Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Conversion in Biorefineries
Thermochemical Conversion: Production of Biofuels via Gasification
Chemical Technologies
Methanol most flexible chemical commodities and energy sources produced from convert the feedstock natural gas into a synthesis gas and also by catalytic synthesis of methanol
Biomass Based Products (Biochemicals, Biofuels, Activated Carbon)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Biomass use is growing globally. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass (organic matter that can be converted into energy) may include food crops, crops for energy, crop residues, wood waste and byproducts, and animal manure. It is one of the most plentiful and well-utilized sources of renewable energy in the world. Broadly speaking, it is organic material produced by the photosynthesis of light. The chemical materials (organic compounds of carbons) are stored and can then be used to generate energy. The most common biomass used for energy is wood from trees. Wood has been used by humans for producing energy for heating and cooking for a very long time.
See more at: http://goo.gl/ruqLkS
Website: http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
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Methanol most flexible chemical commodities and energy sources produced from convert the feedstock natural gas into a synthesis gas and also by catalytic synthesis of methanol
Biomass Based Products (Biochemicals, Biofuels, Activated Carbon)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Biomass use is growing globally. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass (organic matter that can be converted into energy) may include food crops, crops for energy, crop residues, wood waste and byproducts, and animal manure. It is one of the most plentiful and well-utilized sources of renewable energy in the world. Broadly speaking, it is organic material produced by the photosynthesis of light. The chemical materials (organic compounds of carbons) are stored and can then be used to generate energy. The most common biomass used for energy is wood from trees. Wood has been used by humans for producing energy for heating and cooking for a very long time.
See more at: http://goo.gl/ruqLkS
Website: http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Activated Carbon from biomass, Activated Carbon from Waste Biomass, Applications of biomass gasification, Best small and cottage scale industries, Bio-based Products from Biomass, Bio-briquette Manufacturing Process, Biochemical Conversion of Biomass, Biochemical conversion process, Biochemicals from biomass, Bioenergy (Biofuels and Biomass), Bioenergy Conversion Technologies, Bioenergy: biofuel production chains, Biofuel and other biomass based products, Biofuel briquettes from biomass, Biofuel from plant biomass, Biofuel production, Biofuels Production from Biomass, Biofuels from biomass, Biomass and Bioenergy Biomass Technology, Biomass based activated carbon, Biomass Based Products, Biomass based products making machine factory, Biomass based products Making Small Business Manufacturing, Biomass based products manufacturing Business, Biomass Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biomass Bio fuel Briquettes, Biomass Briquette Production, Biomass Cultivation and Biomass Briquettes, Biomass energy, Biomass Energy and Biochemical Conversion Processing, Biomass fuel, Biomass gasification, Biomass Gasification Technology, Biomass Gasifier for Thermal and Power applications, Biomass in the manufacture of industrial products, Biomass Processing & Biomass Based Profitable Products, Biomass Processing Industry in India, Biomass Processing Projects, Biomass Processing Technologies, Biomass resources and biofuels potential, Biomass-based chemicals, Biomass-Based Materials and Technologies for Energy, Business guidance for biomass processing industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Opportunities in Biomass Energy Sector, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan: Biomass Power Plant, Business start-up, Chemical production from biomass, Complete Book on Biomass Based Products, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing Energy on the Farm: Biomass and Agriculture, How does biomass work, How to start a biomass processing plant, How to Start a Biomass processing business?
Biogas Technology Notes describes basics of biomethanation, digestors for rural & wastewater treatment applications and mentions Indian text and references.
Project of Introduction to Petroleum and Gas Engineering and Explanation of the cracking process and types.Cracking, as the name suggests, is a process in which large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller and more useful ones,The cracking products, such as ethene, propene, buta-1,3-diene and C4 alkenes, are used to make many important chemicals. Others such as branched and cyclic alkanes are added to the gasoline fraction obtained from the distillation of crude oil to enhance the octane rating.
Presentation of Bin Yang for the Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane.
Apresentação de Bin Yang realizada no "Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane"
Date / Data : February 10 - 11th 2009/
10 e 11 de fevereiro de 2009
Place / Local: Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop1
Biogas Technology Notes describes basics of biomethanation, digestors for rural & wastewater treatment applications and mentions Indian text and references.
Project of Introduction to Petroleum and Gas Engineering and Explanation of the cracking process and types.Cracking, as the name suggests, is a process in which large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller and more useful ones,The cracking products, such as ethene, propene, buta-1,3-diene and C4 alkenes, are used to make many important chemicals. Others such as branched and cyclic alkanes are added to the gasoline fraction obtained from the distillation of crude oil to enhance the octane rating.
Presentation of Bin Yang for the Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane.
Apresentação de Bin Yang realizada no "Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane"
Date / Data : February 10 - 11th 2009/
10 e 11 de fevereiro de 2009
Place / Local: Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop1
Process Design & Economics of Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Bioma...BiorefineryEPC™
Process Design & Economics of Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol
Disclaimer:
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
The oil palm industry in Malaysia provides a high economic return to the country. Currently empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the solid wastes which is produced daily but have limited use whereby it is usually left as plantation site to act as an organic fertilizer for the plants to ensure the sustainability of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). However, this waste material have the potential to be transformed into high value-added products such as bioethanol, acids and compost using advanced biotechnology technique. The major drawback in biomass technology is the difficulty of degrading the material in a short period of time. Therefore, a pretreatment step such as hot-compressed water treatment is required to break the lignocellulosic compound to easily accessible carbon sources for further use to produce bioethanol. This research proposes an environmental friendly technology which could convert waste biomass to valuable bio-based chemicals and fuels which could be transferred easily to rural areas and small medium industries for wealth creation and for their own use in their agricultural fields.
Wind and Solar Power - Renewable Energy TechnologiesLiving Online
The past ten years has seen a significant increase in applying wind and solar power technologies from the domestic user to the corporate market. There has been a dramatic improvement in the efficiencies in these technologies and this has helped make the applications economical. Specific energy yields from wind turbines have increased by 60% and installation costs have dropped significantly (up to 50% in many cases). Global wind generating capacity has reached 100,000 MW capacity in March 2008 with almost 20,000 MW installed during 2007 alone.
Applications of photovoltaic (PV) systems are growing rapidly worldwide with worldwide installation of PV modules skyrocketing to 2,826 MW in 2007 (= 62% growth from 2006). Many countries are passing legislation to enforce greater use of PV systems and this is helping to drive up the production of these systems.
All of these technologies are interdisciplinary requiring a knowledge of topics as varied as aerodynamics, electricity and wind statistics for wind power and mechanical engineering, electronic and electrical engineering for solar power.
This workshop will outline the step by step process of designing, installing and commissioning photovoltaic and wind powered systems. It should be emphasised that this is not an advanced in-depth workshop but one covering the important issues enabling you to do simple designs and then to investigate the design and installation issues in more detail after the workshop either by further study or in conjunction with experts in the field.
In recent years the annual growth rate of the solar and wind energy industry has consistently exceeded 30% with 3 digit growth figures in many regional markets. So in these rather challenging economic times; this is a good industry in which to focus one’s career on.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Control and instrumentation engineers
Electrical engineers
Electricians
Electronic engineers
Energy specialists
Facility managers
Mechanical engineers
Technicians
…and those who are keen to improve the environment and take advantage of cheap and clean power.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/wind-solar-power-renewable-energy-technologies-3
Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters. It is typically made by chemically reacting lipids such as animal fat (tallow), soybean oil, or some other vegetable oil with alcohol, producing a methyl, ethyl, or propyl ester.
This brief document describes how to convert waste into energy, particularly electricity. It is a new way of waste management. It is eco-friendly and helps fight climate change which has become a global crisis.
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
Pressure Relief Systems
BACKGROUND TO RELIEF SYSTEM DESIGN Vol.1 of 6
The Guide has been written to advise those involved in the design and engineering of pressure relief systems. It takes the user from the initial identification of potential causes of overpressure or under pressure through the process design of relief systems to the detailed mechanical design. "Hazard Studies" and quantitative hazards analysis are not described; these are seen as complementary activities. Typical users of the Guide will use some Parts in detail and others in overview.
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGerard B. Hawkins
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by:
• Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application.
• Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability.
• Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen.
• Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards.
• Providing example calculations for real practical problems.
SCOPE
The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts:
1 Fundamentals of meteorology.
2 Overview of air quality standards.
3 Comparison between different air quality models.
4 Designing a stack.
5 Dense gas dispersion.
6 Calculation of source terms.
7 Building wake effects.
8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen.
9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module.
10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module.
11 ADMS examples.
12 Modeling odorous releases.
13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports.
14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms.
Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates.
APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Gerard B. Hawkins
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Case Study: #06023300
Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602
CONTENTS
0 SCOPE
1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION
2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION
3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES
4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT
5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS
6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT
7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT
8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION
9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL
10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS
11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL
14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
GBHE-APT-0102
PICKLING & PASSIVATION
CONTENTS
1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK
2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT
3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT
4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT
5 TARGET RESULTS
6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT
6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning
6.6.2 Pre-rinsing
6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning
6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success
6.6.5 Rinsing
6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary
7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Aim/purpose
3 Responsibilities
4 Procedure
4.1 Main cleaning methods
4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning
4.1.2 Cleaning with air
4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only)
4.1.4 Cleaning with water
4.2 Choice of the cleaning method
4.3 Cleaning preparation
4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network
4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network
4.6 Water flushing procedure
4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing
4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing
4.6.3 Performing a water flush
4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.7 Air blowing procedure
4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing
4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing
4.7.3 Performing air blowing
4.7.4 Cleanliness checks
4.8 Steam blowing procedure
4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing
4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing
4.8.3 Performing steam blowing
4.8.4 Cleanliness checks
4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure
4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution
4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning
4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning
4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline
4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS Gerard B. Hawkins
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope of this Guide
1.3 Use of the Guide
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2.1 Principal Concerns
2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation
2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
2.4 Health and Environmental Effects
2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits
3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 Reduction at Source
3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment
4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA
4.1 General
4.2 Identification of Vent Sources
4.3 Characterization of Vents
4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows
4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection
4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios
4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents
4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes
4.9 Tabulation of Data
4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment
4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes
4.12 Complexity of Systems
4.13 Summary
5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS
5.1 General
5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers
5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers
5.4 Materials of Construction
5.5 Static Electricity Hazard
5.6 Diversion Systems
5.7 Snuffing Systems
6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Basis
6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer
6.4 Refractories
6.5 Flue Gas Treatment
6.6 Control and Safety Systems
6.7 Project Program
6.8 Commissioning
6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management
APPENDICES
A GLOSSARY
B FLAMMABILITY
C EXAMPLE PROFORMA
D REFERENCES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE
TABLE
1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED
TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM
2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN
3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM
4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER
5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER
6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION
7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH
8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT
9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY
10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM
11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR
13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 IPU
3.2 AOS
3.3 BODs
3.4 COD
3.5 TOC
3.6 Toxicity
3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD
3.8 Heavy Metals
3.9 EA
3.10 Biological Treatment Terms
3.11 BATNEEC
3.12 BPEO
3.13 EQS/LV
3.14 IPC
3.15 VOC
3.16 F/M Ratio
3.17 MLSS
3.18 MLVSS
4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
5.1 General
5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)
5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC)
5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO)
5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS)
6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION
7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS
8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE
8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT)
8.2 AOS Stream Definition
8.3 Technical Check List
8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies
8.5 Process Sequences
8.6 Economic Evaluation
8.7 Process Selection
APPENDICES
A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1
B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2
C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST
D THE UK RED LIST
E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES
F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES
G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES
J COMPARATIVE COST DATA
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs)
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL
3 CONTROL AT SOURCE
3.1 Choice or Solvent
3.2 Venting Arrangements
3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing
3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer
3.5 Batch Charging
3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow
3.7 Stock Tank Design
4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
4.1 By Inference or Calculation
4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment
4.3 Analytical Instruments
4.4 Vent Emissions Database
5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY
5.1 Available Options
5.2 Selection of Preferred Option
5.3 Condensation
5.4 Adsorption
5.5 Absorption
5.6 Thermal Incineration
5.7 Catalytic Oxidation
5.8 Biological Filtration
5.9 Combinations of Process technologies
5.10 Processes Under Development
6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
7 REFERENCES
Appendix 1. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials
Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations
Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance
Appendix 4. Cost Correlations
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed
3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment
3.1 Installations on existing plant
3.2 Actuators
3.3 Power to close or power to open
3.4 The need for testing
3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves
3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency
3.7 Location of Operating Buttons
3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation
4 Detection of Leaks and Fires
5 Precautions during Maintenance
6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves
7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available
References
Glossary
Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves
Appendix II Some typical Installations
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Assuring Contact Center Experiences for Your Customers With ThousandEyes
Advanced Biofuel Technologies
1. RENALT ENERGY
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www.renaltenergy.com
Advanced Biofuel
Technologies
Gerard B. Hawkins
Executive Director
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
CONTENTS
Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Conversion in Biorefineries
Thermochemical Conversion: Production of Biofuels
via Gasification
Chemical Technologies
3. RENALT ENERGY
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www.renaltenergy.com
Advanced Biofuel Technologies
CONTENTS
Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic
Biomass
Conversion in Biorefineries
Thermochemical Conversion: Production
of Biofuels via Gasification
Chemical Technologies
4. RENALT ENERGY
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www.renaltenergy.com
Advanced Biofuel Technologies, are conversion
technologies which are still in the research and development
(R&D), pilot or demonstration phase, commonly referred to as
second- or third-generation.
This category includes ;
Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), (i.e., based
on animal fat and plant oil)
Biofuels based on lignocellulosic biomass,
(i.e., ethanol),
Fischer-Tropsch liquids
Synthetic natural gas (SNG).
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
The principle pathways of advanced biofuels technologies
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Yeast Fermentation to Ethanol
Following processing steps may be found in a general
lignocellulose to bioethanol production processes:
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Pretreatment
The main purpose of the pretreatment is to increase
the reactivity of the cellulose and hemicellulose
material to the subsequent hydrolysis steps, to
decrease the crystallinity of the cellulose and to
increase the porosity of the material.
Only after breaking this shell the sugar containing materials
become accessible for hydrolysis.
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General Classification: Pretreatment Methods
Chemical
Physical
Biological
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
General Classification: Pretreatment Methods
Chemical
Physical
Biological
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
Pretreatment Methods: Chemical
Concentrated and diluted acids (H2SO4 generally)
Note: diluted acids allow reducing corrosion problems and
environmental issues but give lower yields
Under research are methods using ammonia, lye,
organosolv and ionic liquids.
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
General Classification: Pretreatment Methods
Chemical
Physical
Biological
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
Pretreatment Methods: Physical
Steam explosion has been frequently applied and
delivers high yields
Ammonia fibre explosion requires less energy input
but raises environmental issues
Under development are liquid hot water and CO2
- explosion which promise less side-products or
low environmental impact
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
General Classification: Pretreatment Methods
Chemical
Physical
Biological
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
Pretreatment Methods: Biological
Biological processes based on conversion by
fungi and bacteria
The main purpose of the hydrolysis is the splitting of the
polymeric structure of lignin-free cellulosic material into
sugar monomers in order to make them ready for
fermentation.
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Pretreatment Methods: Biological
Cellulose is chemically very stable and extremely
insoluble
Acid hydrolysis of the celluloses is possible and has
been applied previously
Current state-of-art method is enzymatic hydrolysis by
a cellulase enzyme complex
Note: Produced by the fungus Trichoderma reesei
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The complex is composed by three proteinic units:
Endocellulase breaks the crystalline structure to
generate shorter chain fragments
Exocellulase works on (14) glucosidic bonds of
linear cellulose to release cellobiose (it is composed by
two sugar units)
Cellobiase (or β-glucosidase) finally works on
cellobiose and splits off glucose to make the material
suitable for fermentation
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• Theoretical C Utilization: 67%
• CO2: product of fermentation process
• Typical processing time: 48 hrs
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
Bioethanol Production Method
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The fermentation of the C5 and C6 sugars
obtained from pretreatment and hydrolysis of
lignocellulose faces several challenges:
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Several Challenges:
Inhibition from various by-products of pretreatment
and hydrolysis such as acetates, furfural and lignin.
Note: The impact of these inhibitors is even
larger on the C5 sugar processing.
Inhibition from the product itself = inhibition from
bioethanol leading to low titer (ethanol concentration)
Low conversion rates for C5 sugars
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Either ethanologens like yeasts are used and the
ability to use C5 sugars is added to them
Organisms capable of using mixed sugars (such as
E. coli) are modified in their fermentation pathway in
order to produce bioethanol
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R&D strategies in the field of fermentation :
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Evaporation of ethanol from beer: in this step the first
evaporation of ethanol is performed in order to obtain
‘crude’ ethanol with concentration ~45%V/V
Rectification: in rectification the ethanol concentration
is increased to ~96%V/V
Dehydration: by dehydration the remaining azeotropic
water is removed in order to obtain the fuel bioethanol with
concentration 98.7%m/m1 and water content below 0.3%
m/m
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Upgrading of Ethanol :
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SHF – Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation
SSF – Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation
SSCF – Simultaneous Saccharification and
Co-Current Fermentation
CBP – Consolidated BioProcessing
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Enzymatic Hydrolysis : Typical Processes
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SSCF – Simultaneous
Saccharification and Co-Current
Fermentation set-up is currently
the best developed
lignocellulose processing
method where hydrolysis and C5
and C6 fermentation can be
performed in a common step
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Enzymatic Hydrolysis : Typical Processes
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CBP - Consolidated BioProcessing (previously also
called DMC - Direct Microbial Conversion), though,
envisages a unique step between pretreatment and
distillation, unifying cellulase production, C5 and C6
hydrolysis and C5 and C6 fermentation
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Enzymatic Hydrolysis : Typical Processes
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Microbial fermentation of sugars can – in contrast to
the more commonly used yeast fermentation to ethanol
– also use an acetogenic pathway to produce acetic acid
without CO2 as a by-product
This increases the carbon utilization of the process.
The acetic acid is converted to an ester which can
then be reacted with hydrogen to make ethanol.
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Microbial Fermentation via Acetic Acid
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Engineered yeast can be used to convert sugar into a
class of compounds called isoprenoids which includes
pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, flavors and fragrances,
industrial chemicals and chemical intermediates, as well
as fuels.
One of these isoprenoids is a 15-carbon hydrocarbon,
beta-farnesene.
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Microbial Fermentation via Farnesene
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Beta-farneses can be chemically derivatized into a variety
of products, including diesel, a surfactant used in soaps and
shampoos, a cream used in lotions, a number of lubricants,
or a variety of other useful chemicals
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Microbial Fermentation via Farnesene
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Yeast can be engineered to produce butanol instead
of ethanol
Butanol may serve as an alternative fuel, as e.g. 85%
Butanol/gasoline blends can be used in unmodified
petrol engines
Several companies are developing butanol-producing
yeasts
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Yeast Fermentation to Butanol
29. RENALT ENERGY
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Combining thermochemical and biochemical
technologies, gas produced through biomass
gasification may be converted into alcohols in a
fermentative process based on the use of hydrogen,
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
Beside alcohols such as ethanol and butanol, other
chemicals such as organic acids and methane can be
obtained
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Microbial Fermentation of Gases
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Main Advantages
The mild process conditions (similar to biogas
production); also, the low sensitivity of the
microorganisms towards sulfur decreases the gas
cleaning costs
Main Dis-Advantages
The limited gas-to-liquid mass transfer rate requiring
specific reactor designs
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Microbial Fermentation of Gases:
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Utilization of gases for the
production of algal biomass as an
intermediate product could also be
seen as a microbial fermentation
of gases technology. However,
algal biofuels are out of scope of
this report.
www.renaltenergy.com
Microbial Fermentation of Gases:
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
CONTENTS
Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic
Biomass
Conversion in Biorefineries
Thermochemical Conversion: Production
of Biofuels via Gasification
Chemical Technologies
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
34. RENALT ENERGY
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
Recently, attention has been drawn to the
biorefinery concept that allows to produce bio-based
chemicals and materials besides bioenergy (biofuels
for transport and heat/power), making the system
more efficient from a technical, economical and
environmental point of view and society
progressively independent from fossil energy
www.renaltenergy.com
Conversion in Biorefineries:
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a biorefinery is the sustainable processing of biomass into
a spectrum of marketable products (food, feed, materials,
and chemicals) and energy (fuels, power, heat).
This definition includes a wide amount of different
processing pathways.
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Definition of IEA Bioenergy :
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Classification scheme of a biorefinery: generic scheme (left), example (right) :
37. RENALT ENERGY
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Lignin represents a residue in the sugar fermentation
system for ethanol production, as microorganisms can
metabolize only sugars (which form cellulose and hemi-
cellulose) but not aromatic alcohols (which are the main
component of lignin)
- Lignin can be deployed for energy production through
combustion, gasification or pyrolysis
www.renaltenergy.com
Processing of lignin into biobased products :
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Lignin has a high reactivity and a high binding
capacity making it a good stock for materials and
macromolecules modifications and manufacturing
Due to its complexity of structure, it can also be
depolymerized gaining a lot of different compounds
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Lignin: Benefits
39. RENALT ENERGY
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Composition of Woods and the share of Lignin
The main components of wood are cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin
The proportion of these macromolecules varies according
to the plant specie
Note: Generally the lignin levels are more variable
across softwoods as they are across hardwoods
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Schematic representation of the
location and structure of lignin
in lignocellulosic material
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Phenyl propanoid units employed in the
biosynthesis of lignin (Above)
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Cellulose is the most abundant among the three main
components of wood. Its structure is a linear chain of
anhydro-D-glucose units linked with β-(14) bonds.
Hemicellulose also has a linear structure, but it is
composed of a range of sugar units, such as glucose,
xylose, mannose, galactose, arabinose and uronic
acids, which contain 5 carbon atoms.
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Lignin is a big biological macromolecule that gives
strength to vegetable cell walls
Its structure is more complex than that of cellulose
and hemicellulose
It is a three-dimensional amorphous polymer
composed of crosslinked phenylpropanoid units, having
a different relative quantity depending on the kind of
plant
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Lignin creation takes place from polymerization of
coniferyl alcohol (common in softwoods), syringyl
alcohol (more present in hardwoods) and coumaryl
alcohol (mainly found in grasses), as shown in the
Figure on slide 39
These monolignol units are randomly connected
through carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-oxygen (C-O
or ether) bonds.
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Lignin is the main component of non-fermentable
residues from fermentation for ethanol production and
from pulp milling for paper manufacturing
The method of extraction will have a significant
influence on the composition and properties of lignin
The choice of the appropriate method of extraction is
linked to the nature of raw material, the integration into
production systems and the final uses of lignin.
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Sulfite lignin
The most frequent method for lignin extraction in
paper and pulping industries is the sulfite method
The sulfite extraction method produces water soluble
lignosulfonates, after treating with sulfite and sulfur
dioxide at 140-160ºC and pH value swinging between 1,5
and 5
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Sulfite lignin
Several purification steps are then required to obtain
a lignosulfonate fraction with high purity, including
fermentation to convert the residual sugars to ethanol
and membrane filtration to reduce the metal ion
content (Mg, Na or NH4+).
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Kraft lignin
Strong alkaline conditions using sodium hydroxide
and sodium sulfide with gradually increasing
temperature are used in the Kraft (or sulfate) process
Sodium sulfite produces more extended lignin
chains that are better suitable for the use as
dispersants, while calcium sulfite leads to more
compact lignin.
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Kraft lignin
Because of its chemical and structural properties,
lignosulfonates are very reactive, therefore suitable
for ion-exchange applications (substituting metals
and in industry and agriculture) or for production of
dispersants, surfactants, adhesives and fillers
The lignin may be recovered from the black liquor
by lowering the pH to between 5 and 7,5 with acid
(usually, sulfuric acid) or carbon dioxide.
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Kraft lignin
Kraft lignin is
hydrophobic and
needs to be modified
to improve reactivity or
to be used for the
reinforcement of
rubbers and in plastic
industry
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Soda lignin
The soda process that is widely used on non-wood
material can also be employed for lignin extraction
It takes place in 13–16 wt% base (typically sodium
hydroxide) during biomass heating in a pressurized
reactor to 140–170 ºC
As soda lignin contains no sulfur and little
hemicellulose or oxidized defect structures, it can be
used in high value products
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Other lignins
Through the increased use of lignocellulosic raw
materials for the production of transport biofuels,
additional sources of lignin will become available
through various pretreatment technologies, such as
physical methods (steam explosion, pulverizing and
hydrothermolysis)
The main chemical methods are the use of
ammonia expansion, aqueous ammonia, dilute and
concentrated acids (H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, SO2)
as well as alkali (NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2) and ionic
liquids. www.renaltenergy.com
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Organic Solvents
Another method is to use organic solvents (ethanol,
formic acid, acetic acid, methanol) producing so
called organosolv lignin
The benefits of organosolv lignin over sulfonated
and kraft lignins include no sulfur, greater ability to be
derivatised, lower ash content, higher purity, generally
lower molecular weight and more hydrophobic
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Lignin separation
Lignin separation can be carried out through Ionic
Liquid application, usually at 170–190 ºC. Ionic
Liquids typically are large asymmetric organic cations
and small anions, typically have negligible vapor
pressure, very low flammability and a wide liquidus
temperature range
Lignins are recovered by precipitation, allowing the
Ionic Liquid to be recycled
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Lignin Utilization
Lignin is a complex biological molecule, with a non-
precise structure but varying in base of origins,
working conditions and extracting method. This
aspect will not be relevant if it is redeployed for
energy production
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- Lignin combustion
- Lignin blending
- Lignin melting
- Depolymerization
55. RENALT ENERGY
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Lignin Combustion
The most common use is lignin combustion,
usually to recover energy and/or heat for recycling
into the system
Although about 40% of the dried lignin-rich solid
stream after ethanol production from plant
polysaccharides is employed for thermal requirement
of ethanol production, the remaining 60% can be
utilized as a feedstock for biogasoline, green diesel
and chemicals
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Lignin Blending
Due to its high reactivity and binding capacity lignin is
widely employed for blending with other polymers,
natural or not – sometimes after modification for
enhancing its blending properties
Lignin can be added to resins for formulation of
adhesives, films, plastics, paints, coatings and foams
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Lignin Blending
Lignin blended with polymers enhances the
mechanical resistance, thermal stability and
resistance to UV radiation, which is a promising
application in particular in the plastic industry.
In food packaging and medical applications lignin
reduces the permeability towards gases (carbon
dioxide, oxygen) and water, and leads to a lower
degradation rate and flammability
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Lignin Blending
In the case of PVC- and formaldehyde-based resins
and plastics lignin-blended materials show less
toxicity, again much appreciated in food and
pharmaceutical businesses
Adding lignin improves mechanical behavior of
rubber-derived products and drilling muds, physical
features of animal feed, pesticides and fertilizers, and
for dust control and oil recovering
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Lignin Blending
Due to its capacity to react with proteins, lignin is
utilized in the manufacturing of cleaners, carbon
black, inks, pigments and dyes as well as in the
production of bricks and ceramic and in ore
laboratories
Despite the increase in resistance, most of these
blended materials become more processable,
recyclable and biodegradable, improving
manufacturing characteristics (holding down energy
and economic inputs) and making them more eco-
friendly www.renaltenergy.com
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Lignin Melting
One of the most important
opportunities of lignin
utilization is the production of
carbon fibres by melt spinning
processes, mainly interesting
for vehicles industries
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Depolymerization
On the other hand the complexity of the lignin
structure allows obtaining a lot of products derived from
depolymerization
Depolymerization mainly produces BTX (benzene,
toluene and xylene) that can be further modified.
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Depolymerization
Other smaller molecules are gained,
such as phenols and lower
molecular-weight compounds of
which the latter cannot be created
through the conventional
petrochemical pathway
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
CONTENTS
Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic
Biomass
Conversion in Biorefineries
Thermochemical Conversion: Production
of Biofuels via Gasification
Chemical Technologies
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
Thermochemical Conversion: Production
of Biofuels via Gasification
Although thermochemical processes include
gasification, pyrolysis and torrefaction, this
presentation focuses on the production of biofuels via
gasification, as these technologies are currently the
best developed
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Thermochemical Conversion: Production of
Biofuels via Gasification
Principal synthetic biofuel processing chain
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Thermochemical Conversion: Production of
Biofuels via Gasification
Syngas Production and Cleaning
The production of biofuels using the thermochemical
route differs significantly from the lignocellulosic
ethanol production
Within this production scheme the biomass is first
thermally fragmented to synthesis gas consisting of
rather simple molecules such as: hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, methane, etc.
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Thermochemical Conversion: Production of
Biofuels via Gasification
Syngas Production and Cleaning
Using this gaseous material the BtL fuels may be re-
synthesized by catalytic processes.
Alternatively methanation may be performed in order
to obtain bio-SNG as substitute for natural gas.
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Thermochemical Conversion: Production of
Biofuels via Gasification
Gasification Processes
The gasification processes may be distinguished
according to the used gasification agent and the way
of heat supply
Typical gasification agents are: oxygen, water, and
air (carbon dioxide and hydrogen are also possible)
Two types of processes are distinguished based on
how heat is supplied
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Thermochemical Conversion: Production of
Biofuels via Gasification
Gasification Processes
In the autotherm processes the heat is provided
through partial combustion of the processed material in
the gasification stage ply
In the allotherm processes, the heat is provided
externally via heat exchangers or heat transferring
medium
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Gasification Processes
The choice of the gasification agent is based on the desired
product gas composition.
The combustible part is mainly composed of hydrogen (H2),
carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and short chain
hydrocarbons, moreover inert gases
A higher process temperature or using steam as gasification
agent leads to increased H2 content
High pressure, on the other hand, decreases the H2 and CO
content
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Gasification Processes
A change of H2/CO ratio can be
observed varying steam/O2 ratio as
gasification agent
When using air as gasification
agent, nitrogen is present
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Gasifier Types
The gasifier types can be classified according to the way how
the fuel is brought into contact with the gasification agent
There are three main types of gasifiers:
Fixed-bed gasifier
Updraft gasifier
Downdraft gasifier
Fluidized bed gasifier
Stationary fluidized bed (SFB) gasifier
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) gasifier
Entrained Flow Gasifier
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Gasification Processes: Impurities
The amount and kind of impurities depend on the type of
biomass used as fuel. Impurities can cause corrosion, erosion,
deposits and poisoning of catalysts. It is therefore necessary to
clean the product gas
dust, ashes, bed material and alkali compounds are removed
through cyclones and filter units
the tar through cooling and washing the gas using special
solvents or by condensation in a wet electro filter
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Gasification Processes: Impurities
Components having mainly poisonous effects are
sulfur compounds that can be withdrawn by an amine
gas treating, a benfield process or similar process,
and nitrogen and chloride for which wet washing is
required
The cleaned product gas will then be upgraded
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Gasification Processes: Product Gas Upgrade
An optimal H2/CO ratio of 1,5 – 3,0 is obtained by
the Water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction:
CO + H2O ↔ CO2 + H2
The gas reforming reaction converts short-chain
organic molecules to CO and H2, for an example:
CH4 + H2O ↔ CO + 3 H2
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Gasification Processes: Product Gas Upgrade
CO2 removal can be performed by physical
(absorption to water or other solvents) or chemical
(absorption to chemical compounds) methods.
Other absorption methods are based on pressure
or temperature variations
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Fuel Synthesis
Fischer-Tropsch Liquids
Starting form the synthesis gas (=the cleaned and
upgraded product gas) several fuel processing
pathways are possible
One of these is the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process,
through which alkanes are produced in fixed bed or
slurry reactors using mostly iron and cobalt as
catalysts
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Fischer-Tropsch Liquids
High Temperature Fischer-Tropsch (HTFT)
synthesis (300 – 350°C and 20 – 40 bar), products
obtained are basic petrochemical materials and gas
Low Temperature Fischer-Tropsch (LTFT)
technology (200 – 220°C and less 20 bar) provides
outputs for diesel production
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Fischer-Tropsch Liquids
The raw product, though, cannot be directly used
as fuel, it needs to be upgraded via distillation to split
it into fractions; via hydration and isomerization of
the C5 – C6 fraction and reforming of the C7 – C10
fraction in order to increase the octane number for
petrol use;
and via cracking by application of hydrogen under
high pressure in order to convert long-chain fractions
into petrol and diesel fraction
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Synthetic Natural Gas
The upgrading to SNG (synthetic natural gas)
requires methanation of the product gas,
desulfurization, drying and CO2 removal
In the methanation step (catalyzed by nickel oxide
at 20-30 bar pressure conditions) carbon monoxide
reacts with hydrogen forming methane and water:
CO + 3 H2 ↔ CH4 + H2O.
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Synthetic Natural Gas
The withdrawal of CO2 can be performed by water
scrubbing (a counter-current physical absorption into
a packed column) and Pressure Swing Adsorption (an
absorption into a column of zeolites or activated
carbon molecular sieves followed by a hydrogen
sulfide removing step) technologies
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Synthetic Natural Gas
Natural gas quality is reached at 98% methane
content. The final step is the gas compression (up to
20 bar for injection into the natural gas grid, up to 200
bar for storage or for use as vehicle fuel)
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Mixed Alcohols
Starting form a suitably upgraded product gas, it is
possible to synthesize alcohols as main products via
catalytic conversion.
The higher alcohol synthesis (HAS) follows the
reaction:
3 CO + 3 H2 ↔ C3H5OH + CO2
using a number of catalysts (alkali-doped, methanol,
modified FT-catalysts).
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Mixed Alcohols
As HAS is a highly exothermic process, the
optimization of heat removal is of particular interest
The product upgrading of the obtained alcohol
mixture consists typically of de-gassing, drying and
separation into three streams: methanol, ethanol and
higher alcohols
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Chemical Technologies
Hydrotreatment of Oils
Chemical reaction of vegetable oils, animal-based
waste fats, and by-products of vegetable oil refining
with hydrogen produces hydrocarbons with
properties superior to conventional biodiesel and
fossil diesel
The product is sulfur-, oxygen-, nitrogen- and
aromatics-free diesel which can be used without
modification in diesel engines
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Chemical Technologies
Hydrotreatment of Oils
These diesel-type hydrocarbons, also referred to as
Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or a renewable diesel,
can even be tailored to meet aviation fuel requirements
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Chemical Technologies
Catalytic Decarboxylation
For the decarboxylation process, crude fat
feedstock is first converted into fatty acids and
glycerol.
The fatty acids are then put through catalytic
decarboxylation, a process which decouples oxygen
without using hydrogen
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Chemical Technologies
Catalytic Decarboxylation
The process is capable of processing unsaturated
as well as saturated fatty acids into true
hydrocarbons
What makes the process unique is that it does not
change the type of saturation. This is what makes the
production of renewable olefins possible
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Chemical Technologies
Methanol Production
Crude glycerine (residue from biodiesel plants) is
purified, evaporated and cracked to obtain syngas
(synthesis gas), which is used to synthesize methanol
Methanol is an extremely versatile product, either as a
fuel in its own right or as a feedstock for other biofuels.
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Chemical Technologies
Methanol Production
It can be used as a chemical building block for a
range of future-oriented products, including MTBE,
DME, hydrogen and synthetic biofuels (synthetic
hydrocarbons)
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Literature
Aadesina A. A., 1996 - Hydrocarbon synthesis via Fischer-Tropsch reaction:
Travails and triumphs. Appl. Cat. A., n. 138, p. 345-367.
Basha K. M. et al., 2010 - Recent advances in the Biodegradation of Phenol:
A review. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, vol. 1, n. 2, p.
219 – 234.
Belgacem M. N. & Gandini A. - Monomers, Polymers and Composites from
Renewable Resources. Chapter 22 - Chodak I.: Polyhydroxyalkanoates:
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Biotechnol. Prog., 1999 – Reactor Design Issues for Synthesis Gas
Fermentation, n. 15, p. 834-844.
de Wild P. et al., 2009 - Lignin Valorisation for Chemicals and
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Advanced Biofuel Technologies
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Literature
Dry M. E., 2002 – The Fischer-Tropsch process: 195-2000. Catal. Today, 71,
n. 3-4, p. 227-241.
Ed de Jong et al. - Bio-based Chemicals (IEA Bioenergy – Task42 Biorefinery
Value Added), p. 1 – 36.
FitzPatrick M. et al., 2010 - A biorefinery processing perspective: Treatment
of lignocellulosic materials for the production of value-added products.
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Fürnsinn S. and Hofbauer H., 2007 – Synthetische Fraftstoffe aus Biomasse:
Technik, Entwicklung, Perspektiven. Chem. Ing. Tech., 75, n. 5, p. 579-590.
Gentili A. et al., 2008 - MS techniques for analyzing phenols, their
metabolites and transformation products of environmental interest. Trends in
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Literature
Gosselink R. J. A., 2011 - Lignin as a renewable aromatic resource for the
chemical industry. Thesis, p. 1 – 196.
Holladay J. E. et al., 2007 - Top Value-Added Chemicals from Biomass.
Volume II—Results of Screening for Potential Candidates from Biorefinery
Lignin. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, vol. II, p. 1 – 79.
IEA, 2011 – Technology Roadmap: Biofuels for Transport. OECD/IEA
IEA, 2011 – World Energy Outlook 2010. OECD/IEA
Jungmeier G., 2012 – Joanneum Research Power Point Presentation of
Innovative Biofuel-driven Biorefinery Concepts and their Assessment.
Biorefinery Conference 2012 “Advanced Biofuels in a Biorefinery Approach”,
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Lora J. H. et al., 2002 - Recent Industrial Applications of Lignin: A
Sustainable Alternative to Nonrenewable Materials. Journal of Polymers and
the Environment, vol. 10, n. ½, p. 39 – 48.
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Literature
Lyubeshkina E. G., 1983 - Lignins as Components of Polymeric Composite
Materials. Russian Chemical Reviews, 52, n. 7, p. 675 – 692.
Norberg I., 2012 - CARBON FIBRES FROM KRAFT LIGNIN. KTH Royal
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Doctoral Thesis, p. 1 – 52.
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Biomass Systems, Synthesis Gas Cleanup, and Oxygen Separation
Equipment. Task 9: Mixed Alcohols from Syngas – State of Technology, May
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Pandey M. P. & Kim C. S., 2010 - Lignin Depolymerization and Conversion: A
Review of Thermochemical Methods. Chemical and Engineering Technology,
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Pellegrino J. L., 2000 - Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S.
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Phillips S. and al., April 2007 – Thermochemical Ethanol via Indirect
Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis of Lignocellulosic Biomass,
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Vigneault A. et al., 2007 - Base-Catalyzed Depolymerization of Lignin:
Separation of Monomers. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering,
vol. 85, p. 906 – 916.
Vishtal A. & Krawslawski A., 2011 – Challenges in industrial applications of
Technical Lignins. BioResources, 6, n. 3, p. 3547 – 3568.
Zakzeski j. et al., 2009 – The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the
Production of Renewable Chemicals. Chemical Reviews, p. A – AS.
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Diagram of projects sorted by technology
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Diagram of cumulative capacities of projects in this overview
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"RENALT ENERGY" - providing integrated solutions to
"Green" petrochemicals, integrated Bio-Refining /conventional oil
Refining, and Biomass-to-chemicals, primarily through Energy and
Process Consultancy.
Biomass-to-"Green" chemicals: Biomass-to-chemicals refers to the
process of producing chemicals from Biomass. The major Biomass -
to-chemicals processes utilized in worldwide, with our strategic focus
on, Biomass-to-methanol, MTO and MTP processes that produce the
same chemical products, such as ethylene and propylene, as the
petrochemical facilities, due to better cost efficiencies and greater
demand for these chemicals.
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We also have interest in, Biomass-to-olefins, Biomass-to-
PVC, Biomass to-aromatics and Biomass-to-ammonia/urea
processes.
We provide a broad range of integrated services spanning the
project life-cycle from feasibility studies, consulting services,
provision of proprietary technologies, design, engineering,
and after-sale technical support.
Gerard B. Hawkins
Executive Director
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