The document describes a study on enhancing biohydrogen production from carbohydrate-rich industrial wastewater under anaerobic conditions. A pilot-scale Monitoring Based Agitable Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (MAUASB) reactor was constructed and operated for 5 months using sugar industry wastewater as the substrate. The maximum COD removal efficiency was 81% at pH 5.0, and hydrogen production peaked at 272.4 ml on the 8th day at pH 5.1 before decreasing due to methanogenesis. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using the MAUASB reactor to treat sugar wastewater and produce biohydrogen as a renewable energy source.
Bio hydrogen production from waste materialsappurajan
This document discusses various methods for producing hydrogen gas including electrolysis of water, steam reforming of hydrocarbons, auto-thermal processes, and biological processes. It provides details on the mechanisms, requirements, advantages and limitations of each method. Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen through the use of electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Steam reforming and auto-thermal reforming use heat and catalysts to produce hydrogen from methane or other hydrocarbons. Biological methods use microorganisms and organic materials to product hydrogen through photosynthesis or fermentation.
Mr. Darshan Gowda's presentation discusses biohydrogen as an alternative fuel. It covers hydrogen properties, production methods including biological production, and the economics. Some key points made are:
1) Biological hydrogen production uses renewable resources like photosynthetic bacteria or algae and occurs under mild conditions.
2) There are several methods of biohydrogen production - dark fermentation, photofermentation, combined fermentation, and direct/indirect photolysis using algae or cyanobacteria.
3) Current biohydrogen production efficiency is only around 1%, while the Department of Energy's target for commercial viability is 10% efficiency with a $2.60/kg production cost.
Developments in Hydrogen Production through Microbial Processes ZY8
This document summarizes developments in hydrogen production through microbial processes and discusses Pakistan's prospects for a hydrogen economy. It reviews various biological hydrogen production processes including direct biophotolysis, indirect biophotolysis, photofermentation, and dark fermentation. Direct biophotolysis uses solar energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen using algae and cyanobacteria. Photofermentation and dark fermentation produce hydrogen from organic substrates using photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic bacteria. While biological hydrogen production is promising, challenges include low rates and yields of hydrogen. The document argues that developing renewable hydrogen production could deliver economic and environmental benefits for Pakistan but overcoming challenges would require serious efforts.
This document summarizes a bio-hydrogen production process from agricultural waste. The process involves using sugar beet molasses and cow manure as feedstocks in dark and photo bioreactors to produce hydrogen through fermentation. The hydrogen is then purified, liquefied, and 38,800 kg can be produced per day. The process is projected to be economically viable and reduce carbon dioxide emissions compared to current hydrogen production methods. Key constraints and areas for further research and development are identified.
This document discusses Chlorella vulgaris and Ulva lactuca as potential sources for biodiesel and bioethanol production.
C. vulgaris is a microalgae that can be grown using photosynthesis. It contains lipids that can be extracted and converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process. U. lactuca is a type of macroalgae that contains polysaccharides like cellulose that can be broken down into sugars and fermented by yeast into bioethanol. The document outlines the steps involved in cultivating and processing these algae, as well as their economic and environmental benefits.
As the remedy to overcome the crisis following depleting fossil fuels and global climate change, a variety of alternative fuels emerged. Among all the alternative fuels or energy, hydrogen attracted more and more attention due to its being clean, efficient and renewable nature. This study evaluates the potential of employing food and temple waste for fermentative hydrogen production.
Biohydrogen can be produced through various methods including dark fermentation, photo fermentation, and combined fermentation. Dark fermentation uses fermentative bacteria like Clostridium to convert organic substrates into biohydrogen, carbon dioxide, and organic acids but yields are relatively low. Photo fermentation uses photosynthetic bacteria like Rhodobacter and produces more hydrogen by converting organic acids, while combined fermentation uses a two-stage process to maximize hydrogen yield. Research is ongoing in India to improve production methods and yields through strains isolation, reactor design, and metabolic engineering of bacteria.
This document discusses biological hydrogen production. It introduces hydrogen as a clean, renewable energy carrier with high energy density. Several routes for biological hydrogen production are described, including direct and indirect biophotolysis, photo-fermentation, and dark fermentation. Dark fermentation involves using anaerobic bacteria to produce hydrogen from carbohydrates in the absence of light. Both mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria can be used, with different temperature ranges. The yields from fermenting different carbohydrates are discussed. Applications for biologically produced hydrogen include using it in fuel cells to generate electricity or injecting it into gas mains.
Bio hydrogen production from waste materialsappurajan
This document discusses various methods for producing hydrogen gas including electrolysis of water, steam reforming of hydrocarbons, auto-thermal processes, and biological processes. It provides details on the mechanisms, requirements, advantages and limitations of each method. Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen through the use of electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Steam reforming and auto-thermal reforming use heat and catalysts to produce hydrogen from methane or other hydrocarbons. Biological methods use microorganisms and organic materials to product hydrogen through photosynthesis or fermentation.
Mr. Darshan Gowda's presentation discusses biohydrogen as an alternative fuel. It covers hydrogen properties, production methods including biological production, and the economics. Some key points made are:
1) Biological hydrogen production uses renewable resources like photosynthetic bacteria or algae and occurs under mild conditions.
2) There are several methods of biohydrogen production - dark fermentation, photofermentation, combined fermentation, and direct/indirect photolysis using algae or cyanobacteria.
3) Current biohydrogen production efficiency is only around 1%, while the Department of Energy's target for commercial viability is 10% efficiency with a $2.60/kg production cost.
Developments in Hydrogen Production through Microbial Processes ZY8
This document summarizes developments in hydrogen production through microbial processes and discusses Pakistan's prospects for a hydrogen economy. It reviews various biological hydrogen production processes including direct biophotolysis, indirect biophotolysis, photofermentation, and dark fermentation. Direct biophotolysis uses solar energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen using algae and cyanobacteria. Photofermentation and dark fermentation produce hydrogen from organic substrates using photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic bacteria. While biological hydrogen production is promising, challenges include low rates and yields of hydrogen. The document argues that developing renewable hydrogen production could deliver economic and environmental benefits for Pakistan but overcoming challenges would require serious efforts.
This document summarizes a bio-hydrogen production process from agricultural waste. The process involves using sugar beet molasses and cow manure as feedstocks in dark and photo bioreactors to produce hydrogen through fermentation. The hydrogen is then purified, liquefied, and 38,800 kg can be produced per day. The process is projected to be economically viable and reduce carbon dioxide emissions compared to current hydrogen production methods. Key constraints and areas for further research and development are identified.
This document discusses Chlorella vulgaris and Ulva lactuca as potential sources for biodiesel and bioethanol production.
C. vulgaris is a microalgae that can be grown using photosynthesis. It contains lipids that can be extracted and converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process. U. lactuca is a type of macroalgae that contains polysaccharides like cellulose that can be broken down into sugars and fermented by yeast into bioethanol. The document outlines the steps involved in cultivating and processing these algae, as well as their economic and environmental benefits.
As the remedy to overcome the crisis following depleting fossil fuels and global climate change, a variety of alternative fuels emerged. Among all the alternative fuels or energy, hydrogen attracted more and more attention due to its being clean, efficient and renewable nature. This study evaluates the potential of employing food and temple waste for fermentative hydrogen production.
Biohydrogen can be produced through various methods including dark fermentation, photo fermentation, and combined fermentation. Dark fermentation uses fermentative bacteria like Clostridium to convert organic substrates into biohydrogen, carbon dioxide, and organic acids but yields are relatively low. Photo fermentation uses photosynthetic bacteria like Rhodobacter and produces more hydrogen by converting organic acids, while combined fermentation uses a two-stage process to maximize hydrogen yield. Research is ongoing in India to improve production methods and yields through strains isolation, reactor design, and metabolic engineering of bacteria.
This document discusses biological hydrogen production. It introduces hydrogen as a clean, renewable energy carrier with high energy density. Several routes for biological hydrogen production are described, including direct and indirect biophotolysis, photo-fermentation, and dark fermentation. Dark fermentation involves using anaerobic bacteria to produce hydrogen from carbohydrates in the absence of light. Both mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria can be used, with different temperature ranges. The yields from fermenting different carbohydrates are discussed. Applications for biologically produced hydrogen include using it in fuel cells to generate electricity or injecting it into gas mains.
This document summarizes research into using hydrogenase enzymes and glycerol to produce hydrogen as an alternative energy source. It discusses different biological and photolytic methods for hydrogen production and their limitations. The document focuses on using hydrogenase enzymes directly as electrocatalysts for fuel cells, looking at improving their stability and activity when integrated into electrode materials. Overall the research aims to develop hydrogenase-based technologies as alternatives to platinum in fuel cells and electrolysis.
Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Microbial biomass conversion processes take advantage of the ability of microorganisms to consume and digest biomass and release hydrogen. Depending on the pathway, this research could result in commercial-scale systems in the mid- to long-term timeframe that could be suitable for distributed, semi-central, or central hydrogen production scales, depending on the feedstock used.
How hydrogen can make india a global energySharon Alex
India has significant potential to become a global leader in hydrogen energy production due to its abundant resources. Hydrogen can be produced from various domestic sources like natural gas, biomass, and increasingly from renewable electricity via electrolysis. It is a clean-burning, high-efficiency fuel that could power vehicles and industries with zero emissions. The Indian government recently announced a green hydrogen mission to boost R&D, create demand, develop industrial applications, and build international partnerships in this area. This could help reduce India's energy import dependence and transition key sectors like steel and transportation to become more sustainable in the long run.
This document discusses biohydrogen as a renewable fuel. It begins with an introduction that defines biohydrogen as hydrogen produced biologically from biomass. It then discusses the history of biohydrogen research and different methods of biohydrogen production, including fermentation, dark fermentation, light fermentation, and two types of biophotolysis - direct and indirect. Direct biophotolysis uses algae to convert water and sunlight directly into hydrogen and oxygen. Indirect biophotolysis is a two-step process where algae or cyanobacteria first produce sugars from water and CO2, then convert the sugars into hydrogen and oxygen. The document also briefly mentions properties of hydrogen important for fuel use and applications of hydrogen in fuel cells.
Hydrogen can be produced through various methods such as steam reforming of natural gas, partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, thermochemical water splitting using high temperatures, electrolysis of water, radiolysis of water through nuclear radiation, and biological and enzymatic conversion of biomass. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages related to efficiency, costs, environmental impacts, and scalability. Hydrogen is a very useful energy carrier due to its high energy content per unit mass and non-polluting nature when used.
This document discusses different methods of producing bio-hydrogen gas, including water electrolysis, thermo-chemical processes, and biological processes using microorganisms. It focuses on biological hydrogen production, describing processes like direct and indirect photolysis using cyanobacteria or algae, dark fermentation using bacteria like Clostridium and Enterobacter, and using thermophiles. Key environmental factors that affect biological hydrogen production are identified as inoculum, substrate, pH, temperature, and product inhibition.
This document summarizes research on hydrogen production in Mexico. The most active area of research is biological processes, representing 40% of published papers, focusing on topics like bioreactors. The next most active area is catalysis and modified hydrogen processes from conventional sources, representing 22% of papers. Research on photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis focuses on developing efficient, stable, and inexpensive photocatalytic materials. Theoretical studies concentrate on optimizing reactor design and evaluating efficiencies. Electrolysis research proposes novel alloys and electrocatalysts. The review aims to assess scientific activity and advances in hydrogen production in Mexico.
Hydrogen production from Biological organisms as well as from electrochemical or thermal process which is helpful for transportation.Advantage: No emission of Green House effect
This document discusses hydrogen, including its position in the periodic table, isotopes, methods of preparation, properties, and uses. Key points include:
1. Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic number of 1. It exists as diatomic molecules (H2) and has an anomalous position in the periodic table.
2. Methods of preparing hydrogen include the electrolysis of water and reactions of metals like zinc with acids. Hydrogen has uses as a fuel and in reducing reactions.
3. Hydrogen peroxide is another topic discussed, with methods of preparation like the anthraquinone process. It is a strong oxidizing agent with many uses in industry and medicine.
MoS2 is a potential catalyst for hydrogen production through water electrolysis. It is cheaper than platinum, which is currently used. The document summarizes recent work studying how a catalyst support and applied voltage can lower the activation energy and increase the reaction rate of hydrogen evolution using MoS2 catalysts. Results showed unsupported MoS2 had a higher activation energy than when supported on gold, and activation energies decreased with increasing voltage. Together, the results suggest tuning a catalyst's support and the applied voltage could optimize hydrogen production from MoS2 for more economical clean energy applications.
Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe and the third most abundant on the surface of the globe.
All you have to know about this inflammable gas.
There are three main commercial methods for hydrogen production: steam reformation, coal gasification, and thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. Steam reformation involves reacting hydrocarbons like natural gas with steam at high temperatures over a catalyst to produce hydrogen and carbon oxides. The mixture is then shifted to increase hydrogen concentration before purification. Coal gasification uses superheated steam to gasify coal, producing water gas that is further reacted to hydrogen. Thermal decomposition produces hydrogen as a byproduct when cracking hydrocarbons at high heat.
Hydrogen is the simplest and lightest element. It has one proton and one electron. Hydrogen exists as diatomic hydrogen gas (H2) and is the first element in the periodic table. It can form compounds with almost all elements by gaining, losing or sharing electrons. Water (H2O) is an important compound of hydrogen that is essential for life. The largest use of hydrogen is in the production of ammonia, which is used to make fertilizers and other chemicals.
What does hydrogen gas mean?
Medical Definition of hydrogen
: a nonmetallic element that is the simplest and lightest of the elements and that is normally a colorless odorless highly flammable diatomic gas —symbol H — see deuterium, tritium.
Hydrogen gas is sometimes used directly to create an acid. For example, it is used in the creation of hydrochloric acid: H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl. Hydrogen gas is used in the processing of petroleum products to break down crude oil into fuel oil, gasoline, and such.
ppt on hydrogen for class XI th chemistrylokesh meena
Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: protium (1H), deuterium (2H), and tritium (3H). Protium is the most common isotope, making up over 99.98% of naturally occurring hydrogen. Deuterium contains one proton and one neutron, while tritium contains one proton and two neutrons. Tritium is radioactive with a half-life of 12.32 years. Deuterium and tritium are used in nuclear reactions and as tracers. Unstable isotopes of hydrogen from 4H to 7H have been synthesized in laboratories but not observed naturally.
reducation of co2 and its application to environment. Rabia Aziz
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
reducation of co2 and its application to environment
This document summarizes different methods of biological hydrogen production including dark fermentation, photo fermentation, and biophotolysis. Dark fermentation uses anaerobic bacteria like Enterobacter and Clostridium to break down organic materials into hydrogen gas. Photo fermentation uses photosynthetic bacteria to convert organic acids into hydrogen using light as an energy source. Biophotolysis uses algae or cyanobacteria to split water into hydrogen and oxygen directly or indirectly using solar energy. Integrated dark and photo fermentation can improve hydrogen yields. Ongoing research in India aims to develop these biological methods as renewable and clean alternatives to current hydrogen production methods that release greenhouse gases.
Hydrogen has many potential industrial applications but faces challenges in production, storage, and safety. It is primarily produced through steam methane reforming, which accounts for 48% of global hydrogen. Other methods include electrolysis and gasification of fossil fuels or biomass. Hydrogen is used in various industrial processes but storage remains an issue due to its low density. Further development is needed to establish hydrogen as a sustainable energy carrier.
IRJET- Treatment of Sugar Industry Wastewater by Upflow Anaerobic Sludge ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on treating sugar industry wastewater using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The study tested hydraulic retention times (HRT) from 72 to 8 hours. Key findings include:
1) At a 48 hour HRT, 78% COD removal was achieved with COD in the feed at 5400 mg/L.
2) pH, total solids (TS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were monitored at different HRTs and levels within the reactor.
3) Optimum HRT was sought to effectively treat sugar industry wastewater using the UASB reactor system.
This document summarizes research into using hydrogenase enzymes and glycerol to produce hydrogen as an alternative energy source. It discusses different biological and photolytic methods for hydrogen production and their limitations. The document focuses on using hydrogenase enzymes directly as electrocatalysts for fuel cells, looking at improving their stability and activity when integrated into electrode materials. Overall the research aims to develop hydrogenase-based technologies as alternatives to platinum in fuel cells and electrolysis.
Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Microbial biomass conversion processes take advantage of the ability of microorganisms to consume and digest biomass and release hydrogen. Depending on the pathway, this research could result in commercial-scale systems in the mid- to long-term timeframe that could be suitable for distributed, semi-central, or central hydrogen production scales, depending on the feedstock used.
How hydrogen can make india a global energySharon Alex
India has significant potential to become a global leader in hydrogen energy production due to its abundant resources. Hydrogen can be produced from various domestic sources like natural gas, biomass, and increasingly from renewable electricity via electrolysis. It is a clean-burning, high-efficiency fuel that could power vehicles and industries with zero emissions. The Indian government recently announced a green hydrogen mission to boost R&D, create demand, develop industrial applications, and build international partnerships in this area. This could help reduce India's energy import dependence and transition key sectors like steel and transportation to become more sustainable in the long run.
This document discusses biohydrogen as a renewable fuel. It begins with an introduction that defines biohydrogen as hydrogen produced biologically from biomass. It then discusses the history of biohydrogen research and different methods of biohydrogen production, including fermentation, dark fermentation, light fermentation, and two types of biophotolysis - direct and indirect. Direct biophotolysis uses algae to convert water and sunlight directly into hydrogen and oxygen. Indirect biophotolysis is a two-step process where algae or cyanobacteria first produce sugars from water and CO2, then convert the sugars into hydrogen and oxygen. The document also briefly mentions properties of hydrogen important for fuel use and applications of hydrogen in fuel cells.
Hydrogen can be produced through various methods such as steam reforming of natural gas, partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, thermochemical water splitting using high temperatures, electrolysis of water, radiolysis of water through nuclear radiation, and biological and enzymatic conversion of biomass. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages related to efficiency, costs, environmental impacts, and scalability. Hydrogen is a very useful energy carrier due to its high energy content per unit mass and non-polluting nature when used.
This document discusses different methods of producing bio-hydrogen gas, including water electrolysis, thermo-chemical processes, and biological processes using microorganisms. It focuses on biological hydrogen production, describing processes like direct and indirect photolysis using cyanobacteria or algae, dark fermentation using bacteria like Clostridium and Enterobacter, and using thermophiles. Key environmental factors that affect biological hydrogen production are identified as inoculum, substrate, pH, temperature, and product inhibition.
This document summarizes research on hydrogen production in Mexico. The most active area of research is biological processes, representing 40% of published papers, focusing on topics like bioreactors. The next most active area is catalysis and modified hydrogen processes from conventional sources, representing 22% of papers. Research on photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis focuses on developing efficient, stable, and inexpensive photocatalytic materials. Theoretical studies concentrate on optimizing reactor design and evaluating efficiencies. Electrolysis research proposes novel alloys and electrocatalysts. The review aims to assess scientific activity and advances in hydrogen production in Mexico.
Hydrogen production from Biological organisms as well as from electrochemical or thermal process which is helpful for transportation.Advantage: No emission of Green House effect
This document discusses hydrogen, including its position in the periodic table, isotopes, methods of preparation, properties, and uses. Key points include:
1. Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic number of 1. It exists as diatomic molecules (H2) and has an anomalous position in the periodic table.
2. Methods of preparing hydrogen include the electrolysis of water and reactions of metals like zinc with acids. Hydrogen has uses as a fuel and in reducing reactions.
3. Hydrogen peroxide is another topic discussed, with methods of preparation like the anthraquinone process. It is a strong oxidizing agent with many uses in industry and medicine.
MoS2 is a potential catalyst for hydrogen production through water electrolysis. It is cheaper than platinum, which is currently used. The document summarizes recent work studying how a catalyst support and applied voltage can lower the activation energy and increase the reaction rate of hydrogen evolution using MoS2 catalysts. Results showed unsupported MoS2 had a higher activation energy than when supported on gold, and activation energies decreased with increasing voltage. Together, the results suggest tuning a catalyst's support and the applied voltage could optimize hydrogen production from MoS2 for more economical clean energy applications.
Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe and the third most abundant on the surface of the globe.
All you have to know about this inflammable gas.
There are three main commercial methods for hydrogen production: steam reformation, coal gasification, and thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. Steam reformation involves reacting hydrocarbons like natural gas with steam at high temperatures over a catalyst to produce hydrogen and carbon oxides. The mixture is then shifted to increase hydrogen concentration before purification. Coal gasification uses superheated steam to gasify coal, producing water gas that is further reacted to hydrogen. Thermal decomposition produces hydrogen as a byproduct when cracking hydrocarbons at high heat.
Hydrogen is the simplest and lightest element. It has one proton and one electron. Hydrogen exists as diatomic hydrogen gas (H2) and is the first element in the periodic table. It can form compounds with almost all elements by gaining, losing or sharing electrons. Water (H2O) is an important compound of hydrogen that is essential for life. The largest use of hydrogen is in the production of ammonia, which is used to make fertilizers and other chemicals.
What does hydrogen gas mean?
Medical Definition of hydrogen
: a nonmetallic element that is the simplest and lightest of the elements and that is normally a colorless odorless highly flammable diatomic gas —symbol H — see deuterium, tritium.
Hydrogen gas is sometimes used directly to create an acid. For example, it is used in the creation of hydrochloric acid: H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl. Hydrogen gas is used in the processing of petroleum products to break down crude oil into fuel oil, gasoline, and such.
ppt on hydrogen for class XI th chemistrylokesh meena
Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: protium (1H), deuterium (2H), and tritium (3H). Protium is the most common isotope, making up over 99.98% of naturally occurring hydrogen. Deuterium contains one proton and one neutron, while tritium contains one proton and two neutrons. Tritium is radioactive with a half-life of 12.32 years. Deuterium and tritium are used in nuclear reactions and as tracers. Unstable isotopes of hydrogen from 4H to 7H have been synthesized in laboratories but not observed naturally.
reducation of co2 and its application to environment. Rabia Aziz
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
reducation of co2 and its application to environment
This document summarizes different methods of biological hydrogen production including dark fermentation, photo fermentation, and biophotolysis. Dark fermentation uses anaerobic bacteria like Enterobacter and Clostridium to break down organic materials into hydrogen gas. Photo fermentation uses photosynthetic bacteria to convert organic acids into hydrogen using light as an energy source. Biophotolysis uses algae or cyanobacteria to split water into hydrogen and oxygen directly or indirectly using solar energy. Integrated dark and photo fermentation can improve hydrogen yields. Ongoing research in India aims to develop these biological methods as renewable and clean alternatives to current hydrogen production methods that release greenhouse gases.
Hydrogen has many potential industrial applications but faces challenges in production, storage, and safety. It is primarily produced through steam methane reforming, which accounts for 48% of global hydrogen. Other methods include electrolysis and gasification of fossil fuels or biomass. Hydrogen is used in various industrial processes but storage remains an issue due to its low density. Further development is needed to establish hydrogen as a sustainable energy carrier.
IRJET- Treatment of Sugar Industry Wastewater by Upflow Anaerobic Sludge ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on treating sugar industry wastewater using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The study tested hydraulic retention times (HRT) from 72 to 8 hours. Key findings include:
1) At a 48 hour HRT, 78% COD removal was achieved with COD in the feed at 5400 mg/L.
2) pH, total solids (TS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were monitored at different HRTs and levels within the reactor.
3) Optimum HRT was sought to effectively treat sugar industry wastewater using the UASB reactor system.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT & DESIGN ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a study analyzing the production of biogas from sewage at a treatment plant in Greater Noida, India with capacity of 137 million liters per day.
2. Key findings include that approximately 1.417 million cubic meters of biogas could be produced annually, reducing CO2 emissions significantly. Combining wastewater and sludge treatment improves biogas recovery.
3. The document also details the design of an anaerobic digester for the sewage treatment plant, estimating the biogas production based on characteristics of the wastewater and sludge. Approximately 65% of suspended solids in the sewage can be removed, and digestion reduces volatile content of these solids by 65
This document discusses biogas production and upgrading. It provides an overview of traditional biogas production methods and their limitations. It then discusses the growth of the biogas market and technologies for upgrading biogas, including various techniques like chemical adsorption, pressure swing adsorption, and membrane separation. It analyzes patent trends in biogas upgrading technologies and concludes that the biogas upgrading market has significant opportunities, though costs vary significantly depending on production methods and distribution systems used.
Project report of (biodiesel extraction from waste plastic)Self employed
This document is a project report submitted by eight students from the Mechanical Engineering department of Government Polytechnic College in Raghogarh, India. The report details their project on extracting biodiesel from waste plastic. It includes an introduction, descriptions of the target waste plastics, conversion process, validation process, liquid fuel production methods, examples of other production facilities, and a conclusion. The students conducted the project to fulfill their diploma requirements.
This document summarizes a research project involving a consortium studying the valorization of sargassum seaweed through vacuum pyrolysis. The consortium includes groups studying tribology, fluorination, characterization, and economics. The project aims to develop new lubricants, battery electrodes, and other products from the pyrolysis by-products. Research will characterize biomass and pyrolysis outputs, study tribological properties with and without fluorination, and test battery performance of fluorinated carbons. Economic modeling will assess a production process given the discontinuous sargassum supply and impacts of project outputs. The consortium expects results like friction reduction from additives and capacity results for fluorinated graphite electrodes.
1) The document discusses pyrolysis as a method to convert plastic waste into fuels. Pyrolysis involves heating plastic at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen to break the chemical bonds and produce a gaseous mixture that can be refined into fuels.
2) Three main types of pyrolysis are discussed: thermal, catalytic, and hydrocracking. Thermal pyrolysis is further divided into slow, fast, and flash pyrolysis based on temperature.
3) The attainable region approach is presented as a flexible method to optimize process variables and outcomes for plastic pyrolysis. This allows manipulating factors like temperature, pressure, and reactor type.
This document summarizes a project studying the use of red mud and pure metal oxides as potential catalysts for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste. The goal is to find a cheaper alternative to the commercial Ceria Zirconia catalyst. HTL converts biomass into liquid biofuel using water at high pressure and temperature. Previous studies show Ceria Zirconia improves biooil yield but is costly to reuse. Red mud, a low-cost byproduct, contains metal oxides that could achieve the desired base chemistry. The project will compare the impact of red mud and pure metal oxide catalysts to Ceria Zirconia on biooil production from food waste.
Integrated catalytic recycling of plastic residues into added-value chemicals (iCAREPLAST) project is set to address the cost and energy-efficient recycling of a large fraction of today’s non-recyclable plastics and composites from urban waste. iCAREPLAST project has been funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme within the SPIRE (Sustainable Process Industry through Resource and Energy Efficiency) initiative.
This document summarizes a presentation on water and wastewater sustainability in the food and beverage industry. It discusses trends toward cradle-to-cradle engineering and treating wastewaters as co-products. Anaerobic digestion is presented as a key technology for energy production and carbon footprint reduction. Case studies of co-product recovery at Slane Distillery are described. The presentation concludes that future technology must be led by sustainability and that wastes should be designed to ultimately recycle in a cradle-to-cradle approach.
The document discusses sustainable design approaches for the chemistry-using industries. It proposes designing products and processes for the entire lifecycle, including for separation and recovery of materials. Examples are given of innovative coatings for ship hulls to reduce fouling without biocides and more efficient spray-on heating elements. The goal is to stimulate innovation that delivers value through more sustainable solutions.
Evaluation of Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor for treating Sugar mill effluen...IJERA Editor
Anaerobic treatment processes are credible options for providing sustainable treatment to biodegradable waste streams. The Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) is an evolving process that requires waste specific design methodologies based on kinetics of the specific process. The research was precisely an experimental study on AFBR having23.56 litres of effective volume to evaluate its treatment performance and gas recovery in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Hydraulic Retention Time(HRT)and Organic Loading Rate (OLR). The synthetic sugar influent COD was variedfrom 1500 to 4000 mg/lit. The OLR for the operating flow rates were ranged from 1.36 to 28.8 Kg COD/m3.day for HRT varied from 3.2 to 24 hrs. The maximum COD removal efficiency is 90.06 at an operating OLR of 3.42 Kg COD/m3.day. The maximum biogas yield was observed at 0.28 m3/kg COD removed.
IRJET-Influence of Advanced Settling Zone on COD Removal Efficiency of UASB R...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the influence of an advanced settling zone on COD removal efficiency in a UASB reactor treating dairy wastewater. Key points:
- India is the largest milk producer in the world, generating huge amounts of wastewater from dairies that requires treatment. Anaerobic treatment is well-suited for dairy wastewater.
- The study tests a modified UASB reactor design with an advanced settling zone to improve granule settling. A 7.5-liter reactor treated dairy wastewater and achieved a maximum 79% COD removal efficiency.
- The modified design uses concentric pipes to create a suspension zone, allowing higher flow rates without flooding
This document summarizes a presentation about converting captured carbon dioxide (CO2) to higher value chemicals and liquid fuels. The presentation discusses:
1) A novel process that combines CO2 with additional carbon sources like flare gas, landfill biogas, and raw natural gas to produce C4+ chemicals and liquid fuels through a thermochemical route.
2) The process has been successfully demonstrated at a 10 L/day scale in Canada and involves converting CO2 and other carbon sources to ketene and diketene intermediates and then to butanols and other C4+ chemicals.
3) A lifecycle analysis was conducted of the process that shows it can reduce CO2 emissions compared to conventional gasoline
The document provides an overview and agenda for an online launch event discussing the IEA-CSI Technology Roadmap for the low-carbon transition in the cement industry. The roadmap analyzes strategies and technologies to reduce carbon emissions from cement production, including improving energy efficiency, increasing the use of alternative fuels and raw materials, reducing the clinker-to-cement ratio, and deploying innovative and emerging low-carbon technologies such as carbon capture and alternative binding materials. It finds that these measures could reduce cement sector emissions by over 80% by 2050 compared to current levels if fully implemented. The event will discuss milestones, actions, and investment needs to achieve this vision through international collaboration between governments and industry.
Rotating Biological Contactor Wastewater Treatment Using Banana Leaves for Gr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated using banana leaves in a rotating biological contactor (RBC) system to treat wastewater for irrigation purposes. Two identical RBC stages were used to treat wastewater after primary treatment. Banana leaves placed in a plastic bottle were used as the media in the RBC stages. The system was operated for 5 days at a rotation speed of 5 RPM and a hydraulic retention time of 3 days, which provided the best removal results. Testing of the wastewater found that the RBC system using banana leaves achieved a BOD removal rate of around 79.16%, COD removal of around 90.6%, and TSS removal of around 78.95% after the second R
“The role of carbon negative technologies for achieving net zero” – Dr Jon Mc...Kyungeun Sung
“The role of carbon negative technologies for achieving net zero” – Dr Jon McKechnie, University of Nottingham, presenting at the Net Zero Conference 2022, ‘Research Journeys in/to Net Zero: Current and Future Research Leaders in the Midlands, UK’ (on Friday 24th June 2022 at De Montfort University)
The presentation is to make people aware of primary vehicular pollutants, their concentration in the atmosphere, health impacts, and possible remediations to bring down the pollution level within the threshold limits.
The presentation narrates the possible prediction of climate change over the geographic location of Tamil Nadu state and its most predominant impact on agriculture. Furthermore, it also deals with the crop yield prediction and possible mitigation of adverse impacts.
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This slides will give you clear idea about how to make a travel experience project. This is mainly oriented for those students who are studying in Arts stream. Here specifically we will shear the experience about a small province called Pelling, near to Sikkim.
This presentation talks about biological treatment of leachate & domestic wastewater. Treatment process involves upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Efficiency achieved was around 90% by using different proportions.
This presentation describes the current scenario of mine closing in India, a comparative study with other developed countries like Australia, Canada etc. and GIS based approach for proper execution according to the existing topographical conditions. It's an unconventional approach and having broad scopes to be enhanced in future.
This document discusses bioreactors and their applications in waste water treatment. It begins with an introduction to bioreactors and their role in biotechnology. It then describes different types of bioreactors, including suspended growth reactors like batch and continuous stirred-tank reactors, as well as biofilm reactors like packed bed and fluidized bed reactors. The document concludes by discussing various applications of bioreactors in treating gaseous, liquid and solid wastes through bioconversion.
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The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
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Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
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Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
2. Over view
Introduction
Area of Application
What are the Problem Addressed
Limitations/Drawbacks of Current Available Products
Elaborative Description of the Innovation
Area of Immediate and Future Application
Novelty and Usefulness
Stage of the Innovation
Future Research
Market and competitor
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4. Waste to Energy Cycle
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5. Wastes suitable for energy production
Solid wastes with high carbon content and heating value
Waste water with high BOD and COD value
Waste gases with high heating value (However, in practice this
option is not normally used).
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6. Scenario of Bio-hydrogen
Synthesis of bio-hydrogen oil from the organic substrate comprises
exclusive advantages like-
• High rate of bacterial growth requires low energy input.
• No oxygen limitation problems.
• Economic feasibility proclaimed by using dark fermentation process
etc.
• Both pure culture such as Clostridium sp. and mixed cultures of
anaerobic bacteria, can used.
• Wide range of carbonaceous waste materials can be used such as
sugar wastewater, starch wastewater, and dairy waste water etc.
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7. Area of Application
Waste to Energy Conversion
Clean and Renewable Energy
Synthesis
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8. What are the Problem Addressed
In the recent era, utmost attention is paid towards exploring the
alternative source of energies, being more specific “Green Energies”.
The conventional energy sources are non-renewable and subjected to
the greater depletion.
Apart from this, due to the rapid urbanization and industrial growth
quantity of waste generated also got increased.
A Sustainable Waste Management technology becomes one of the
prime requirement of the present time.
The present technology is capable of enlightening two prime aspects
of the present waste management scenario namely,
• “Waste Treatment and Minimization”
• “Waste to Energy Conversion”
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9. Limitations/Drawbacks of Current Available Products
Nowadays, universal energy necessities are mostly dependent on fossil fuel.
As per the conventional practice, after extracting juice from the sugarcane the
MOLASSESAND BAGASSE are disposed unscientifically by open dumping.
wastewater from the sugar industries is a “Misplaced Resource”
The ultimate goal is “Sustainable Development”
Drawbacks
• “Leachate formation”
• “Ground Water Contamination”
• “Change in Soil pH”
• “Conversion of primary pollutant to secondary pollutant”
• “Air Pollution Due to the Burning of Fossil Fuel”
• “Generation of Green House Gases”
• “Global warming”
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10. Elaborative Description of the Innovation
“Anaerobic Dark Fermentation Process”
Pilot scale MAUASB reactor was fabricated and operated for the
period of 5 months.
The reactor start-up period was minimized using the Seed Sludge.
Quantifying the overall bio-hydrogen production, a potential
growth was significant between 2nd and 8th day of reactor start up.
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11. Inoculum pre-treatment
Screening &
Identification
16s rRNA
identification
Adaptation of
strain
improvement
strategies
Characterization of
starch and sugar
Industry wastewater
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12. Portrayal of the bioreactor system
Monitoring Based Agitable Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
Feed tank has the supply volume of 10 L
Total experimental volume of the reactor was 21 L
5L volume meant for gas collection
16L working volume
Diameter of 212 mm and height of 460 mm
4 different segments-
• Seed sludge introduction
• Substrate configuration
• Biofilm
• Gas collection chamber
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13. Batch Reactor with Different Substrates
With Glucose With Sucrose
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14. An overview of the Pilot Scale MAUASB reactor
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16. Characteristics of raw starch wastewater effluent
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S.No. Parameter* Tapioca Starch Effluent
1 pH 4-5
2 Total Suspended Solids 400-800
3 Total Dissolved Solids 1000-1400
4 Chlorides 200-500
5 Sulphates 50-200
6 Oil And Grease 3-12
7 BOD 2200-4000
8 COD 4000-6000
9 Phosphates 30-120
10 Ammonical Nitrogen 4-5
17. Characterization of sugar industry effluent
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S.No. Parameter* Sugar effluent
1 pH 6.5-8.8
2 Total solids 870-1950
3 Total suspended solids 220-790
4 Total dissolved solids 400-1650
5 Chlorides 18-40
6 Dissolved oxygen 0-2.0
7 BOD 300-2200
8 COD 1360-2000
9 Sulphate 40-70
10 Oil and grease 60-100
18. Inoculum pretreatment
Heat shock treatment (HST)
Acid pretreatment / acid enrichment
Chloroform pretreatment
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19. 16s rRNA identification for bacterial species
Isolation of bacterial genomic DNA.
Column purification of genomic DNA
Preparation of samples for PCR.
PCR set up
PCR product analysis
PCR product purification
Sequencing
Data analysis
GENOMIC DNA EXTRACTION
AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
COLUMN PURIFICATION
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21. Optimization of monitoring parameters
pH between 4.5 and 8.5
Standard concentration between 0.2 and 0.6 OD at 600 nm
Substrate concentration between 2.5 and 25 g L-1
Temperature range between 250 and 400 C
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22. Adaptation of strain improvement strategies
Selection of stable strains
Selection of non- foaming strains
Selection of strains resistant to the
components of the medium
Selection of morphologically
favourable strains
Selection of strains which are
tolerant to low oxygen tension
Selection of strains based on
mutagenic studies namely
auxotrophic and mutant resistant to
analogues
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23. Bio Hydrogen Production atVarious Substrate
Concentrations
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CumulativeHydrogenproduction(ml)
Time in hours
5 g/l
10 g/l
20mg/l
40 g/l
24. Bio Hydrogen Production atVaried pH
Concentrations
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cumulativehydrogenproduction(ml)
Time in hours
Initial pH 5
Initial pH 5.5
Initial pH 6
Initial pH 6.5
Initial pH 7
25. Percentage of COD removal at different mixing
ratio of substrates
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Cumulative%ofCODremoval
Time in days
60-40
50-50
40-60
30-70
20-80
26. Percentage of COD removal at different pH
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%ofCODremoval
Time in days
pH 9
pH 8
pH 7
pH 6
pH 5
27. COD concentration decrease with increase
Hydrogen production
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CODconcentration(mg/l)
Time in days
Hydrogenyield(ml)
COD concentrations mg/l
hydrogen yield ml
29. Area of Immediate and Future Application
Production of electricity, heat and water for various end uses
Industrial applications
Vehicular transportation
Residential applications
Commercial applications, including in telecom towers for providing
backup power
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30. Novelty and Usefulness
INDIGENOUS ORGANISMS were used to perform the study,
which is isolated from waste itself, therefore no need of
maintaining any pure culture.
Alteration of the conventional anaerobic mechanism (digestion
pathway) to yield more bio hydrogen rather than methane, which
is a green house gas.
Improved Pre-treatment was given in order to suppress the
activity of the methanogenic organisms.
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31. Stage of the Innovation
Pilot Scale Production Done
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32. Future Research
Genetically Engineered Microorganisms can be used to improve
the yield of biohydrogen and inhibit methanogenic activity.
Mutation can be done to improve the quantity of bio hydrogen
generation.
Improvement of symbiotic mechanism can also be improvised by
means of introducing other beneficial organisms.
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33. Market and competitor
Hydrogen is high in energy content as it contains 120.7 kilojoules/gram.
This is the highest energy content per unit mass among known fuels.
Hydrogen can be used for power generation and also for transport
applications.
It is possible to use hydrogen in internal combustion (IC) engines, directly or
mixed with diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG).
Hydrogen can also be used directly as a fuel in fuel cells to produce
electricity.
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34. Global scenario
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Sl No. Country Scenario
1. Germany Largest demonstrator and pioneer of
hydrogen based applications and
having several hydrogen fueling
stations
2. Iceland Plans to be world's first hydrogen
economy with an annual spending
around $ 30M Hydrogen Freedom
Fuel
3. USA Initiative announced in January 2003
with the budget of US $ 2.2 billion
and implemented by setting up IPHE
in November 2003
4. Japan Started hydrogen fueling stations and
plans to spend $20 billion by 2020
35. Indian Scenario (H-CNG Dispensing Station)
Faridabad in Haryana Dwarka in New Delhi
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38. Conclusion
The study claims the feasibility of bio-hydrogen synthesis from sugar
industry wastewater using MAUASB reactor.
It minimizes the environmental intervention by the removal of
pollution load to the optimal from sugary wastewater.
The maximum COD removal efficiency was found to be 81% at pH 5.0.
Maximum H2 production (about 272.4ml) of the MAUASB reactor was
found on 8th day maintained at pH value of 5.1.
Successive production faced depletion due to Methanization.
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39. Acknowledgements and Publications
I sincerely thank UGC for financially supporting the project.
I would like to convey my sincere gratitude to Valliammai
Engineering College for giving me an opportunity to present my
research in front of the jury.
Atun et al. (2017) Synthesis of Bio-Hydrogen Renovated with
Carbohydrate Rich Wastewater, Utilizing Monitoring Based
Agitable UASB Reactor. Bioresource technology, 241(4), 73-84.
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40. References
• 1. Sreela-C, ImaiT, Plangklang P, Reungsang A. Optimization of key factors affecting
hydrogen production from food waste by anaerobic mixed cultures. Int J Hydrogen Energy
2011; 36:14120-33.
• 2. Kapdan IK, Kargi F. Bio-hydrogen production from waste materials. Enzyme Microb
Technol 2006; 38:569-82.
• 3.Wei J, Liu Z-T, Zhang X. Bio-hydrogen production from starch wastewater and
application in fuel cell. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010; 35:2949-52.
• 4.Wang J,WanW. Factors influencing fermentative hydrogen production: a review. Int J
Hydrogen Energy 2009; 3:799-811.
• 5. Ravi kumar parihar and Dr. kanjan upadhay”production of bio-hydrogen gas from dairy
industry wastewater by anaerobic fermentation process”IJAR 2016; 2(3): 512-515
• 6. Chen-Yeon Chu a,b,c,*, Zulaicha Dwi Hastuti d,e, Eniya Listiani Dewi e,WidodoWahyu
Purwanto d, Unggul Priyanto” Enhancing strategy on renewable hydrogen production in a
continuous bioreactor with packed biofilter from sugary wastewater”
• 7.Taguchi F, Chang JD,Taguchi S, Morimoto M. Efficient hydrogen production from starch
by a bacterium isolated from termites. J FermentTechnol 1992;73:244–5.
• 8. UenoY, KawaiT, Sato S, Otsuka S, Morimoto M. Biological production of hydrogen from
cellulose by natural anaerobic microflora. J Ferment Bioeng 1995;79:395–7.
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