: String length 25
Address: String length 40
SSN: Number length 10
Conceptual View
Internal View
External
View
Logical Record 1 Logical Record n
Customer SSN
--------------
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Data Independence:
It is the capacity to change the schema
at one level of database system without having to
change the schema at the next higher level.
Two types of Data Independence:
• Logical Data Independence
• Physical Data Independence
Data Independence
12. Types of Data Independence
Logical Data Independence :
The ability to modify or change the conceptual
(logical) schema without changing the external
scheme or application programs to be rewritten.
* Modifications are necessary whenever the
logical structure of the database is altered.
* The change in conceptual database may be
expanding the database by adding a new data field or
reducing the database by deleting fields.
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13. Aruna (DSCASC)
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Physical Data Independence:
The ability to modify or change the internal (physical) schema without
changing the Conceptual (logical) schema.
* Modifications are necessary in this level to improve the performance.
* Changes to the internal schema is needed because some physical file had
to be reorganized, such as changing the access modes or paths for better
retrieval or updates.
Types of Data Independence
14. Instances and Schemas
Similar to types and variables in programming languages
Schema – the logical structure of the database
e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts
and the relationship between them)
Analogous to type information of a variable in a program
Physical schema: database design at the physical level
Logical schema: database design at the logical level
Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time
Analogous to the value of a variable
Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical
schema without changing the logical schema
Applications depend on the logical schema
In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be
well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.
15. Data Models
A collection of tools for describing
data
data relationships
data semantics
data constraints
Entity-Relationship model
Relational model
Other models:
object-oriented model
semi-structured data models
Older models: network model and hierarchical
model
16. 16
History of Data Models
Network Model
Hierarchical Model
Entity – Relationship Model
Relational Model
Object-Oriented Model
Object-Relational Model
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19. Entity Relationship Model (Cont.)
E-R model of real world
Entities (objects)
E.g. customers, accounts, bank branch
Relationships between entities
E.g. Account A-101 is held by customer Johnson
Relationship set depositor associates customers with accounts
Widely used for database design
Database design in E-R model usually converted to design in
the relational model (coming up next) which is used for
storage and processing
20. Relational Model
Example of tabular data in the relational model
customer-
name
Customer-
id
customer-
street
customer-
city
account-
number
Johnson
Smith
Johnson
Jones
Smith
192-83-7465
019-28-3746
192-83-7465
321-12-3123
019-28-3746
Alma
North
Alma
Main
North
Palo Alto
Rye
Palo Alto
Harrison
Rye
A-101
A-215
A-201
A-217
A-201
Attributes
22. Entity –Relationship Model
The E-R data model is based on real world that consists of a collection
of basic objects called entities and relationship among the objects.
Entities are specific objects or things in the world that are
represented in the database.
Example: specific person, company, student, event.
Attributes are properties used to describe an entity.
Example: an EMPLOYEE entity may have a Name, SSN, Address,
Designation,
Salary.
22
Data Models
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Data Models
1) Relational Model:
- It represents a database as a collection of tables (Where each table can be stored
as a separate file, each of which has a number of columns with unique names).
- A table is a collection of rows and columns. Each column has a unique name.
- Each row is called a tuple, a column header as attributes, the table as relation.
Example:
NAME LOCATION CITY PHONE NO. ACCOUNT No.
ANAND KORAMANGALA BANGALORE 534278 401
VIKRAM AUDOGODI BANGALORE 546678 402
ACCOUNT NO. BALANCE
401 10000
402 5000
24. 24
Data
Models
2) Network Model:
Data is represented as a collection of records and relationship
between data is represented by links which can be viewed as pointers.
The record in the database are organized as collection of arbitrary
graphs.
Example:
Publisher
Book
Author
Book Branch Branch
Network database structure
Network database model
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Data Models
3) Hierarchical Data Model:
It is different from network model in the way that records are organized
into a tree like structure.
For eg. An organization might store information about an employee, such
as name, dep, sal. The organization might also store information about
employee’s family. The employee and the family data forms hierarchy.
Example:
DEPT
F1 F3 F4
F2
SD1 SD2 SD3 SD4
F – Faculty
S - Student
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Data Models
4) Object Oriented Data Model:
It defines the database in terms of objects, their properties and their operations.
Objects with some structure and behavior.
Support the basic elements of the object approach used in object oriented programming
languages like inheritance, use of methods, and encapsulation.
Some object-oriented databases are designed to work well with object oriented
programming languages such as Java, C++, C# etc.
OODBMS use exactly the same model as object-oriented programming languages.
Methods
Class
Operations of each class in terms of
predefined procedure.
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27. Data Definition Language (DDL)
Specification notation for defining the database
schema
E.g.
create table account (
account-number char(10),
balance integer)
DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in
a data dictionary
Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data
about data)
database schema
Data storage and definition language
language in which the storage structure and access methods
used by the database system are specified
28. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Language for accessing and manipulating the data
organized by the appropriate data model
DML also known as query language
Two classes of languages
Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to
get those data
Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required without
specifying how to get those data
SQL is the most widely used query language
29. SQL
SQL: widely used non-procedural language
E.g. find the name of the customer with customer-id 192-83-
7465
select customer.customer-name
from customer
where customer.customer-id = ‘192-83-7465’
E.g. find the balances of all accounts held by the customer
with customer-id 192-83-7465
select account.balance
from depositor, account
where depositor.customer-id = ‘192-83-7465’
and
depositor.account-number =
account.account-number
30. Application programs generally access databases
through one of
Language extensions to allow embedded SQL
Application program interface (e.g. ODBC/JDBC) which allow
SQL queries to be sent to a database
31. Database administrators (DBA):
Responsible for authorizing access to the database, for
co-coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software, and hardware
resources, controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of operations.
Functions of DBA:
• Defining the conceptual schema.
• Defining the physical schema.
• Defining the security and Integrity constraints.
• Defining Backup and Recovery procedures.
• Storage structures and access methods definition.
• Granting of authorization for data access.
Actors on the scene
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32. Database Designers:
Responsible to define the content, the structure, the
constraints, and functions or transactions against the database.
They must communicate with the end-users and understand their
needs.
End-users:
They use the data for queries, reports and some of them
actually update the database content.
Actors on the scene
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33. Different types of end users:
1) Casual: Access database occasionally when needed
2) Naïve or Parametric: They make up a large section of the end-user
population.
They use previously well-defined functions in the form of “canned transactions”
(using Queries and Updates) against the database.
OR
Users who interact with the system by using the application programs that
have previously written, they are unsophisticated users.
Examples A bank-tellers or reservation clerks who do this activity for an entire
shift of operations.
Categories of End-users
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34. Sophisticated:
- These include business analysts, scientists, engineers, others thoroughly
familiar with the system capabilities.
- Many use tools in the form of software packages that work closely with the
stored database.
- This users interact with the system without writing programs. Instead they
form their database query.
Stand-alone:
Mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-use packaged applications.
An example is a tax program user that creates his or her own internal database
Categories of End-users
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35. Database Administrator
Coordinates all the activities of the
database system; the database
administrator has a good understanding of
the enterprise’s information resources and
needs.
Database administrator's duties include:
Schema definition
Storage structure and access method definition
Schema and physical organization modification
Granting user authority to access the database
Specifying integrity constraints
Acting as liaison with users
36. Transaction Management
A transaction is a collection of operations that
performs a single logical function in a database
application
Transaction-management component ensures that
the database remains in a consistent (correct) state
despite system failures (e.g., power failures and
operating system crashes) and transaction failures.
Concurrency-control manager controls the
interaction among the concurrent transactions, to
ensure the consistency of the database.
37. Storage Management
Storage manager is a program module that provides
the interface between the low-level data stored in the
database and the application programs and queries
submitted to the system.
The storage manager is responsible to the following
tasks:
interaction with the file manager
efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data
39. Application Architectures
Two-tier architecture: E.g. client programs using ODBC/JDBC to
communicate with a database
Three-tier architecture: E.g. web-based applications, and
applications built using “middleware”