An X-ray film automatic processor is a device designed to move medical X-ray films from one solution to the next, in the film development process, without the need for human intervention except to insert a film or cassette
An X-ray film automatic processor is a device designed to move medical X-ray films from one solution to the next, in the film development process, without the need for human intervention except to insert a film or cassette
Intensifying screens are major component of the image receptor used in conventional radiography.Its function is to convert the X-rays into visible light through the process of fluorescence.
Intensifying screens are major component of the image receptor used in conventional radiography.Its function is to convert the X-rays into visible light through the process of fluorescence.
The basic principles of the photographic process and the factors that affect the sensitivity of ... Film performs several functions in the medical imaging process.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Atomic structure refers to the organization and composition of atoms, which are the fundamental building blocks of matter. Atoms are incredibly small and consist of several subatomic particles, primarily protons, neutrons, and electrons. Understanding atomic structure is essential in the field of chemistry and forms the basis for our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of elements and compounds.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
X ray film
1. MAAJID MOHI UD DIN MALIK
LECTURER COPMS ADESH UNIVERSITY
BATHINDA,PUNJAB
X-RAY FILM
2. INTRODUCTION
It is a photographic film used to make X-
ray pictures.
The X-Ray films, help us to record the
information regarding the object (tissue)
through which the x- rays passes & hence they
greatly help in diagnosis, & treatment of the
patient problem.
Image recorded on film is caused by exposure
to photons.
3. HISTORY
The first x-rays were recorded on glass
plates.
These were coated with emulsion on one side
only.
The exposure dose was quite high.
In 1839, the phenomenon of development
was discovered by Louis Daguerre
4. CONT…
One year later, it was discovered that
treating exposed silver chloride paper with
sodium chloride would make the image
permanent.
Nitrocellulose based film was used in
1914 for recording x-rays.
This film was single-emulsion but was
quiet flammable
5. CONT…
It was later discovered that
double-emulsion responded
to x-rays faster.
In 1924, safety film made of
cellulose triacetate replaced
the nitrocellulose based film.
8. BASE
It is a transparent supporting material.
POLYESTER POLYETHYLENE
Thickness - 0.18 mm
9. IDEAL PROPERTIES BASE MATERIAL
Structural support for fragile emulsion.
Low light absorption : Should not produce
visible pattern on the radiograph.
Flexible, thick, & strong.
Dimensional stability :Maintain size and shape
during processing, handling and storage.
Non- Flammable.
10. TINTEDBLUE FILM
Triacetate and Polyester are clear and colorless.
Adopted in 1933, blue tint was added to the x-ray
film in an effort to produce a film that was “easier” to
look at.
Causes less eye strain.
Blue tint can be added to either to the base or to the
emulsion.
All present x ray films are blue tinted.
12. ADHESIVELAYER
Also called subbing layer or Substratum layer.
Made of mixture of gelatin solution and solvent of
film base.
It keeps emulsion layer and base adhered to each
other during coating stage and processing.
Provides uniform surface over which the emulsion
can be coated uniformly.
13. EMULSION LAYER
Has 2 principle components –
I. Silver halide grains
II. Vehicle matrix
It consists of a homogeneous mixture of
gelatin and silver halide crystals.
In typical emulsion 90 to 99% is AgBr and
about 1 to 10% AgI
14. CONT…
The presence of AgI produce an
emulsion of much higher
sensitivity than a pure AgBr
emulsion.
It also contains traces of sulfur.
15. HOWSILVER HALIDECRYSTALS ARE MADE… ???
Dissolve Metallic silver in nitric acid.
TO FORM
Silver nitrate
BY MIXING
silver nitrate + KBr = Ag-Br + potassium
nitrate
16. CONT…
Silver halide in a emulsion is in the form of small crystals.
Silver halide crystals may be tabular, globular, polyhedral,
or irregular in shape.
Crystal size might vary from
1.0 –1.5 microns in diameter with
about 6.3 x 1010 grains per
centimeter of emulsion.
17.
18. CHEMICAL SENSETATION
Chemical sensitization of the crystals are produced by
adding allylthiourea, a sulfur containing compound to
the emulsion , which reacts with silver halide to form
silver sulfide. This Silver Sulphide is usually located on
surface of the crystals and is referred as “sensitivity
speck”. It is the sensitivity speck that traps electrons to
begin formation of the latent image centers.
20. THE LATENT IMAGE
Remnant radiation interacts with the silver
halide crystals
Mainly by the photoelectric interaction
The energy deposited into the film is in the same
pattern as the subject that was exposed to
radiation
This invisible image is known as the latent image
21. CONT…
A latent image on photographic
(radiographic) film is an invisible image
produced by the exposure of the film to
light (radiation).
By chemically processing the latent image
it is made visible known as the manifest
image.
22. FORMATION OF LATENT IMAGE
Metallic silver is black, so it is this metallic silver
that produces black areas on a developed films.
Exposure of silver-iodo-bromide grains to light
photons emitted by screen / direct x-ray exposure
initiates the formation of atomic silver to form a visible
pattern.
23. GRAIN SIZE AMD DISTRIBUTION
GRAIN SIZE and DISTRIBUTION affects the following:
SPEED: The bigger the average grain size, the higher the
speed of the film.
CONTRAST: Affected by size distribution. The more
available in the film, the lower the contrast.
GRAININESS: Graininess is the apparent clumping of the
crystal as seen on the radiograph. The bigger the crystal,
the higher the graininess of the film.
24. GELATIN
Gelatin is used as the suspending medium
and binding agent for the silver halide
particles.
It comes collagen fiber in which primary
source are the cartilage, skin and the protein
matrix (ossein) of bone of animals.
25. WHYWEUSEGELATINAS BINDER…?
It is a medium in which SILVER NITRATE and
SODIUM BROMIDE can react and the resulting
AgBr get finely and evenly dispersed and remain
suspended.
In warm state it can be easily spread on the film base.
On cooling, it sets firmly on the base as gel.
It is flexible and does not crack easily on bending.
26. CONT…
It is optically transparent .
Gelatin does not react chemically with the silver
halide .
It is porous so the processing chemicals can
penetrate to the silver halide crystals.
Some of the constituents in gelatin enhances the
activity of Silver bromide and some act as
antifoggant.
27. SUPERCOAT (OVERCOAT)
Protective layer of gelatin
Provides sturdiness to unexposed radiographic film.
Antistatic
Reduces damage from scratches, pressure, or
contamination during storage, handling and
processing.
Super coating
28. FEWADDITIVES
Preservative – Phenol as bacteriocide
Silver iodide – To extend sensitivity towards blue
range.
Some dyes may extend Colour sensitivity further
Glycerin to make the emulsion pliable
Saponin –To make the emulsion receptive to the
processing chemicals
Alcohol – To prevent frothing during coating
32. TYPES OF X RAY FILMS- BASED ON THEIR APPLICATION
Screen Films
Most commonly used
Sensitive to blue light emitted by intensifying
screens and direct actions of x-rays.
Used in cassettes with intensifying screens
High speed.
33. NON-SCREEN / DIRECT EXPOSURE FILMS:
Has thicker coat of emulsion used without
intensifying screen.
Depends mainly on action of x-ray.
Four times faster than that of screen films so
requires 1/4th exposure only.
Must be manually processed because of thick
emulsion.
34. USES :
In limb radiography.
To detect intra-ocular foreign body.
In dental with intra-oral cardboard.
35. MAMMOGRAPHY FILM:
Single coated
Fine grain
Slow speed
High contrast
Designed to be used with single intensifying screen
Combination must be fast to deliver minimum
dose to the glandular tissue.
36. WHAT IS SPEED OF X-RAYFILM…???
It is defined as the amount of the radiation
required to produce the radiograph of adequate
density.
Slow film – Require more exposure & vice versa.
Factors affecting film speed –
Size of crystals
Shape of grains
Thickness of emulsions