This document discusses the process of preparing solutions and manually processing x-ray films. It begins by explaining the difference between latent and visible images on film. It then describes the components of processing solutions like developer, fixer, rinser and washing solutions. Next, it outlines the characteristics of an effective darkroom and safe lighting procedures. The document concludes by detailing the sequence of steps in manual film processing, including development, rinsing, fixing, washing and drying the films.

1. PREPARATION OF PROCESSING SOLUTION
AND FILM PROCESSING.
Presented By
Durjoy Shaha 22110911
Romana Khatun 22110912
Md. Shahin Alam 22110913
MS in Surgery.
Department of Surgery and Obstetrics.
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.
Presented To
Dr. Rukhsana Amin Runa
Associate Professor
Department of Surgery and Obstetrics.
Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh.
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Contents
Introduction
Types of image
Processing solution components
Dark room & Characteristics of dark room
Safe lighting
Faults of dark room
Sequence of steps in processing X-ray film
Manual processing method
Conclusion
Reference
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3.  Introduction:
 In radiograph film processing includes the series of steps that convert the latent image into visible image.
 X-ray films are the most important material used to “decode” the information carried by the attenuated x-ray
beam, when they are made to pass through the tissue.
 Type of Image:
(A) Latent image: The film emulsion is made of silver bromide crystal and silver iodide crystal that is precipated
in gelatin. The silver halide crystals are chemically sensitized by the presence of sulphur compounds which
cause physical irregularities in the crystal produced by iodide ions and theses are called latent image.
(B) Visible image: The latent image is converted into a visible image by the chemical process of development.
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 Processing solution components:
1. Developing solution.
2. Rinsing solution:
 It contains glacial acetic acid.
 Glacial acetic acid helps in neutralization.
 Damage the raw color.
3. Fixing Solution
It contains -
 Sodium thiosulfate - Remove undeveloped silver halide.
 Agent metal- Reducing agent which convert ionic silver to metallic silver.
 Sodium bisulfate- Prevent decomposition and act as preservatives
 Sodium acetate- Act as acidifier and helps in neutralization.
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 Boric acid- Used as hardener.
 Sodium sulfide- Act as preservative and antioxidants.
 Sodium Carbonate - Act as a alkalize.
 Potassium bromide- Keep the stability of solution.
 Hydroquinone- Act as super reductive.
4. Washing solution
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 Darkroom:
A well planned dark room makes the processing easier, which should be of at least 4feet×5 feet (1.2m×1.5 m).
 Characteristics of dark room:
 Light proof the door should have a lock to prevent accidental opening, which might allow an expected flood of
light that can ruin opened films.
 Well ventilated for the comfort of those working in the area and to exhaust the heat from the dryer and moisture
from the drying films. Also, a comfortable room temperature helps maintain optimal conditions for developing,
fixing, and washing solutions.
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 Controlled temperature and humidity to prevent film damage. Room temperature of 70 degree F is
recommended ; if exceeds 90 degree F, film fog results. Humidity level of between 50 – 70% should be
maintained; when too high, film emulsion does not dry; when too low, static electricity becomes a problem and
causes film artifacts.
 Safe lighting:
o The processing room should have both white illumination and safe lighting.
o Safe lighting is special kind of lighting of relatively low- intensity illumination of long wavelength (red) that
does not rapidly affect open film but permits one to see well enough to work in the area.
o To minimize the fogging effect of prolonged exposure, the safelight should have a 15 watt bulb and should be
mounted at least 4 feet above the surface where opened films are handled.
 Faults of darkroom:
 Breakdown the solutions sequence.
 Use of sedimented solution.
 Finger print on film.
 Using light for taking film from packet.
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 Sequence of steps in processing Xray film:
 Development:
A chemical solution developer is used in the development process.
Developer chemically reduces the exposed silver halide crystals into metallic silver grains.
To produce a diagnostic image, this reduction process must be restricted to crystals containing latent image
sites. The developing solution contains four components all dissolved in water:
*Developer *Activator *Preservative *Restrainer
Steps Time(approximate) Purpose
Development Development 4.5-5 minutes Convert latent image to visible
image
Rinsing 30 seconds Removal of excess chemical
Fixation 10 minutes Removal of unexposed Ag halide
from emulsion and hardening
Washing 15 minutes Removal of excess chemicals
Drying 30 minutes Removal of water and preparation
of radiograph for viewing
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 Rinsing:
A continuous, gentle rinsing for 30 seconds in water is necessary after developing. This rinsing process is typical
for manual processing but is not used with automatic processing. Purpose-
 To dilute the developer and slow down the development process.
 To remove alkali activator thus preventing neutralization of acid fixer.
 Fixing:
A chemical solution fixer is used in the fixing process. Purpose-
 To dissolve and remove the undeveloped silver halide crystals from the emulsion as the presence of
undeveloped crystals causes the film to be dark and non diagnostic.
 To harden and shrink film emulsion during the process.
 Fixing solution also contains four components, all dissolved in water. These are- Clearing agent, Acidifier,
Preservative, Hardener.
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 Drying:
Films are dried with the help of x-ray dryer in a dust free area.
While drying, films should not touch each other to avoid sticking of the films.
 Manual processing method:
 Stir solutions by using stirring rod or paddle .This mixes chemicals and regularizes the temperature of the
solution. Check the temperature of the developer solution. The optimal temperature for the developer is
between 65°F to 70°F.
 Mount films on hanger. Turn on the safe light Remove the exposed film from its lightproof packet Hold
the film only from their edges Clip the bare film to the hanger clip (1 film to a single clip)
 Develop immerse the film hangers with the films into developer solution. Film must not contact one
another or the sides of the processing tanks during development. Activate the timer, agitate mildly for 5
seconds to sweep air bubbles off the film to allow uniform contrast of developer.
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Rinse the film by placing in the circulating water for 30 seconds.
Fix Immerse the film hanger with film in the fixer solution for 10 minutes. Gently agitate it for 5 seconds
every 30 seconds. This eliminates air bubbles and brings fresh fixer in touch with emulsion.
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 Wash and dry The films are then placed in running water for at least 10 minutes. Dry the film in circulating,
moderately warm air. If heated using drying cabinet, temperature should not exceed 120°F. Remove the dry
radiograph from the film hanger and radiograph is now ready for examining.
Conclusion
Correct processing of X-ray film is a vital factor in good radiography. It is necessary to highly concentrated
during X-ray film processing. So the proper technique for film processing should be employed to produce a
good diagnostic radiograph.
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Reference :
Curry T.S. III, Murry R.C., Dowdey J.E. (1990). Christensen’s physics of diagnostic radiology. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and
Febiger. ISBN 9780812113105
Herz, R.H. (1969). The photographic action of ionizing radiations in dosimetry and medical, industrial, neutron, auto- and
microradiography. New York, NY: Wiley. ISBN 9780471374305
Haus, C.A.G. (2001). Advances in film processing systems technology and quality control in medical imaging. Madison, WI:
Medical Physics Publishing. ISBN 9781930524019
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Thank You
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