The document discusses the process of developing x-ray films, including the steps of development, fixing, rinsing, washing and drying. Development converts the latent image to a visible image using a developer solution containing components like phenidone and hydroquinone. Fixing dissolves and removes unexposed silver halide using a hypo fixer solution. Other steps such as rinsing, washing and drying are also required to produce the final radiograph.

1. FIXER AND DEVELOPER
--Sr. Dr. SHIVAM
PAL
~Jr. Dr. ANANT
YADAV

2. ~CONTENT~
● Development.
● Sequence of steps in processing.
● Developing solution contain.
● Developer replenish.
● Rinsing.
● Fixing.
● Fixing solution.
● Washing.
● Drying.

3. 3

4. 4
DEVELOPMENT
●
The function of development is to convert the latent image to a
visible image by means of a developing solution.
●
A chemical solution developer is used in the development
process.
●
Developer chemically reduces the exposed silver halide
crystals in to metallic silver grains.

5. 5
SEQUENCE OF STEPS IN PROCESSING
STEPS TEMP. TIME PURPOSE
1.DEVELOPMENT 20°C 15-20sec. CONVERT LATENT IMAGE
TO VISIBLE IMAGE.
2.RINSING 20°C 30SEC. REMOVAL OF EXCESS
CHEMICAL
3.FIXATION 20°C 10-30MIN. REMOVAL OF UNEXPOSED
Ag HALIDE FROM EMULSIN
AND HARDENING
4.WASHING 20°C 10-15MIN. REMOVAL OF EXCESS
CHEMICALS
REMOVAL OF WATER AND

6. 6
DEVELOPING SOLUTION CONTAIN
●
THERE ARE FOUR COMPONENTS
1.
1. DEVELOPER
DEVELOPER
2. PRESERVATIVE
2. PRESERVATIVE
3. ACTIVATOR
3. ACTIVATOR
4. RESTRAINER
4. RESTRAINER
DEVELOPER (NOT ACID)
DEVELOPER (NOT ACID)
●
REDUCING AGENT (NOT ACID ALKALINE)
REDUCING AGENT (NOT ACID ALKALINE)
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
●
PYARAZOLIDINE (TYPE COMPOUNT USALLY)
PYARAZOLIDINE (TYPE COMPOUNT USALLY)
●
PHENIDONE (1-PHEYL-3PYRAZOLIDINE)
PHENIDONE (1-PHEYL-3PYRAZOLIDINE)
●
HYDROQUINONE (PARADIHYDROXY BENZENE)
HYDROQUINONE (PARADIHYDROXY BENZENE)
●
METOL
METOL

7. 7
PRESERVATIVE
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
●
Sodium sulfite
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
I. Antioxidant protects the developers from oxidation by atmospheric oxygen and this in
creasing the shelf life.
II. Combines with the brown oxidized developer to produce a colorless soluble compund.
ACTIVATOR
ACTIVATOR
●
Soapy in touch
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
I. Sodium or Potassium Hydroxide (Na or KOH)
II. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)

8. 8
FUNCTION
I. The developers are active only at alkine PH values it maintains alkalinity PH (above
11).
II. Sodium bicorbonate acts as buffer.
III. Activator also causes gelatin to swell for rapid diffusion of developer into emulsion.
RISTRAINER
●
Antifogging agent.
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
I. Potassium bromide
II. Potassium iodide
III. Benzotria zale

9. 9
FUNCTION
I. Depress reduction of both exposed and unexposed crystals but more effective in
depressing the reduction of unexposed crystals -Anti Fog Agent.
II. Improve Contrast.
DEVELOPER REPLENISH
●
Phenidone and hydroquinone are consumed from the solution.
●
Bromide ions and other by products are released into solution.
●
Developer solution gets inactivated by exposure to oxygen.
●
Developer and replenishpher formulas are modified for law volume application.
●
Replenisher has a low PH than developer and contains bromide.
●
Replenishment rate is usually higher (about 90ml per 4x17 in film) to increase
developer turn over rate.

10. 10
RINSING
●
A continuous gentle rinsing for 30sec. In water is necessary
after developing.
●
This rinsing process is typical for manual processing but is not
used with automatic processing.
PURPOSE:-
I. To dilute the developer and slow down the development
process
II. To remove alkali activator thus preventing neutralization of
acid fixer.

11. 11
FIXING
●
A chemical solution fixer is used in the fixing process.
PURPOSE
PURPOSE
I. To dissolve and remove the undeveloped silver halide
II. To preserve the film image .
III. Harden the emulsion so that it will not be easily damaged

12. 12
FIXING SOLUTION
I. clearing Agent
II. Acetic acid
III. Preservative
IV. Hardener
●
After development the film emulsion must be cleared by
dissolving the unexposed silver halide.
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
●
I. Aqueous solution of ammonium thio sulfate (HYPO)

13. 13
FUNCTION
●
I. Dissolves and removes the unexposed silver halide grains .
●
II. forms a stable water soluble complexes with silver ions
(silver thio sulfate complex ) which can be subsequently
washed out of the film.

14. 14
ACIDIFIER
COMPOSTION
COMPOSTION
I. acetic acid buffer system (PH 4-4.5)
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
●
It provides necessary acidic medium for diffusion of thiosulfate
into the emulsion and maintains adequate p.H

15. 15
PRESERVATIVE
●
Composition
●
(sodium sulfite)
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
●
Protects the fixing agent from decomposition and helps clear
the film.

16. 16
WASHING
●
After fixing the processed film is washed in a sufficient flow of
water for an adequate time to ensure removal of all thiosulfate
ions and silver thio sulfate complexes.
●
Washing efficiency declines rapidly when water temp.
Decreases to less than 60 degree f.
●
Any silver compound or thiosulfate that remains becouse of
improper washing discolours and causes stains which are most
apparent in the radiopaque areas.

17. 17
DRYING
●
The final step in processing is to dry the radiograph and for
this hot air drying cabinets are very useful.
●
The drying temp. Must not exceed 35°c and the film must be
hang in adust free area.

18. 18
MCQ
Q. X- ray film are insensitive to which light ?
Q. X- ray film are insensitive to which light ?
a. yellow and red b. Red
c. White d. blue and green
Q. Initiator in developing solution is ?
Q. Initiator in developing solution is ?
a. acetic acid b. sodium thiosulphate
c. potassium bromide . d. Hydroquinone
Q. PH at which fixer solution acts is?
Q. PH at which fixer solution acts is?
a. 3- 4 b. 4-4.5
c. 4.5 -5 d. 6-7

19. 19
MCQ
Q. Light radiography film is due to
Q. Light radiography film is due to.
a. over developing b. Over fixing
c. directly putting in fixer d. Exposure to sunlight.
Q. When solution temp. Is 68°f recommended time of
Q. When solution temp. Is 68°f recommended time of
developing a x-ray film
developing a x-ray film.
a. 4 min. b. 4-4.5 min
c. 5 min. d. 6 min.