The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document provides information on darkroom procedures during radiography, including loading and unloading film cassettes under safelights. It discusses the loading bench area and describes the steps for unloading and loading cassettes. It then summarizes the key steps in film processing, including wetting, developing, fixing, washing and drying. Developing converts the latent image to visible form using chemical developers. Fixing removes remaining silver halide using ammonium thiosulphate. Precautions are outlined when handling processing chemicals due to their ability to penetrate skin and cause damage.
This document discusses the processing of x-ray films. It describes how film processing converts a latent image to a visible one through chemical reactions. The key steps are development using developer solution, fixing with fixer solution, rinsing, washing and drying. Films can be processed manually or automatically. Manual processing follows five steps while automatic processing automates the entire process. Various types of processing solutions, methods and darkroom equipment used are also outlined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats
This document provides information on dark room and film processing techniques. It discusses the key components and functions of a dark room for handling radiographic films without light exposure. It also describes the various stages of film processing including development, fixing, washing and drying. Both manual and automatic processing techniques are covered, outlining the different steps, equipment, chemical solutions and factors involved in each method. Automatic processors provide controlled, consistent processing using chemical tanks and a transport system to move films through development, fixation, washing and drying cycles.
This document provides information on dental x-ray film processing, including the various steps and methods. It discusses manual processing which involves development, rinsing, fixing, washing and drying. Development uses a chemical developer to convert the latent image into visible metallic silver. The document also describes automatic processing, daylight processing, and self-developing films. It explains the various solutions used like developer and fixer, as well as the chemicals that make up each solution and their purposes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document provides information on darkroom procedures during radiography, including loading and unloading film cassettes under safelights. It discusses the loading bench area and describes the steps for unloading and loading cassettes. It then summarizes the key steps in film processing, including wetting, developing, fixing, washing and drying. Developing converts the latent image to visible form using chemical developers. Fixing removes remaining silver halide using ammonium thiosulphate. Precautions are outlined when handling processing chemicals due to their ability to penetrate skin and cause damage.
This document discusses the processing of x-ray films. It describes how film processing converts a latent image to a visible one through chemical reactions. The key steps are development using developer solution, fixing with fixer solution, rinsing, washing and drying. Films can be processed manually or automatically. Manual processing follows five steps while automatic processing automates the entire process. Various types of processing solutions, methods and darkroom equipment used are also outlined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats
This document provides information on dark room and film processing techniques. It discusses the key components and functions of a dark room for handling radiographic films without light exposure. It also describes the various stages of film processing including development, fixing, washing and drying. Both manual and automatic processing techniques are covered, outlining the different steps, equipment, chemical solutions and factors involved in each method. Automatic processors provide controlled, consistent processing using chemical tanks and a transport system to move films through development, fixation, washing and drying cycles.
This document provides information on dental x-ray film processing, including the various steps and methods. It discusses manual processing which involves development, rinsing, fixing, washing and drying. Development uses a chemical developer to convert the latent image into visible metallic silver. The document also describes automatic processing, daylight processing, and self-developing films. It explains the various solutions used like developer and fixer, as well as the chemicals that make up each solution and their purposes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Lecture 7 dental x ray film, processing and processing errors lecture 7Lama K Banna
This document discusses proper processing of dental radiographs. It describes the five steps in processing - development, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying. Developing uses a chemical developer to reduce silver halide crystals to silver, while fixing removes unexposed crystals. Automatic processors maintain time and temperature, but proper maintenance is required to avoid errors like over- or underdevelopment, chemical contamination, scratches, or light exposure. Understanding processing is important to produce diagnostic radiographs and avoid unnecessary radiation exposure from retakes.
The document summarizes the process of radiographic film processing and the darkroom equipment used. It discusses:
1. How a latent image is formed on the film when exposed to x-rays and the chemical components involved.
2. The steps of film processing - developing the latent image into a visible one using developer solutions, fixing the image using fixer, and washing the film.
3. The components and purpose of developer and fixer solutions, and factors like temperature, time and replenishment that are important in processing.
4. Darkroom requirements like safelighting, manual processing tanks, timers and drying racks used to process films.
This document discusses the process of developing x-ray films, including the formation of latent images, the basic steps in manual processing, and the functions of developer and fixer solutions. It also summarizes automated processing, including its advantages over manual processing and how automatic processors transport films through processing solutions. The document provides an overview of darkroom equipment requirements and safelighting, as well as solutions for rapid processing and managing radiographic waste.
This document provides information about a darkroom and the equipment and processes used for developing radiographic films. It discusses that a darkroom is a completely darkened room that excludes normal light to allow processing of light-sensitive films. It then lists and describes the common equipment found in a darkroom, including the dry bench, wet bench, safelight, cassettes, hangers, and film dryer. It provides details on the functions of the dry bench, cassettes, safelights, and hangers. It concludes by outlining the steps for loading and developing films using the darkroom equipment.
This document provides information about darkrooms and the equipment used for processing radiographic films. It discusses the types of entrances to a darkroom, including revolving, single, double, and maze doors. Processing tanks, cassettes, safelights, hangers, and automatic processors are described. Cassettes protect films and screens and come in various sizes. Safelights allow dim light in darkrooms without exposing films. Hangers and automatic processors are used to efficiently develop films. Hatches and racks are also discussed.
The document discusses procedures for a dark room used in medical radiography. It provides details on the layout, equipment, and setup of a dark room. Key points include:
- A dark room must be lightproof and have adequate space for a dry bench, wet bench, and sink. Special lighting and filters are used to allow safe viewing of films.
- Equipment includes cassettes, hangers, a film bin, and either a manual or automatic film processor. Chemicals are needed for developing, fixing, and washing films.
- Proper development involves immersing films in tanks containing developer, fixer, and rinse solutions. Strict temperature control and timing is required to reveal the latent image on
The document discusses x-ray films and the process of developing radiographic images. It describes the composition of intraoral x-ray films, including the film base, emulsion, and packet components. It then explains the processes of latent image formation when film is exposed to x-rays and the chemical steps to develop the latent image, including developing, fixing, washing and drying the film. Finally, it discusses factors that influence radiographic image quality such as density, contrast and sharpness.
This document discusses the proper construction, equipment, and safety procedures for a radiology dark room. It outlines important considerations for the location, size, ventilation, lighting, entrance types, and hazards associated with a dark room. Key pieces of equipment like cassettes, film hangers, and processing chemicals and their uses are described. Common problems that can occur with screen film radiography like crossover exposure, cassette artifacts, and dirty/damaged screens are also reviewed.
Dental film processing involves a series of chemical reactions that convert the latent image on an x-ray film to a visible image. There are automatic and manual processing methods. For both, the film first develops the latent image formed during exposure into visible black metallic silver. It is then rinsed, fixed to remove unexposed silver halide crystals, washed, and dried. Proper safelighting and regular replenishment of chemicals is important for consistent, quality results.
This document provides information about the components and operation of a darkroom for processing radiographic films. It discusses that a darkroom is needed to safely handle films without light exposure. The key components of a darkroom include storage shelves, workbenches, processing tanks, lights, and ventilation. Different types of entrances like single door, double door, and revolving doors are described. The document also explains the principles and proper use of safelights for illumination and white lights for maintenance. Finally, it provides an overview of the chemistry and stages involved in automatic film processing, including development, fixing, washing and drying.
This document provides information on the processing of dental radiographs, including definitions of key terms, the formation of latent images, film processing solutions and procedures, darkroom requirements, and various processing methods. It describes how exposure to radiation results in chemical changes in the film's silver halide crystals to form a latent image, which is then made visible through development and fixing solutions. The roles of developer solutions, fixing solutions, and processing equipment are summarized.
This document discusses the processing of radiographic films. It begins by defining radiographic films as the media used to record radiographic images, which are initially stored as latent images that must be processed to become visible. The document then discusses the types of intraoral and extraoral films and the composition of intraoral films. It provides details on the manual and automatic processing of films, including the components and purposes of developer, replenisher, and fixer solutions as well as the visual and time-temperature methods for manual processing. Automatic processing feeds films through developer, fixer, water, and dryer sections to standardize the processing.
The document provides information on processing x-ray film, including the steps to convert the latent image to a visible image. It discusses the chemical reactions that occur during development and fixing, as well as the components and purposes of developer and fixer solutions. The key steps in manual film processing are described as developing the film in developer solution for a specified time based on the temperature, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying the film. Various equipment used in darkroom processing like tanks, timers, racks and hangers are also outlined.
This document discusses the layout, planning, and equipment needs for a dark room. It should be located near imaging rooms for convenience and have adequate size, ventilation, and radiation protection. The dark room consists of a processing area with safelights, a viewing area, and storage space. Proper flooring, walls, lighting, and electrical/chemical safety measures should be implemented. Necessary equipment includes an automatic or manual film processor, chemicals, and storage/loading accessories.
This document provides an overview of penetrant testing (PT), a nondestructive testing method. PT involves applying a penetrant that seeps into surface-breaking defects, removing excess penetrant, and using a developer to draw the penetrant out of defects and make indications visible. The key steps are cleaning, applying penetrant, removing excess penetrant, applying developer, inspecting, and post-cleaning. PT can detect cracks, pores, and other discontinuities in many materials, and has advantages of being easy to use and able to inspect large areas, though it is limited to surface defects.
This presentation Based on Non Destructive Testing.the Abbreviation is NDT.Dye penetrant Testing (DPT) is the part of NDT .I think my presentation will be helpful for NDT Related person
Liquid penetrant testing (LPT) is a widely used nondestructive testing method to reveal surface-breaking flaws. It works by drawing a penetrant liquid into flaws via capillary action, then removing excess penetrant and applying a developer which extracts the penetrant from flaws and makes indications visible. The process involves surface preparation, penetrant application and dwell, excess penetrant removal, developer application, inspection, and cleaning. LPT can detect small flaws but only on accessible surfaces and requires multiple controlled processing steps.
Penetrant testing (PT) is a nondestructive testing method used to detect surface-breaking defects in materials. It works by applying a liquid penetrant that seeps into defects, then using a developer to draw the penetrant back to the surface where it can be seen. The process involves cleaning, applying penetrant, removing excess, applying developer, and inspecting under UV or white light. Proper selection of penetrant type and sensitivity level is important to optimize defect detection without excessive false indications. PT can find cracks, pores, and other discontinuities in metals and some non-metals.
This document provides an overview of liquid penetrant inspection (LPI), a nondestructive testing method used to detect surface-breaking flaws. It discusses how LPI works by drawing colored dye into flaws via capillarity, and the basic six-step LPI process: 1) cleaning, 2) penetrant application, 3) excess penetrant removal, 4) developer application, 5) inspection, and 6) post-cleaning. The document also covers penetrant and developer materials and their properties, factors that influence the process, and advantages and limitations of LPI for nondestructive surface flaw detection.
The document describes the composition and uses of intraoral and extraoral films and intensifying screens used in dental radiography. It discusses the components of intraoral and extraoral films, including the plastic base, double emulsion containing silver halide crystals, and protective layers. It also describes the composition and function of intensifying screens containing rare earth phosphor crystals that emit light when exposed to x-rays. The document provides details on different film types, speeds, sizes and storage as well as cassette, barrier packets and processing.
The document provides instructions for developing black and white film. It explains that film is made up of emulsion, gelatin and silver halide crystals layers. The size of the crystals determines the film speed. When taking a photo, a latent image is captured. The developing process includes loading the film in a dark room, developing using a developer solution, stopping with a stop bath, fixing with fixer, washing and drying the film. Precise times and techniques are outlined for each chemical step.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Lecture 7 dental x ray film, processing and processing errors lecture 7Lama K Banna
This document discusses proper processing of dental radiographs. It describes the five steps in processing - development, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying. Developing uses a chemical developer to reduce silver halide crystals to silver, while fixing removes unexposed crystals. Automatic processors maintain time and temperature, but proper maintenance is required to avoid errors like over- or underdevelopment, chemical contamination, scratches, or light exposure. Understanding processing is important to produce diagnostic radiographs and avoid unnecessary radiation exposure from retakes.
The document summarizes the process of radiographic film processing and the darkroom equipment used. It discusses:
1. How a latent image is formed on the film when exposed to x-rays and the chemical components involved.
2. The steps of film processing - developing the latent image into a visible one using developer solutions, fixing the image using fixer, and washing the film.
3. The components and purpose of developer and fixer solutions, and factors like temperature, time and replenishment that are important in processing.
4. Darkroom requirements like safelighting, manual processing tanks, timers and drying racks used to process films.
This document discusses the process of developing x-ray films, including the formation of latent images, the basic steps in manual processing, and the functions of developer and fixer solutions. It also summarizes automated processing, including its advantages over manual processing and how automatic processors transport films through processing solutions. The document provides an overview of darkroom equipment requirements and safelighting, as well as solutions for rapid processing and managing radiographic waste.
This document provides information about a darkroom and the equipment and processes used for developing radiographic films. It discusses that a darkroom is a completely darkened room that excludes normal light to allow processing of light-sensitive films. It then lists and describes the common equipment found in a darkroom, including the dry bench, wet bench, safelight, cassettes, hangers, and film dryer. It provides details on the functions of the dry bench, cassettes, safelights, and hangers. It concludes by outlining the steps for loading and developing films using the darkroom equipment.
This document provides information about darkrooms and the equipment used for processing radiographic films. It discusses the types of entrances to a darkroom, including revolving, single, double, and maze doors. Processing tanks, cassettes, safelights, hangers, and automatic processors are described. Cassettes protect films and screens and come in various sizes. Safelights allow dim light in darkrooms without exposing films. Hangers and automatic processors are used to efficiently develop films. Hatches and racks are also discussed.
The document discusses procedures for a dark room used in medical radiography. It provides details on the layout, equipment, and setup of a dark room. Key points include:
- A dark room must be lightproof and have adequate space for a dry bench, wet bench, and sink. Special lighting and filters are used to allow safe viewing of films.
- Equipment includes cassettes, hangers, a film bin, and either a manual or automatic film processor. Chemicals are needed for developing, fixing, and washing films.
- Proper development involves immersing films in tanks containing developer, fixer, and rinse solutions. Strict temperature control and timing is required to reveal the latent image on
The document discusses x-ray films and the process of developing radiographic images. It describes the composition of intraoral x-ray films, including the film base, emulsion, and packet components. It then explains the processes of latent image formation when film is exposed to x-rays and the chemical steps to develop the latent image, including developing, fixing, washing and drying the film. Finally, it discusses factors that influence radiographic image quality such as density, contrast and sharpness.
This document discusses the proper construction, equipment, and safety procedures for a radiology dark room. It outlines important considerations for the location, size, ventilation, lighting, entrance types, and hazards associated with a dark room. Key pieces of equipment like cassettes, film hangers, and processing chemicals and their uses are described. Common problems that can occur with screen film radiography like crossover exposure, cassette artifacts, and dirty/damaged screens are also reviewed.
Dental film processing involves a series of chemical reactions that convert the latent image on an x-ray film to a visible image. There are automatic and manual processing methods. For both, the film first develops the latent image formed during exposure into visible black metallic silver. It is then rinsed, fixed to remove unexposed silver halide crystals, washed, and dried. Proper safelighting and regular replenishment of chemicals is important for consistent, quality results.
This document provides information about the components and operation of a darkroom for processing radiographic films. It discusses that a darkroom is needed to safely handle films without light exposure. The key components of a darkroom include storage shelves, workbenches, processing tanks, lights, and ventilation. Different types of entrances like single door, double door, and revolving doors are described. The document also explains the principles and proper use of safelights for illumination and white lights for maintenance. Finally, it provides an overview of the chemistry and stages involved in automatic film processing, including development, fixing, washing and drying.
This document provides information on the processing of dental radiographs, including definitions of key terms, the formation of latent images, film processing solutions and procedures, darkroom requirements, and various processing methods. It describes how exposure to radiation results in chemical changes in the film's silver halide crystals to form a latent image, which is then made visible through development and fixing solutions. The roles of developer solutions, fixing solutions, and processing equipment are summarized.
This document discusses the processing of radiographic films. It begins by defining radiographic films as the media used to record radiographic images, which are initially stored as latent images that must be processed to become visible. The document then discusses the types of intraoral and extraoral films and the composition of intraoral films. It provides details on the manual and automatic processing of films, including the components and purposes of developer, replenisher, and fixer solutions as well as the visual and time-temperature methods for manual processing. Automatic processing feeds films through developer, fixer, water, and dryer sections to standardize the processing.
The document provides information on processing x-ray film, including the steps to convert the latent image to a visible image. It discusses the chemical reactions that occur during development and fixing, as well as the components and purposes of developer and fixer solutions. The key steps in manual film processing are described as developing the film in developer solution for a specified time based on the temperature, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying the film. Various equipment used in darkroom processing like tanks, timers, racks and hangers are also outlined.
This document discusses the layout, planning, and equipment needs for a dark room. It should be located near imaging rooms for convenience and have adequate size, ventilation, and radiation protection. The dark room consists of a processing area with safelights, a viewing area, and storage space. Proper flooring, walls, lighting, and electrical/chemical safety measures should be implemented. Necessary equipment includes an automatic or manual film processor, chemicals, and storage/loading accessories.
This document provides an overview of penetrant testing (PT), a nondestructive testing method. PT involves applying a penetrant that seeps into surface-breaking defects, removing excess penetrant, and using a developer to draw the penetrant out of defects and make indications visible. The key steps are cleaning, applying penetrant, removing excess penetrant, applying developer, inspecting, and post-cleaning. PT can detect cracks, pores, and other discontinuities in many materials, and has advantages of being easy to use and able to inspect large areas, though it is limited to surface defects.
This presentation Based on Non Destructive Testing.the Abbreviation is NDT.Dye penetrant Testing (DPT) is the part of NDT .I think my presentation will be helpful for NDT Related person
Liquid penetrant testing (LPT) is a widely used nondestructive testing method to reveal surface-breaking flaws. It works by drawing a penetrant liquid into flaws via capillary action, then removing excess penetrant and applying a developer which extracts the penetrant from flaws and makes indications visible. The process involves surface preparation, penetrant application and dwell, excess penetrant removal, developer application, inspection, and cleaning. LPT can detect small flaws but only on accessible surfaces and requires multiple controlled processing steps.
Penetrant testing (PT) is a nondestructive testing method used to detect surface-breaking defects in materials. It works by applying a liquid penetrant that seeps into defects, then using a developer to draw the penetrant back to the surface where it can be seen. The process involves cleaning, applying penetrant, removing excess, applying developer, and inspecting under UV or white light. Proper selection of penetrant type and sensitivity level is important to optimize defect detection without excessive false indications. PT can find cracks, pores, and other discontinuities in metals and some non-metals.
This document provides an overview of liquid penetrant inspection (LPI), a nondestructive testing method used to detect surface-breaking flaws. It discusses how LPI works by drawing colored dye into flaws via capillarity, and the basic six-step LPI process: 1) cleaning, 2) penetrant application, 3) excess penetrant removal, 4) developer application, 5) inspection, and 6) post-cleaning. The document also covers penetrant and developer materials and their properties, factors that influence the process, and advantages and limitations of LPI for nondestructive surface flaw detection.
The document describes the composition and uses of intraoral and extraoral films and intensifying screens used in dental radiography. It discusses the components of intraoral and extraoral films, including the plastic base, double emulsion containing silver halide crystals, and protective layers. It also describes the composition and function of intensifying screens containing rare earth phosphor crystals that emit light when exposed to x-rays. The document provides details on different film types, speeds, sizes and storage as well as cassette, barrier packets and processing.
The document provides instructions for developing black and white film. It explains that film is made up of emulsion, gelatin and silver halide crystals layers. The size of the crystals determines the film speed. When taking a photo, a latent image is captured. The developing process includes loading the film in a dark room, developing using a developer solution, stopping with a stop bath, fixing with fixer, washing and drying the film. Precise times and techniques are outlined for each chemical step.
This document announces a project to publish actual letters sent home by veterans during wartime to honor their sacrifice. Each week from July 4th to Veteran's Day, a letter from a World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, or Middle East veteran will be published. On Veteran's Day, a special section will feature more stories and memories from 98 veterans who took part in an Honor Flight to Washington D.C. accompanied by John Kuhn. The project aims to share these family keepsakes and celebrate the heroism of veterans in gratitude for the freedom and independence they provide.
The document discusses e-commerce and digital marketing. It provides an introduction and objectives which include explaining e-commerce growth in Mexico and the importance of social media and online presence for companies. It then covers the history of the internet and defines electronic commerce. Key aspects of e-commerce discussed include types like business-to-business and business-to-consumer. Advantages include market access and reduced costs, while disadvantages include legal issues and security risks. Metrics on e-commerce growth in Mexico are reviewed. Digital marketing concepts like interactivity, customization and online advertising channels such as search, email, banners and social media are also outlined.
- The document discusses theories for why college students engage in binge drinking, including the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Bond Theory. The Theory of Planned Behavior focuses on attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control influencing intentions and behaviors. Social Bond Theory examines how social ties and bonds impact deviant behaviors like binge drinking.
- Key factors discussed are intrapersonal factors like beliefs and values, and interpersonal factors like social norms and perceptions of peer behaviors and attitudes towards drinking. Students may be influenced to binge drink due to perceptions of social acceptance and peer pressures.
El documento describe el análisis sintáctico y cómo construye una representación de la estructura de un programa mediante el uso de reglas gramaticales. Explica que el análisis sintáctico agrupa tokens en clases sintácticas y genera un árbol sintáctico que representa la jerarquía de la gramática. También presenta la gramática del lenguaje de programación MUSIM como ejemplo.
X-rays are produced when high voltage electricity is applied to a tungsten filament in a Crooke's tube, causing electrons to be emitted and accelerated toward a metal target. Some electrons pass through without colliding, producing bremsstrahlung radiation. The x-rays are then collimated and pass through the patient to expose photographic film or illuminate a fluoroscopy screen, allowing internal structures to be visualized. Exposure levels are regulated to minimize radiation dose to the patient.
Diabetes and thyroid disorders in clinical practice today" St. Petersburg, April 25, 2015
Summary
How taking care of the therapeutic relationship with the patient can help physicians in creating better and faster compliance.
Understanding the patient's perspective will help HCP to communicate more effectively and tailor the treatment to the needs of the individual.
Versatility in communication is crucial to the patient's adherence and compliance to the therapy.
El documento describe cómo los sistemas de gestión empresarial integrados son herramientas valiosas para las pequeñas y medianas empresas. Estos sistemas permiten automatizar procesos, integrar datos entre departamentos, y brindar información en tiempo real para la toma de decisiones. Al implementar estas soluciones, las pymes pueden administrarse de manera más eficiente y estar mejor preparadas para competir en el mercado.
- The document discusses bifacial n-type crystalline silicon solar cells, including motivation for bifacial cells, installation possibilities, cell fabrication methods, and preliminary module test results. It achieves up to 21% conversion efficiency on back-contacted IBC cells and 19.4% on standard front-contacted cells, both of which show good bifacial performance. Outdoor tests of small modules demonstrate at least a 12% gain in daily power production for slanted installations compared to monofacial modules.
The document discusses the components and workings of an X-ray machine. It is comprised of a high voltage generator, X-ray tube, autotransformer, high voltage transformer, rectifier, tungsten filament, and operating console. X-rays are produced when high-speed electrons emitted from a filament collide with a metallic target in the X-ray tube. The electrons are accelerated using kilovolts peak (kVp) and milliamps (mA) which causes the electrons to lose kinetic energy upon impact, transforming it into X-ray radiation. Main components include the X-ray tube which houses the filament and target, as well as circuits to heat the filament and accelerate the electrons.
Radiographic film and intensifying screens are used to capture medical images. Film contains a light-sensitive emulsion layer made of silver halide crystals. Intensifying screens convert a small percentage of x-ray photons into visible light photons, which then expose the film. Faster screen speeds reduce patient exposure but also reduce image detail due to increased image noise. Rare earth screens have better x-ray absorption and light conversion rates than older calcium tungstate screens. Proper film and screen handling is important to avoid artifacts and reduced image quality.
This document discusses the problem of low student response rates to online student surveys of teaching (SSoTs) and describes an attempt to address this issue through the creation of short promotional videos. Two videos were produced - the first with a "Hobbit" theme and the second mimicking "Saturday Night Live" - but both failed to significantly improve response rates. The authors hypothesize that rolling out the videos only on social media, rather than directly engaging students in class, limited their effectiveness. Future efforts will involve marketing the surveys to lecturers to encourage in-class promotion and completion.
1) Film processing involves developing a latent image into a visible image through chemical reactions.
2) The key stages are development, fixing, washing and drying to produce a stable radiograph.
3) Development converts exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver through a reducing agent in the developer solution.
Cassettes contain intensifying screens and hold film during x-ray examinations. Intensifying screens convert a small percentage of x-ray photons that pass through the patient into visible light photons, which expose the film. This process increases the number of photons available to expose the film while significantly reducing the radiation dose to the patient compared to directly exposing the film. Modern rare earth screens are most efficient at this conversion but provide less image detail than earlier calcium tungstate screens or direct exposure of film.
The document is a presentation about radiographic cassettes by Sudil Paudyal. It discusses the functions and features of radiographic cassettes, how they are constructed, the materials used and different types available including single screen, double screen, curved, gridded, multi-section, vacuum, and computed radiography cassettes. It also covers how cassettes should be loaded, unloaded, and cared for to maximize the life of the intensifying screens.
Factors affecting Quality and Quantity of X-ray beamVinay Desai
The document discusses the components and functioning of an X-ray tube. It describes how X-ray tubes generate X-rays by accelerating electrons using high voltage and directing them at a metal target. It explains how factors like voltage, current, target material, filtration and waveform affect the quality and quantity of the X-ray beam produced. It also discusses X-ray tube ratings and charts that determine safe operational limits for exposures based on combinations of voltage, current and time to prevent overheating.
This document discusses key components of X-ray systems, including vacuum tube diodes that require rectification to convert AC to DC, high voltage transformers to achieve the voltages needed for X-ray production, and various generator designs like single phase, three phase, and constant potential generators. It also covers topics like transformer configurations and efficiencies, rectification circuits, and factors that determine the maximum safe output of X-ray tubes.
This document discusses the key factors that control an x-ray beam, including exposure time, tube current, tube voltage, filtration, collimation, source-to-film distance, and target material. It explains how each factor affects the quantity and quality of the x-ray beam by influencing the number of photons generated, their mean energy and maximum energy. The document provides details on how varying these technical parameters can optimize radiographic image quality while maintaining patient safety.
This document discusses the process of preparing solutions and manually processing x-ray films. It begins by explaining the difference between latent and visible images on film. It then describes the components of processing solutions like developer, fixer, rinser and washing solutions. Next, it outlines the characteristics of an effective darkroom and safe lighting procedures. The document concludes by detailing the sequence of steps in manual film processing, including development, rinsing, fixing, washing and drying the films.
X-RAY FILM PROCESSING [Autosavee/d].pptxjustinfan550
This document discusses x-ray film processing and computed radiography. It describes the steps in manual and automatic film processing, including developing, fixing, washing and drying films. It explains the purpose and constituents of developer, fixer and other chemicals used. Factors affecting the processing and types of tanks, hangers and storage are also covered. The document also provides an overview of computed radiography, describing the components of imaging plates and how digital images are captured and processed without the use of chemicals.
processingofx-rayfilm-.pptx process while xrayIzzatAftab
The document discusses the process of developing x-ray film from exposure to the final radiographic image. It involves the following key steps: exposing the film, developing the latent image in developer solution, rinsing, fixing the image in fixer solution, washing, and drying. Proper equipment is needed like processing tanks, thermometers, timers, and a darkroom. Both manual and automatic methods are described. Automatic processing is faster but manual processing allows more control over time and temperature variables. Proper handling and disposal of chemical wastes is also important.
4. Processing-1 dental x-ray third year.pptxosamakhatab28
The document discusses the process of developing dental x-ray films. It begins by explaining that processing chemically converts the latent image formed during exposure into a visible image. It then describes the components of the film emulsion and how x-rays interact with silver halide crystals to form a latent image. The stages of processing—developing, fixing, washing and drying—are outlined in detail. Finally, it compares conventional manual processing to more advanced automatic and rapid processing methods.
The document summarizes the process of x-ray film development. It discusses the key components of x-ray film including the film base and emulsion layer. It then describes the chemical processes involved in latent image formation when x-ray film is exposed. Finally, it provides details on the stages of automatic film processing including developing, rinsing, fixing, washing and drying the film to produce the final black and white x-ray image.
The document discusses the process of developing x-ray films, including the steps of development, fixing, rinsing, washing and drying. Development converts the latent image to a visible image using a developer solution containing components like phenidone and hydroquinone. Fixing dissolves and removes unexposed silver halide using a hypo fixer solution. Other steps such as rinsing, washing and drying are also required to produce the final radiograph.
This document provides an overview of radiographic film and film processing. It describes the structure of radiographic film including the film base, emulsion, and super coating. It discusses the types of films and sizes used. The document outlines the film processing steps of development, fixing, washing and drying. It discusses factors that can affect film density and artifacts that may appear on radiographic films.
This document provides information on the process of film development. It discusses the components of x-ray film, including the silver halide crystals and sensitivity specks that form the latent image. It describes the chemical and light-induced processes that create this invisible image. The stages of film processing are outlined, including development, rinsing, fixing, washing and drying. Details are given on the chemical constituents and functions of developers, stop baths, fixers and other processing solutions. Factors that influence development such as temperature, time and chemical concentrations are also summarized.
Intraoral radiographic processing and faultsRuchika Garg
Every radiographic examination should produce radiographs of optimal diagnostic quality.
Radiographs should record the complete area of interest and should have minimal possible distortion.
Improper positioning of receptor and x-ray tube and faulty processing can adversely affect the quality of a properly exposed radiograph.
Thus close attention should be paid to optimize these parameters.
X-ray film consists of an emulsion layer containing light-sensitive silver halide crystals suspended in a gelatin matrix coated on a polyester base. The crystals capture a latent image when exposed to radiation that is then developed using chemical solutions. Dental x-ray films are available in different sizes for various views and come packaged with a lead foil backing to shield the film and reduce scatter radiation. Intraoral films use small silver halide crystals to capture high-resolution images, while extraoral films employ intensifying screens to emit light and increase film sensitivity. Proper exposure, development, and fixing are required to produce radiographs with optimal density and contrast for diagnosis.
The document provides information about the darkroom process for developing photographic film. It explains that photographic film contains light-sensitive silver halide crystals. When film is developed in a darkroom, it is processed using various chemicals like developer, stop bath, fixer and hypo clear. The darkroom process allows images captured on film to be enlarged onto photographic paper using an enlarger. The document also details the various chemicals, equipment, and health and safety practices used in darkrooms.
This document provides an overview of radiography in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to x-rays and their history and properties. It then discusses the components of dental x-ray machines and films. The document outlines the film processing steps and factors that control the density and contrast of radiographic images such as exposure settings and use of grids. Finally, it discusses various intraoral and extraoral radiographic techniques.
This document discusses common causes and remedies for faulty radiographs. It identifies projection errors, exposure and processing errors, automatic processing errors, and miscellaneous technique errors as broad categories of causes. It then provides specific examples of common errors like apical ends cut off, lighter or darker films, cone cuts, blurring, distortions, overlapped images, magnification errors, and artifacts. For each error, it describes the likely reason and provides recommendations for rectification. The document serves as a guide for identifying and addressing issues that can arise during the x-ray taking and processing stages.
The document describes the process of photolithography used in integrated circuit manufacturing. Photolithography involves coating a wafer with photoresist, exposing it to UV light through a mask to transfer the mask pattern, and developing the photoresist to remove the exposed or unexposed areas. Key steps include cleaning the wafer, applying and soft baking the photoresist, aligning and exposing the wafer through the mask, developing the pattern, and etching or implanting areas not protected by the photoresist. Photolithography is critical for patterning layers in chip fabrication and determining the minimum feature size.
Manual film processing involves a series of steps to convert the latent image on a film into a visible image. The process includes development, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying. Development uses a chemical developer to produce a visible image from the latent image by reducing silver ions to metallic silver. Fixing removes any unexposed silver halides using a fixing solution to make the image permanent. Washing removes any remaining chemicals from development and fixing using water before the film is dried.
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The document discusses the process of developing film and making photographic prints. It covers:
1) The chemical processing steps of development, stop bath, and fixation that are used to develop black and white or color film.
2) The equipment and procedures used for film processing in tanks or trays, including loading the film onto reels and processing in a darkroom.
3) The chemical formulations for developers, stop baths, and fixers.
4) The two main types of photographic printing - contact printing and enlarging using an enlarger to project an enlarged image onto printing paper.
The document discusses the various chemical processes involved in developing black and white and color photographic films, including development, stop bath, fixation, and washing. It also covers the procedures for contact printing and enlarging photographs in a darkroom, including the various chemicals and equipment used. The document provides formulations for typical developer, stop bath, and fixer solutions and compares black and white photography to color photography.
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Dark room procedure / dental implant courses
1. DARK ROOM PROCEDURES
COMPOSITION OF DEVELOPER & FIXER,MANNUAL &
AUTOMATIC PROCESSING,SAFELIGHTING AND
STORAGE OF FILMS
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental Education
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2. Film processing
Composition of developer solution
Composition of fixer solution
Dark room equipments
Safe lighting
Practical processing methods
Manual
Automatic
Self Developing Film
Storage of films
3. FILM PROCESSING
The sequence of events required to convert the
invisible latent image, contained in the sensitized film
emulsion, into the visible, permanent radiographic
image
The purpose of film processing is two fold
To convert the latent a visible image (invisible)
image on the film into a visible image
To preserve the visible image that it is permanent
and dose not disappear from the dental radiograph
5. Film Processing Fundamentals
Silver halide crystals in the emulsion absorb
x-radiation during x-ray exposure and store
the energy from the radiation, which forms a
pattern and creates an invisible image within
emulsion on the exposed film. This is called
as Latent Image
6. From Latent To Visible Image
During film processing, Selective reduction
of the exposed silver halide crystals occurs
SELECTIVE REDUCTION
Is the reduction of the energized, exposed
silver halide crystals into black metallic
silver, while the unenergized unexposed
silver halide crystals are removed from the
film
The latent image is made visible image
through processing procedure
7. STEPS
1.IMMERSION OF EXPOSED FILM IN DEVELOPER
Developer distinguishes between exposed
and unexposed silver halide crystals
Initiates chemical reaction that reduces the
exposed silver halide crystals into the black
metallic silver and creates dark or black
areas on the film.
At the same time, the unexposed silver
halide crystals remain virtually unaffected by
the developer solution
9. 3. IMMERSION IN FIXING SOLUTION
Fixer removes the unexposed silver
halide crystals and creates white or
clear areas on the radiograph
meanwhile the black metallic silver
are not removed and remains on the
film
10. 4. WASHING
The film is washed through in
running water to remove residual
fixer solution
5. DRYING AND MOUNTING FOR VIEW
11. THE VISIBLE IMAGE
Made up of black, white and grey areas
RADIOLUCENT
Radiolucent structure is one that readily
permits the passage of the x-ray beam and
allows more x-rays to reach the film
If more x-ray reach the film , more silver
halide crystals in the film emulsions are
exposed and energized, resulting in
increased deposit of black metallic silver,
through appear more black or radiolucent
12. RADIOOPAQUE
Radioopaque structure is the one that
resists the passage of the x-ray beam and
restricts or limits the amount of x-rays
that reach the film
If no x-ray reach the film, no silver halide
crystals are exposed, and no deposits of
black metallic silver ions are seen
The unexposed silver halides crystals are
removed during processing, therefore
structure are white or radioopaque
14. DEVELOPING SOLUTION
Developer – reducing agent
- purpose is to convert exposed silver
halide crystals in to metallic silver grains
HYDROQUINONE – PARAHYDROXY
BENZENE
Generates the black tones and
Sharp contrast of radiographic image
Temperature sensitive
Inactive below 60o
F
Very active above 80o
F
Optimal temperature is 68o
F
15. ELON- MONOMETHYL PARA AMINOPHENOL
SULPHATE
Generates many shades of grey
Not temperature sensitive
Widely used in combination
If used individually
ELON - produce a film that appeared gray
with indistinct contrast
HYDROQUINONE – produce a film that
appeared black and white
16. PRESERVATIVE
SODIUM SULPHITE
antioxidant
Has greater affinity for oxygen and
Protect the developer from being oxidized
by atmospheric oxygen
Also combines with the brown oxidized
developer to produces a colors
Helps extend the useful life of
hydroquinone and elon
17. ACCELERATOR / ACTIVATOR
The developer agent are active only in alkaline –
high pH – medium (pH - 11)
To maintain this condition, they contain alkali
which serves as an activator (accelerator)
SODIUM CARBONATE, SODIUM HYDROXIDE
AND SOMETIMES SODIUM METABORATE,
SODIUM TETRABORATE
When developing agents reduces silver halide
granules H+ produced which causes fall in pH
and depress the reduction of silver that is slow
developing process, therefore activator is used to
fasten the process
Also serve to soften the gelatin so that developer
agent can diffuse more rapidly into this emulsion
18. RESTRAINER
POTASSIUM BROMIDE
Added because bromide is a product of
reduction of silver halide crystals and added
bromide serves to depress the reduction by
common ion effect
Although it dose depress the reduction of
both the exposed and unexposed crystals, it
is much more effective in depressing the
reduction of unexposed crystals, so as a
consequence acts as an ANTIFOG AGENT
19. RINSING
After developing film is to be rinsed in water
for 15-20 seconds before they are placed in
the fixer
This rinse will dilute the development
process
Also removes alkali activator thus preventing
neutralization of acid fixer
20. FIXING SOLUTION
Function is to remove the unexposed silver
halide crystals from the emulsion
Presence of unexposed crystal cause the film
to be opaque if not removed will cause the
film to be obscured and non diagnostic
The other function of fixer is to hardened the
emulsion (on the film)
21. CLEARING AGENT
Fixing agent
Aqueous solution of SODIUM THIOSULPHATE
or AMMONIUM THIO SULPHATE
Function is to remove the unexposed and
underdeveloped silver halide crystals from
the film emulsion
The chemicals clears the film so that the
black image produced by the developer
become readily distinguished
22. ACIDIFIER
ACETIC ACID OR SULPHURIC ACID
The purpose is to neutralizes the alkaline
developers
Also produces necessary acidic
environment for fixing
24. HARDENING AGENT
POTASSIUM ALUM
To harden and shrink the gelatin in the
film emulsion after it has been softened by
the accelerator in developer solution
Shortens the drying time
25. WASHING
Should be washed in a sufficient flow of
water for an adequate time to assure
removed of all processing solution
Washing efficiency is influenced by water
temperature and decreases rapidly below 60o
F
26. DARK ROOM EQUIPMENTS
Primary function is to provide a completely
darkened environments, where x-ray film can
handled and processed to produces
diagnostic radiograph
27. REQUIREMENTS
Conveniently located
Of adequate size (16-20 sq feet)
Equipped with correct lighting arranged with
ample work apace and storage
Temperature and humidity controlled
Room should be well ventilated
Light proof
Door should have locks to prevent accidental
opening
28. LOCATION SIZE
Location must be convenient and near to the
area where x-ray units are installed
Large enough to accommodate film
processing equipments and to allow ample
working space
Measured at least 16-20 square feet
29. LIGHTING
Room must be completely dark and must
exclude all visible white light
LIGHT TIGHT – completely dark room
LIGHT LEAKS –light leaks into dark room
- May cause film fog
Tow types of lighting
Room lighting
Safe lighting
30. ROOM LIGHTING
Incandescent room lighting is required for
procedure not associated with the act of
processing film.
Required for other tasks like cleaning,
stocking materials mixing chemicals
31. SAFELIGHTING
Special type of light that is used to provide
illumination in the dark room during
processing
Low intensity light composed of long wave
lengths in the red –orange portion of visible
light spectrum
Dose not rapidly affect on open film ,but
permits one to see well enough to work
Typically consist of a lamp equipped with a
low wattage (71
/2 or 16w) and a safe light
fitters
32. Safe light filter removes short wavelength in
blue green portion of visible light spectrum
that are responsible for exposure or
damaging the film
Safe light filter permits passage of light in the
red orange range
Most films hare reduced sensitivity to this
red orange range and are not affected by
minimal exposure
It is necessary to maintain an adeqquate
safelight film handling time to a
Minimum Distance – 4 feet / 1.2 meters
Time 2-3 minutes (Handling)
34. 1. MANUAL OR WET PROCESSING
Carried out in dark rooms
General requirements are
Absolute light tightness
Adequate working space
Adequate ventilation
Adequate washing facilities
Adequate film storage facilities
Safe light - 1.2 m from work
25 w bulbs / filters
37. PROCESSING CYCLE
The exposed film packet is unwrapped
and film clipped on to a hanger
The film is immersed in developer and
agitated several times in the solution to
remove air bubbles and left for 5 min
at 20o
C.
The residual developer is rinsed off in
water for 10 seconds
The films is immersed in fixer for
about 8-10 min
The film is allowed to dry in a just free
atmosphere
38. 2. AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
Processing is carried out automatically by a
machine
Several automatic processors are available
which are designed to carryout the film
through the complete cycle usually by a
system of rollers
The cycle same as for manual processing
except that the rollers squeeze off any
excess developing solution before passing
the film onto the fixer, eliminating the
need for the water wash between these two
solutions.
40. ADVANTAGES
Time saving –Dry films are produced in
5 min
Need of dark room is eliminated
Controlled standardized processing
conditions are easy to maintain
Chemicals can be replenished automatically
by some mechanics
42. SELF DEVELOPING FILMS
An alternative to manual processing
X-ray film is presented in a special sachet
containing developer and fixer
Following exposure, developer tab is pulled,
releasing developer solution which milked down
towards the film and messaged around it
After 15 seconds the fixer tab is pulled , to
release fixer which is also milked down
After fixing the used chemical are discharged ,
them film is rinsed in water for 10 min and
dried
44. ADVANTAGES
No dark room or processing facilities are
needed
Time saving –the final radiograph is ready
in about 2-3 mints
45. DISADVANTAGES
Poor overall image quantity
Image deteriorates rapidly with time
No lead foil inside the film packet
Film packet is very flexiblee and easily bent
Difficult to use in positioning holder
Relatively expensive
A rigid, radiographs plastic backing support
tray can be made, which helps to reduce the
problems of flexibility and lack of lead hold
46. STORAGE OF FILMS
Film is adversely affected by heat humidity
and radiation.
Following precaution must be taken to
protect the films
1.To prevent fog, unexposed, unprocessed
film must be kept in a cool, dry place
2.The optimum relative temperature for
storage ranges from 50-70o
F
47. 3.The optimum relative humidity level ranges
from 30-50 %
4.Storage areas should be adequately sheilded
from source of radiations
5.Lead lined or radiation resistant film
dispensers and storage boxes are ideal
6.Each box or container of film is clearly
labelled with an expiration date
7.The “FIRST IN, FIRST-OUT” rule of
thumb should be applied to film use
- The oldest film in stock should always be
used before any new film