Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Hydrogen production from Biological organisms as well as from electrochemical or thermal process which is helpful for transportation.Advantage: No emission of Green House effect
presentation contains need of alternative fuels like bio hydrogen. Biological hydrogen production methods, pros & cons of each methods and future aspects.
Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Hydrogen production from Biological organisms as well as from electrochemical or thermal process which is helpful for transportation.Advantage: No emission of Green House effect
presentation contains need of alternative fuels like bio hydrogen. Biological hydrogen production methods, pros & cons of each methods and future aspects.
Biodesulfurization in refineries and industriesAshin VK
For Chemical Engineers and Chemical Engineering College students, providing basic idea about biological removal of sulfer present in petroleum distillate.
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS AS ALTERNATIVE ...IAEME Publication
Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has been demonstrated as alternative to conventional fuel, as it is considered to be renewable and clean energy. The major problem of bioethanol is the availability of biomass materials for its production. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the recent developments and potential regarding production techniques, ethanol yields, and properties, as well as the effects of bioethanol fuel as replacement for fossil fuel. The literature indicates that the best results have been obtained with cellulase and β-glucanase cocktail which significantly increases bioethanol production compared to fermented acid pretreatment. The classification of pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation have significant effects on physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuel, which also influence the internal combustion engines. Difference in operating conditions and physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuels, may change the combustion behaviors and sometimes makes it difficult to analyze the fundamentals of how it affects emissions.
Biomass Based Products (Biochemicals, Biofuels, Activated Carbon)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Biomass use is growing globally. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass (organic matter that can be converted into energy) may include food crops, crops for energy, crop residues, wood waste and byproducts, and animal manure. It is one of the most plentiful and well-utilized sources of renewable energy in the world. Broadly speaking, it is organic material produced by the photosynthesis of light. The chemical materials (organic compounds of carbons) are stored and can then be used to generate energy. The most common biomass used for energy is wood from trees. Wood has been used by humans for producing energy for heating and cooking for a very long time.
See more at: http://goo.gl/ruqLkS
Website: http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Activated Carbon from biomass, Activated Carbon from Waste Biomass, Applications of biomass gasification, Best small and cottage scale industries, Bio-based Products from Biomass, Bio-briquette Manufacturing Process, Biochemical Conversion of Biomass, Biochemical conversion process, Biochemicals from biomass, Bioenergy (Biofuels and Biomass), Bioenergy Conversion Technologies, Bioenergy: biofuel production chains, Biofuel and other biomass based products, Biofuel briquettes from biomass, Biofuel from plant biomass, Biofuel production, Biofuels Production from Biomass, Biofuels from biomass, Biomass and Bioenergy Biomass Technology, Biomass based activated carbon, Biomass Based Products, Biomass based products making machine factory, Biomass based products Making Small Business Manufacturing, Biomass based products manufacturing Business, Biomass Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biomass Bio fuel Briquettes, Biomass Briquette Production, Biomass Cultivation and Biomass Briquettes, Biomass energy, Biomass Energy and Biochemical Conversion Processing, Biomass fuel, Biomass gasification, Biomass Gasification Technology, Biomass Gasifier for Thermal and Power applications, Biomass in the manufacture of industrial products, Biomass Processing & Biomass Based Profitable Products, Biomass Processing Industry in India, Biomass Processing Projects, Biomass Processing Technologies, Biomass resources and biofuels potential, Biomass-based chemicals, Biomass-Based Materials and Technologies for Energy, Business guidance for biomass processing industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Opportunities in Biomass Energy Sector, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan: Biomass Power Plant, Business start-up, Chemical production from biomass, Complete Book on Biomass Based Products, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing Energy on the Farm: Biomass and Agriculture, How does biomass work, How to start a biomass processing plant, How to Start a Biomass processing business?
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
This paper was presented on the 8th November 2012 at an SCI conference on Processing Lignocellulosic Biomass. The conference was held at the UK's Centre for Process Innovation (CPI) at the Wilton Centre, Redcar, UK. The main focus of the event was on the UK role for biomass conversion, and the business and commericial implications of the technologies being developed.
Biodesulfurization in refineries and industriesAshin VK
For Chemical Engineers and Chemical Engineering College students, providing basic idea about biological removal of sulfer present in petroleum distillate.
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS AS ALTERNATIVE ...IAEME Publication
Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has been demonstrated as alternative to conventional fuel, as it is considered to be renewable and clean energy. The major problem of bioethanol is the availability of biomass materials for its production. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the recent developments and potential regarding production techniques, ethanol yields, and properties, as well as the effects of bioethanol fuel as replacement for fossil fuel. The literature indicates that the best results have been obtained with cellulase and β-glucanase cocktail which significantly increases bioethanol production compared to fermented acid pretreatment. The classification of pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation have significant effects on physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuel, which also influence the internal combustion engines. Difference in operating conditions and physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuels, may change the combustion behaviors and sometimes makes it difficult to analyze the fundamentals of how it affects emissions.
Biomass Based Products (Biochemicals, Biofuels, Activated Carbon)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Biomass use is growing globally. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass (organic matter that can be converted into energy) may include food crops, crops for energy, crop residues, wood waste and byproducts, and animal manure. It is one of the most plentiful and well-utilized sources of renewable energy in the world. Broadly speaking, it is organic material produced by the photosynthesis of light. The chemical materials (organic compounds of carbons) are stored and can then be used to generate energy. The most common biomass used for energy is wood from trees. Wood has been used by humans for producing energy for heating and cooking for a very long time.
See more at: http://goo.gl/ruqLkS
Website: http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Activated Carbon from biomass, Activated Carbon from Waste Biomass, Applications of biomass gasification, Best small and cottage scale industries, Bio-based Products from Biomass, Bio-briquette Manufacturing Process, Biochemical Conversion of Biomass, Biochemical conversion process, Biochemicals from biomass, Bioenergy (Biofuels and Biomass), Bioenergy Conversion Technologies, Bioenergy: biofuel production chains, Biofuel and other biomass based products, Biofuel briquettes from biomass, Biofuel from plant biomass, Biofuel production, Biofuels Production from Biomass, Biofuels from biomass, Biomass and Bioenergy Biomass Technology, Biomass based activated carbon, Biomass Based Products, Biomass based products making machine factory, Biomass based products Making Small Business Manufacturing, Biomass based products manufacturing Business, Biomass Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biomass Bio fuel Briquettes, Biomass Briquette Production, Biomass Cultivation and Biomass Briquettes, Biomass energy, Biomass Energy and Biochemical Conversion Processing, Biomass fuel, Biomass gasification, Biomass Gasification Technology, Biomass Gasifier for Thermal and Power applications, Biomass in the manufacture of industrial products, Biomass Processing & Biomass Based Profitable Products, Biomass Processing Industry in India, Biomass Processing Projects, Biomass Processing Technologies, Biomass resources and biofuels potential, Biomass-based chemicals, Biomass-Based Materials and Technologies for Energy, Business guidance for biomass processing industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Opportunities in Biomass Energy Sector, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan: Biomass Power Plant, Business start-up, Chemical production from biomass, Complete Book on Biomass Based Products, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing Energy on the Farm: Biomass and Agriculture, How does biomass work, How to start a biomass processing plant, How to Start a Biomass processing business?
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
This paper was presented on the 8th November 2012 at an SCI conference on Processing Lignocellulosic Biomass. The conference was held at the UK's Centre for Process Innovation (CPI) at the Wilton Centre, Redcar, UK. The main focus of the event was on the UK role for biomass conversion, and the business and commericial implications of the technologies being developed.
T. Vaalu, M. Michelis, A. Mets, V. Lepane,
M. Kaljurand, J. Suurväli, A. Menert. Dark fermentation of biomass and
organic waste for production of
renewables. 12th Nordic-Baltic IHSS Symposium on Natural Organic Matter in Environment and Technology. Partly published in: Menert, A.; Vaalu, T.; Michelis, M.; Blonskaja, V.; Rikmann, E.; Mets, A.; Vilu, R. (2008). Influence of thermal pre-treatment on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of sludges. In: 7th International Conference Environmental Engineering : Water Engineering. Energy for Buildings : Selected Papers: (Toim.) Cygas, D.; Froehner, K.D.. Vilnius, Lithuania: VGTU Press "Technika", 2008, 625 - 635.
Melanie Pierra PhD defense : Coupling dark fermentation and microbial electro...melaniepierra
PhD in environmental biotechnology: Coupling dark fermentation and microbial electrolysis for hydrogen production. Main skills developped : Anaerobic process, pure culture in anoxic conditions, bioelectrochemical technics, molecular biology (PCR, CE-SSCP), INRA - LBE, Narbonne, FRANCE, INRA (French national agronomy research institute) LBE (Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnologies) Involved in the Defi H12 project financed by French National Research Agency (ANR) (5 publications, 5 oral communications)
Supervisors: Dr Nicolas Bernet, Dr Eric Trably.
This presentation deals with the production of electricity from microbes in a very elementary fashion. Good for those willing to understand how the whole process works, its advantages and mechanism, in a fun and interesting way.
This brief document describes how to convert waste into energy, particularly electricity. It is a new way of waste management. It is eco-friendly and helps fight climate change which has become a global crisis.
Microbial biomass conversion processes take advantage of the ability of microorganisms to consume and digest biomass and release hydrogen. Depending on the pathway, this research could result in commercial-scale systems in the mid- to long-term timeframe that could be suitable for distributed, semi-central, or central hydrogen production scales, depending on the feedstock used.
Biogas Technology Notes describes basics of biomethanation, digestors for rural & wastewater treatment applications and mentions Indian text and references.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2. It can be produced from renewable feed stocks using
non-fossil energy sources
Water is the only byproduct and does not produce any
green house gas
Electricity can be produced directly via fuel cells
Good automotive fuel
Since fossil fuels contribute massive carbon emission
so we need to explore sustainable energy sources like
hydrogen and methane
3. Fuel type Energy/unit
mass, MJ/Kg
Energy /Vol
MJ/l
Carbon
emission
Kg C/Kg fuel
Hydrogen gas 120 2 0
Hydrogen liquid 120 8.5 0
Coal(anthracite) 15-19 - 0.5
Natural gas 33-50 9 0.46
Diesel 42.8 35 0.9
Biodiesel 37 33 0.5
Ethanol 21 23 0.5
Bossel et al. 2003
4. Hydrogen Production Processes
Physico chemical Process
Steam reforming of light HCs
Partial oxidation/Gasification
of heavier HCs/Coal
Thermal Cracking of Natural gas
Electrolysis of water
Biological Process
Bio photolysis
of water
(Direct/Indirect)
Photo fermentation
Dark fermentation
Integration of dark
fermentation with
photo fermentation
Most of the hydrogen is produced from hydrocarbon about 95%,
followed by electrolysis of water 4%, and only 1% is produced from
biomass through biological processes
5. Metabolic
Process
Organism Advantages Hydrogen
yield
(mmolH2/l.h)
Product
Direct
biophotolysis
Green algae Can produce H2
directly from water
0.07 H2, O2
Indirect
biophotolysis
Cyanobacteria Can produce H2
directly from water
0.36 H2, O2
Photofermentati
on
Phototrophic
bacteria
A wide variety of
spectral light
energy can be
used by bacteria
0.16 H2,CO2
Dark
fermentation
Fermentative
bacteria
A wide variety of
carbon source can
be used as
substrate
65-75 H2,CO2,
VFA
Biological Processes of Hydrogen Production
Source :Krupp, M. and Widmann, R. (2009) Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation: Experiences
of continuous operation in large lab scale, International journal of hydrogen energy, 34, pp.4509-16
6. Dark Fermentation is the fermentative conversion of
organic substrate to hydrogen
It is a complex process manifested by diverse group of
bacteria involving series of biochemical reactions, similar
to anaerobic conversion
In this, fermentative hydrolytic microorganisms
hydrolyze complex organic polymers to monomers,
which are further converted to a mixture of lower
molecular weight organic acids and alcohol by
acidogenic bacteria
7. Source :Sanjukta Subudhi, TERI, New Delhi, India , 3rd International Symposium on Biofuels and Bio-energy 19-20 April,
2012
8. Hydrogen producing Bacteria – These includes class
Clostridia - e.g. C. thermocellum, C. acetobutylicum
Bacilli- e.g. B. thuringiensis, Enterobacter faecium
Bacteriode- e.g. Bacteriodes capillosus
Mollicutes- e.g. Acholeplasma laidlawi
Gammaproteobacteria - e.g. Escherichia coli
Actinobacteria - e.g. Slackla heliotrinireducens
Methane producing Bacteria- These mostly belong to
class Archaea such as
Methanosorcina barkeri, Methanosorcina activorans are some
methanotrophs and Methanoculleus marinsnigri ,
Methanoregula boonei are some hydrogenotrophs
9. Microbes involved in different stages of hydrogen and
methane production
Source :Wirth, R., K, Etelka., M, Gergely., B, Zoltán. , R, Gábor., and Kornél L Kovács. (2012) Characterization of a biogas-
producing microbial community by short-read next generation DNA Sequencing, Biotechnology for Biofuels, 5,p.41
10. Industrial Waste Agricultural waste Others
Dairy industry Corn straw Synthetic waste
water
Distillery
effluent
Wheat straw Sewage waste
water and sludge
Food processing
waste water
Rice bran Food Waste
Sugar industry
(Press mud
Bagasse &
molasses )
Grass silage Kitchen waste
Substrates used in Dark fermentation
12. Reactor Type Yield mol/mol References
UASB 1.62 Zhao et al. 2008
CSTR 1.84 Show et al. 2007
AFBR 0.4 -1.7 Zhnag et al. 2008
ASBR 0.01-1.0mmol/g
COD
V. Mohan et al 2007
Biohydrogen Yield from different reactors
13. Theoretically
1 mol of glucose can produce 12 mol of H2
C6H12O6 + 12H2O 12H2+ 6CO2
But dark fermentation produces only
4 mol of hydrogen
C6H12O6 + 12H2O CH3COOH+4H2
The maximum efficiency is only 33%.
Further studies express hydrogen yield as
0.47lit/gm of COD when sucrose is used and
0.27lit/gm of COD when glucose is used as substrate
14. The solute of the dark fermentation contains 60-70%
organic acids such as acetate, butyrate, ethanol etc.
These substrate can be converted to methane
2CH3COOH 2CH4 + 2CO2
Integration of dark fermentation followed by methane production
Process Specific yield COD removal
efficiency
Acidogenic Process 16.23 mol H2/kg COD 21.43 kg COD/m3
Methanogenic Process 2.67 mol CH4/kg COD 50.18 kg COD/m3
Source: S. V. Mohan G. Mohankrishna, P. N Sharma (2008). Integration of acidogenic and methanogenic process for
simultaneous production of biohydrogen and methane from waste water, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy ,33pp .
2156-2166
15. Reduction of waste is enhanced along with the
production of hydrogen and methane
Inherently more stable
Ecofriendly, Low-tech, Low capital cost and does not
require inputs of more energy
Produces valuable metabolites like acetic, butyric and
lactic acid
High rate of H2 evolution
16.
Aceves-Lara, C., Latrille, E., Bernet, N., Buffiere, P., and Steyer, J. (2008) A pseudo-stoichiometric dynamic
model of anaerobic hydrogen production from molasses. Water Research,42, (10), pp.2539-2550.
Das, D., Veziroglu T.N. (2001) Hydrogen production by biological processes: a survey of literature, International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 26, pp.13–28.
Fan, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Hou, H., and Ren, B. (2006) Efficient conversion of wheat straw wastes into
biohydrogen gas by cow dung compost, Bioresource Technology,97 (3),pp.500-505.
Ivanova, G., Rakhely, G., Kovacs, K.L. (2008) Thermophilic biohydrogen production from energy plants by
Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus and comparison with related studies, International Journal Hydrogen Energy,34,
pp.3659-3670.
Karlsson, A., Vallin, L., and Ejlertsson, J. (2008) Effects of temperature hydraulic retention time and hydrogen
extraction rate on hydrogen production from the fermentation of food industry residues and manure,
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,33,(3), pp.953-962.
Li, D., and Chen, H.(2007) Biological hydrogen production from steam exploded straw by simultaneous
saccharification and fermentation, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,32,(12),pp.1742-1750.
Mohan, S. V., Babu, L.V. and Sarma, P.N.(2007) Anaerobic biohydrogen production from dairy wastewater
treatment in sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR): effect of organic loading rate, Enzyme Microbial Technology, 41,
(4), pp. 506–15
Show, K. Y., Zhang, Z. P., Tay, J. H., Liang, D. T., Lee, D. J. and Jiang, W. J. (2007) Production of hydrogen in a
granular sludge bed anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactor, International journal of Hydrogen Energy,
31,pp.1648-1657.
Yu, H., Zhu, Z., Hu, W., and Zhang, H. (2002) Hydrogen production from rice slurry waste water in an upflow
anaerobic reactor by using mixed anaerobic cultures, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2,pp.359–65.
Zhao, B. H., Yue, Z. B., Zhao, Q. B., Mu, Y., Yu, H. Q., Harada, H. and Li, Y. (2008) Optimization of hydrogen
production in a granule based UASB reactor, international journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33,pp.2454-2461.
Zhnag, Z. P., Show, K. Y., Tay, J. H., Liang, D. T. and Lee, D. J.(2008) Biohydrogen production with anaerobic
fluidized bed reactors- A comparison of biofilm-based and granule based system, International journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 33, pp.1559-1564.